Ôn thi vào lớp 10 môn tiếng anh

ÔN THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH Topic 1: Pronunciation and stress NGỮ ÂM NGUYÊN ÂM: VOWEL a Nguyên âm đơn: (vowel) Có 12 nguyên âm: / i: /- read, see, meet, meal / i /- sit, six, hit /u: / - too, two, pool, school / u / - book, put, could / ǝ / - ago, porter, apartment / ɜ / - learn, first, word /ɔ: / - saw, nor, sort / ɔ / - not, hot, got / ʌ / - but, umbrella, come / a: / - part, arm, farm, car / e / - men, hen, lend / æ / - man, hat, batman b Nguyên âm đôi: (Diphthong) / iǝ / - here, near, fear / ei / - name, came, page / ʊǝ / - tour, poor, jury / ɔi / - boy, coin, enjoy / ǝʊ / - go, cold, load / eǝ / - wear, care, hair / / - nice, fine, rice / aʊ / - how, cow, house, now PHỤ ÂM (CONSONANT) / b / - bus, but, band / p / - put, pen, pitch / k / - candy, cook, can / d / - day, deep, dance / t / - take, turtle, tornado / g / - get, goal, goat, go / s / - soon, sun, sound / z / - rise, music, prize / ʃ / - sugar, sure, chef / ʒ / - measure, pleasure, vision / tʃ / - question, chips, church / dʒ / - joy, age, large / f / - fine, laugh, enough / v / - heavy, veal, move / w / - win, whale, one / j / - your, yet, use / h / - head, who, hand / θ / - thank, thin, teeth / ð / - this, they, father / m / - mother, my, mountain / n / - nowadays, net, beneath / ŋ / - sing, thank, thing / l / - long, lie, lifelong / r / - red, wrong, proud ÂM CÂM TRONG TIẾNG ANH ( phần 1) Âm B câm: Âm B âm câm đứng cuối từ đứng trước âm M - climb [klaim] : leo trèo - comb [koum] : lược Âm C câm: Âm C âm câm cụm "scle" cuối từ muscle ['mʌsl] : bắp Âm D câm: Âm D âm câm đứng liền với âm N Wednesday ['wenzdei] : thứ Âm E câm: Âm E âm câm đứng cuối từ - hope [houp] : hi vọng - write [rait] : viết Âm G câm: Âm G âm câm đứng trước âm N foreign ['fɔrin]: nước Âm GH câm: Âm GH âm câm đứng trước âm T đứng cuối từ - daughter ['dɔ:tə] : gái - light [lait] : ánh sáng Âm K câm: Âm K âm câm đứng trước âm N đầu - knife [naif] : dao - know [nou] : biết Âm H câm: Âm H âm câm đứng sau âm W trừ Who/ Whom/ Whose - what [wɔt] : - when [wen] : where/why : đâu/tại Ngoại lệ: Một số từ bắt đầu âm H câm dùng với mạo từ “an” - hour ['auə] : - heir [eə] : người thừa kế CÁCH ĐÁNH DẤU TRỌNG ÂM Những danh từ tính từ có âm tiết trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ Ex: kitchen, active… Những động từ có âm tiết trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ trừ âm có cách đọc ngắn như: - er, - el, - ow, Ex: accept, begin… Trừ: clever, travel, borrow… Những danh từ động từ có âm tiết trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ âm cuối đọc dài Ex: company, interest, … Những danh từ động từ có âm tiết trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ âm cuối đọc ngắn như: er, el, ow, ic, op… Ex: discover, tomorrow… Khi gặp hậu tố: -ic, -ical, -aphy, -ogy, -ity, -acy, -ian, -id, -ible, -ish, -ial, - age, - ure, - ety, - ion, - ous, - ior, - iar, - ence, - iency, - ient, - ier, - ict, -ent: trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết trước hậu tố Ex: economic economical succession suggestion photography Biology ability democracy musician stupid democracy Possible childish confidential (kín đáo) structure dictation librarian experience premier relict (quả phụ) image society artificial superior efficiency republic mathematics courageous familiar convenient Ngo¹i trõ : cathonic (tồn diện) lunatic Arabic politics arithmetic (số học) vacate (bỏ trống) Khi gặp từ ghép: Từ ghép danh từ: - trọng âm rơi vào chữ đầu: VD: - school-bag Từ ghép động từ tính từ: - trọng âm rơi vào chữ thứ 2: VD: - under-stand, oldfashioned, homesick airsick … Nhưng : bad- temper short- sighted well- informed upstairs well - done short- handed north- east down- stream well - dressed ill - treated downstairs north - west Các từ có từ âm tiết trở lên trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ tính từ “phải” qua “trái” VD: opportunity, geography, familiar,… Lưu ý: - Các tiền tố hậu tố