An toàn hạt nhân yếu tố quyết định tương lai điện hạt nhân
An toan hat nhan - Yen td quydt djnh tuong lai didn hat nhan » BINH NGOC QUANG Trirdng phong Phap che va Thong tin Cue An toan bifc xa va hat nhan Tinh de'n ngay 01/4/2010, tren the gioi c6 438 16 phan ung hat nhan cong suat (LPU) dang van hanh; ngoai ra con co 52 LPU dang dugc xay dung va gan 500 LPU da dugc dat hang, lap ke hoach hoac du kien xay dung. Tong cong hien co hon 60 nudc dang xem xet phat trien hoac md rgng chuong trinh dien hat nhan. Lam the nao de bao dam an toan hat nhan - Do la moi quan tam hang dau cua cac quoc gia va cac to chiic quoc te. T rong boi canh chu nghia khiing bd qudc tl chua bi triet tigu va tai hga thien nhien ngay cang tram trgng, thi hon Iiic nao hgt, an toan trong sir dung nang lugng hat nhan vi muc dich hoa binh phai dugc dat Ign hang dau, trong dd noi len la vai trd cua Co quan Nang lugng •nguygn tii qudc tl (IAEA). Bang nhiing hanh dgng eu thi, Viet Nam da the hien cam kgt ludn' ludn coi trgng an toan hat nhan. An toan la uu tien cao nhat Trudc hit, cln tim hilu khai niem an toan hat nhan. Theo Luat Nang lugng nguyen tu (Luat sd 18/2008-QH12), an toan hat nhan la viec thuc hien cac bien phap nham ngan ngira su ed hoac giam thilu hau qua su cd do thie't bi hat nhan, vat lieu hat nhan gay ra cho con ngucri, mdi trudng. Con theo Luat ve cong khai va an ninh vat lieu hat nhan (Luat sd 2006-686) ciia Phap, an toan hat nhan la tap hgp cae quy dinh vg ky thuat va cac bien phap to chiic lign quan din viec chap thuan, xay dung. van hanh, cham diit va thao do ca sd hat nhan ca ban, cung nhu van chuygn vat lieu phong xa nham muc dich phdng ngua hoac giam thieu hau qua ciia tai nan hat nhan. An toan cho nha may dien hat nhan can dugc chii trgng trong tat ca cae giai doan cua du an dau tu nha may, ehii khdng phai dgi den liie van hanh. Cac khia earth eo lien quan bao gom: lua chgn va chuan bi dia diem, thigt ke, xay dung, lap dat, van hanh thii, van hanh thuong mai, sua chiia va bao duang, nang cap, kigm soat ligu biic xa cho nhan vien; quan ly chat thai phdng xa va cudi citng la eham diit hoat dgng va thao do nha may. An toan hat nhan khong chi nham bao ve eho con ngudi, moi trudng ma con la mdt yeu td quyet dinh hieu qua kinh te - xa hdi cua nha may dien hat nhan. Td chiic van hanh va ca quan quan ly nha nudc can lam het trach nhiem de xay dung, cung co va hoan thien an toan hat nhan tren tinh than coi an toan la uu tien cao nhat dinh hudng hoat dgng ciia minh. Nhung lam the nao de thuc hien dieu nay? Xin dugc ngu dudi day la mdt so van de chii yeu de bao dam an toan hat nhan. Mgt so van de chii yeu ve an toan hat nhan • Bao ve theo chieu sau Cac bien phap an toan hat nhan dugc thiet lap va thuc hien nham bao ve nhan vien, mdi trudng va dan cu. Nguyen tac caban dugc ap dung eho an toan nha may dien hat nhan la bao ve theo ehieu sau, cd nghia la xay dung nhigu miic (ldp) bao ve khac nhau. Vi vay, nguyen tac nay edn dugc ggi la nguyen tae bao ve nhieu ldp. Cac hoat dgng cua nha may dien hat nhan du eo the dugc to chire, thuc hien va trang bi khac nhau, nhtmg deu phai dugc xem xet va tuan theo cac quy dinh an toan vg bao ve nhigu ldp. Trong trucmg hgp ngu co sai hong xay ra tai mgt miic (ldp) bao ve, thi se dugc ngan chan hoac khac phuc tai cac Idp bao ve khac. • Trach nhiem quan ly nha nudc Tat ca cae nudc cd nha may dien hat nhan deu xay dimg mgt khung phap luat de digu chinh viec ling dung cong nghe hat nhan; gom cac quy pham phap luat lien Website: www.tapchicongnghiep.vn Ky I. thang 5/2010 «CONC NCHIEP 9 sir KIEN •rT^ma quan din nha may va thigt bi, vat lieu va nhan luc. Cae quy pham phap luat ciing quy dinh rd trach nhiem bao dam an toan hat nhan trong linh vuc dien hat nhan ciing nhu cac linh vue y tl va nghign ciiu khac. Trach nhiem bao dam an toan hat nhan trude het thudc ve td chiic van hanh nha may dien hat nhan. Ca quan quan ly nha nudc dugc thanh lap vdi traeh nhiem ehinh la kiem tra, thanh tra, nham bao dam viec thuc thi cac quy dinh ciia phap luat ve an toan hat nhan. Cac ndi dung trgn da duge quy dinh r5 trong Luat Nang lugng nguyen hi. Theo Luat, Bd Khoa hgc va Cdng nghe la co quan quan ly nha nudc vg an toan hat nhan; co quan an toan bxic xa va hat nhan thudc Bg Khoa hgc va Cdng nghe (hien tai la Cue An toan brie xa va hat nhan) cd trach nhiem giiip Bd trudng thuc hien chiic nang nay. Thuc hien Dieu 9 cua Luat Nang lugng nguyen hi, Hdi ddng An toan hat nhan quoc gia vira dugc thanh lap theo Quylt dinh sd 446/QD- TTg ngay 07/4/2010 vdi chiic nang la ca quan tu van eiia Thii tudng Chinh phii vl an toan hat nhan. • Thdng tin dai chung Ca quan quan ly nha hudc va td chiic van hanh nha miy dien hat nhan cd trach nhiem thdng tin cho cong luan vg eac van de lien quan dgn an toan hat nhan mdt each cdng khai. Ddc lap vdi td chiic van hanh, do dd CO quan quan ly dugc ghi nhan la mdt ngudn tin cay ve cae thdng tin chan thuc va khach quan. Trgn the gidi, cae co quan quan ly su dung Thang phan hang su kien Hat nhan Qud'c tl (INES) ciia IAEA de cung cap thdng tin cho bao ehi va ngudi dan mdt each rd rang vl miic do tram trgng ciia cac su ed xay ra tai nha may dien hat nhan. O Viet Nam, Thang phan loai Cac dai bieu thao luan ca gid giai lao Dien hat nhan d Ninh Thuan nay da dugc luat hda tai Digu 11 cua Nghi dinh sd 07/2010/ND-CP ngay 25/1/2010 ciia Chinh phd quy dinh chi tiet va hudng dan thi hanh mdt sd digu eiia Luat Nang lugng nguygn tii. • Dieu udc qudc te Mdt budc tien quan trgng trong viec kiem soat an toan hat nhan qudc te la viec thong qua vao nam 1994 Cong udc vg An toan hat nhan, van kien phap luat qudc te dau tien true tigp dilu chinh vin de an toan tai eae CO sd hat nhan (trong dd c6 nha may dien hat nhan). Vg ea ban, Cdng udc nay la van kien cd tinh khuyin khich, khdng dugc thigt lap de bao dam viec thuc hien nghia vu bang kiem soat va trimg phat. Cdng udc dugc thuc hien tren co sd xem xet quyet dinh chung viee phat trien, ciing cd va hoan thien an toan hat nhan d miic do cao hon thdng qua cac cudc gap go dinh ky eiia cac bgn tham gia. Cdng udc quy dinh cac ben tham gia phai lap va nop bao cao ve viee thuc hien nghia vu de tat ca cac ben tham gia xem xet toan dien va ehinh ly tai cac ky hgp dugc td chiic 3 nam/lan. Ngay 08/4/2010, Bg trudng Ngoai giao da giii van kien gia nhap Cdng udc vg An toan hat nhan; khang dinh cam kit va trach ve viec ddng thuan XD Nha may Anh: HVD nhiem ciia Viet Nam doi vdi viec bao dam an toan hat nhan. • Cac