không ảnh hưởng đến trọng âm từ: -re- , dis-, un-, in-, il-, im-, ir-, ness, -ous, -able, -d, -en, -ful, -less, -ing, -ment, -ly VD: - wonder -> wonderful, - patient -> (im)patiently, predict -> (un)predictable – Trọng âm thường rơi vào hậu tố: -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ique, -ette, -esque, -oo, -mental, -end, -ever, - ade, -oon, een VD: - entertain, entertainment, Chinese, employee, engineer, unique, cigarette, picturesque, bamboo, fundamental, recommend, however, lemonade, typhoon, thirteen Các từ âm tiết bắt đầu [A] trọng âm nhấn vào âm tiết thứ 2: abed about above aback again alone achieve alike alive ago asleep abroad aside abuse afraid Các đại từ phản thân nhấn mạnh cuối từ : myself, himself, themselves Exercise Chọn từ có âm tiết nhấn khác với từ lại: Exercise 1 A admire B honor C title D difficult A describe B struggle C political D society A independence B politician C immortality D different A comfort B nation C apply D moment A ashamed B position C begin D enemy A influential B creative C introduction D university A profit B suggest C surrender D report A career B majority C continue D education A vocational B employer C minority D reasonable 10 A general B opinion C abroad D surprise Exercise A realize B improve C possible D comfortable A important B especially C prefer D influence A mineral B example C diamond D popular A republic B collector C situation D inscription A protection B separate C develop D encourage A recognize B stimulate C activity D adult A intelligent B direct C desire D satisfactory A relationship B command C vocabulary D island A define B idea C express D figure 10 A suppose B expect C unusual D literary Exercise A individual B reputation C experience D scientific A carpenter B revise C ignore D traditional A necessary B achieve C poetic D communicate A influence B modern C consider D different A contain B poisonous C chemical D scientist A discover B unhealthy C amount D realize A avoid B gesture C permit D exact A forefinger B precise C specific D computer A involved B equal C machine D eventual 10 A operation B official C community D efficiency Exercise A redundant B harmony C grammatical D essential A absolute B accuracy C obvious D original A machine B enthusiast C replace D fortune A unemployed B necessity C generosity D represent A furious A return A address A estimate A addition 10 A aesthetic Exercise A physical A conform A percentage A decay A prefer A amazing A appear A painter A inspire 10 A commodity Exercise A petroleum A producer A attract A widespread A direction A product A biological A experiment A geometric 10 A destroy Exercise A extent A inadequate A demonstrate A secondary A instead A balcony A flexible A control A geothermal 10 A attendance Exercise A politics A Japan A consequently A conference A argument B wonderful B lottery B millionaire B medical B exemplify B particular C reaction C reward C believe C advice C incredible C disease D honesty D immediate D mislead D vegetables D candle D acceptability B activity B perhaps B advantage B purpose B electricity B ability B audience B energy B resign B material C increase C remove C examine C however C invent C performance C government C express C dangerous C deposit D expectancy D various D influence D invention D collaborate D television D talented D boundary D exchange D quality B resource B consume B descend B anxiety B community B convert B expedition B giant B supply B disappear C occur C companion C noticeable C explode C garbage C efficient C synthetic C windmill C potential C development D anger D situation D control D alternative D utility D dispose D scientific D software D pollution D independent B synonymous B available B responsible B expectation B furious B accident B together B giant B experimental B compulsory C admit C authority C simplify C supervision C campaign C mechanic C domestic C windmill C elementary C geography D manuscript D purpose D celebrate D sociologist