tieu chuan an toan cua IAEA IAEA da xay dung va xua't ban mdt bd eac tieu chuan vg an toan cho nha may dien hat nhan. Cac tieu chuan nay thudng xuyen dugc xem xet hoan thien de phan anh dugc cac xu hudng va thach thiic hien tai cua edng ngtuep dien hat nhan nhu la viee mat kigm soat, canh tranh, lao hda nha may va thigu kinh nghigm. Viec nang cap cac tieu chuan da dugc phan anh trong eac hudng dan va cac hgi nghi, hdi thao, khda dao tao ciia IAEA. Tir hai nam nay. Cue An toan bue xa va hat nhan da to chiic thu thap, nghign ciiu cac tigu chuan cua IAEA ve an toan nha may dien hat nhan de xay dung va thue hien kg hoaeh soan thao he thdng eac thong tu, quy chuan ky thuat, tieu ehuan ky thuat ve an toan hat nhan. • Van hda an toan Dang le van de nay phai dugc dua len dau tign, nhung ngu6i viet dl xudng cuoi phan nay vi cd hgn quan dgn phan dudi. Van hda an toan la gi? Co nhigu dinh nghia khac nhau vg van hoa an toan, nhung mgt each dg hieu nha't thi van hda an 10 C6NGNCHIEP»Ky 1, thang 5/2010 Website: www.tapchicongnghieD.vn toan la eae gia tri va cac ung xu eiia mdt td chiic - dugc kiln lap bdi nhiing ngudi lanh dao va dugc dua vao y thiic ciia cae thanh vign - de an toan trd thanh mgt uu tien hang dau. Van hda an toan dugc phat trien trong mgt td chiic theo ba giai doan phan anh trinh do phat trien: - Giai doan 1: An toan dua trgn su tuan thii cac quy tac va quy dinh. - Giai doan 2: An toan trd thanh muc tigu eua to chiic. - Giai doan 3: An toan ludn luon cd the ciing cd. Tu sau hai su cd tai cac nha may dien hat nhan Three-Mile Islands (Hoa Ky, 1979) va Chernobyl (Ucraina, 1986), ylu td td chiic, con ngudi va van hoa an toan de bao dam an toan hat nhan duge dg eao, thay vi trudc kia chi dua vao ky thuat va quy trinh. IAEA va OECD da nghien ciiu xuit ban eae hudng dan ve xay dung, cung cd va danh gia van hda an toan tai cac nha may dien hat nhan. Nhilu nudc nhu Hoa Ky, Phap, Han Quoc, Inddnexia, da luat hoa ngi dung van hda an toan. Hudng dan, kigm tra, to chiic danh gia ve van hda an toan la trach nhiem ciia co quan quan ly nha nude. Con td chiic van hanh nha may dien hat nhan ed trach nhiem xay dung, duy tri, edng ed, tu danh gia van hoa an toan cho minh. Nha may dien hat nhan nao ma thieu mgt ngn van hoa an toan? lanh manh thi su cd, tai nan xay ra d dd chi cdn la van dg thoi gian. Cac thach thiic ve an toan hat nhan a Viet Nam Mudn quan ly an toan va hieu qua cac nha may dien hat nhan, khong the khong giai quylt ba ylu to "cot tu", do la: Khung phap luat - To chuc va con ngudi - Van hoa an toan. Day dang la ba thach thiic ldn de bao dam an toan eho nha may dien hat nhan tuong lai cua Viet Nam. Cu the nhu sau: • Cin khan truang xay dung va ban hanh cac thdng tu, quy chuan ky thuat ve an toan hat nhan Mac dil da cd Id phan iing hat nhan nghign ciiu hoat dgng d Da Lat ngdt 30 nam nay (tinh tu thdi dilm sau nam 1975), an toan hat nhan van la mdt linh vue quan ly rat mdi d nudc ta. Quy pham phap luat dieu chinh vg an toan hat nhan, ngoai nhirng quy dinh chung tai Luat Nang lugng nguyen tu, chiing ta con thilu rat nhilu nhirng quy pham phap luat, nhung quy chuan, tigu ehuan ky thuat cu thg. He thdng tigu chuan ciia IAEA thign vg ky thuat, edn eac quy dinh vg hanh chinh, quan ly chi mang tinh dinh hudng, khuyg'n cao vi phu thudc vao dac digm he thong luat phap ciia timg qudc gia. Trude mat, can nghien ciiu, xay dung va ban hanh ngay cac tigu chuan de thim dinh an toan hat nhan cho viee chap nhan dia digm, phe duyet thigt kg va danh gia nha thiu. Hien tai, Viet Nam rat thigu nhan luc va kign thiic dg giai quygt van dl. Cd the "di tat ddn dau" bang each cdng nhan tieu chuln ciia nudc chuygn giao cdng nghe trgn ca sd phu hgp vdi tieu chuan chung ciia IAEA, ISO va cac td chiic quoc te ve ky thuat eo lien quan. Tuy nhien, ngu Viet Nam nhap khau cdng nghe cua mdt vai nudc thi viec nay se phiic tap hon do phai nghien ciiu hai hda hda nham bao dam tinh thdng nhat ciia he thdng tigu chuan qudc gia. • Can kien toan to chuc, tang cudng nang luc cho ca quan quan ly nha nudc ve an toan hat nhan Theo phap luat hien hanh, ngoai Bg Khoa hge va Cong nghe cdn mdt sd Bg, ca quan khac theo chiic nang cd lign quan dgn quan ly nha nudc ve an toan hat nhan nhu Bd Cdng Thuong, Bd Tai nguyen va Moi trudng, Bd Cdng an, Bg Nggai giao, Bd Quoc phdng, Tdng cue Hai quan (Bd Tai chinh), Viec xay dung ca che, quy che phoi hgp giiia cac eg quan nay la rat can thiet de huy ddng duge ngudn luc vdn da han hep va tranh nhirng ehdng cheo, mau thuan khdng dang cd. Mgt ygu eau cap bach hien nay la tang cudng nang lire cho ca quan quan ly nha nudc ve an toan hat nhan ea ve cache, chinh saeh, casd vat chat va nhan luc dg ea quan nay cd dii kha nang tham dinh vg an toan hat nhan, trong dd bao gom tinh toan, phan tich an toan va xem xet thuc te hien trudng. Trong Hnh vuc quan ly nha nudc, khong thg thug chuygn gia nudc ngoai ra quygt dinh hd ta! • Can xay dung quy dinh va tuyen truyen, nang cao nhan thuc ve van hda an toan Neu khdng nhanh chdng hinh thanh van hoa sm toan, thi viec thuc hien chuong trinh dien hat nhan se gidng nhu che tao mdt qua bom nd cham. Mdt thdng tu hudng dan vg viec xay dung, duy tri, citng cd va danh gia van hda an toan dugc ban hanh trong thai diem nay khdng phai la sdm; trong do quy dinh trach nhiem cam kgt cham lo cho an toan cua cac bgn lign quan dgn dien hat nhan, the hien tir cac tuygn bd ed tinh chinh sach, viec ra quygt dinh dgn hanh dgng cu the la dau tu ngudn luc va thdi gian cho viec bao dam an toan. Viee tuyen truyen, trien khai thuc hien thdng tu se gop phan nang cao nhan thiie eua mdi ca nhan ddi vdi an toan hat nhan, hinh thanh tac phong cong nghiep, tinh thin thugng ton phap luat, ky luat - xuat phat diem cua van hda an toan hat nhan lanh manh - mgt yeu cau rat can thiet cho ddi song eua nha may dien hat nhan tuong lai. • Website: www.tapchicongnghiep.vn Ky I, thang 5/2010 « CONC NGHIEP 11 . hat nhan nao ma thieu mgt ngn van hoa an toan? lanh manh thi su cd, tai nan xay ra d dd chi cdn la van dg thoi gian. Cac thach thiic ve an toan hat nhan a Viet Nam Mudn quan ly an toan. hda an toan dugc phat trien trong mgt td chiic theo ba giai doan phan anh trinh do phat trien: - Giai doan 1: An toan dua trgn su tuan thii cac quy tac va quy dinh. - Giai doan 2: An toan. te - xa hdi cua nha may dien hat nhan. Td chiic van hanh va ca quan quan ly nha nudc can lam het trach nhiem de xay dung, cung co va hoan thien an toan hat nhan tren tinh than coi an toan