D apartment D survey D relaxed D software D geographical D similar B imaginary B astronaut B profile B announcement B definite C result C unfortunate C initiate C arrival C museum D annoyed D approximate D project D reception D permanent A treatment B prevent C intelligent D acquire A affirm B rely C infection D remedy A effort B distinguished C available D luxurious A physiology B economics C nominate D competition 10 A contribution B appropriate C opportunity D anniversary Exercise A afloat B superior C passenger D contribute A chemistry B original C tribute D emphasis A sentimental B commonplace C mathematics D information A pronounce B American C soldier D prefer A muscular B instrument C dramatic D argument A magnetic B radiation C unpleasant D equipment A distraction B considerable C recommend D description A probability B attitude C technological D entertainment A emergency B encourage C shortage D distraction 10 A natural B surplus C dynamite D decision Exercise 10 A legacy B illuminate C humanity D commemorate A numerous B recent C telescope D forever A behavior B predict C occurrence D environmental A mishap B evacuate C vigorous D moderate A unspeakable B accomplish C emotional D tendency A expression B response C psychologist D vehicle A development B prevent C common D avoid A supply B reliever C effective D remedy A familiar B repellent C antiseptic D survive 10 A ingenious B device C enormous D dangerous Topic : Tenses of the verb CHUYỂN ĐỔI TỪ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH SANG QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN VÀ NGƯỢC LẠI This is the first time I have seen him (đây lần đầu thấy ) =>I have never seen him before ( chưa thấy trước ) Mẫu có dạng : Đây lần làm chuyện => chưa làm chuyện trước The first time : lần Never before : chưa trước I started / begun studying English years ago (tôi bắt đầu học TA cách năm ) => I have studied English for years ( học TA năm ) Mẫu có dạng : bắt đầu làm cách + khoảng thời gian => làm chuyện for + khoảng thời gian Nếu khơng có ago mà có when + mệnh đề giử ngun mệnh đề đổi when thành since I last saw him when I was a student.(lần cuối thấy SV) => I haven't seen him since I was a student.(tôi không thấy từ SV ) Mẫu có dạng : Lần cuối làm chuyện => khơng làm chuyện từ Last : lần cuối Since : từ The last time she went out with him was two years ago (lần cuối cô ta chơi với cách năm ) => She hasn't gone out with him for two years (cô ta không chơi với năm ) Tương tự mẫu khác phần sau It's ten years since I last met him.(đã 10 năm từ gặp lần cuối ) => I haven't met him for ten years ( không gặp 10 năm ) Mẫu có dạng : Đã khoảng thời gian từ làm lần cuối => khơng làm việc + khoảng thời gian When did you buy it? ( bạn mua ? => How long is it since + S + Vp…? => How long have you bought? ( bạn mua ? ) Mẫu có dạng : when : dùng khứ đơn How long : dùng hoàn thành Bài tập vận dụng Viết lại câu không thay đổi nghĩa: 1) This is the first time he went abroad => He hasn’t 2) She started driving month ago => She has 3) We began eating when it started to rain => We have 4) I last had my hair cut when I left her => I haven’t 5) The last time she kissed me was months ago => She hasn’t 6) It is a long time since we last met => We haven’t 7) When did you have it? => How long -? 8) This is the first time I had such a delicious meal => I haven’t 9) I haven’t seen him for days => The last 10) I haven’t taken a bath since Monday => It is 11 We last went to London two years ago  We  It’s  The last time -12 This is the first time I have visited Hanoi  I 13 I began learning English five years ago  I have -14 I last saw her in 2010 -15 I haven’t eaten this kind of food before 16 I started working for this company a year ago -17 I last read that book on November 20th 18 I have never eaten with knives and forks before -19 It is 10 years since I last visited Dalat -20 She hasn’t phoned home for two weeks -21.She hasn’t gone out with him for months  The last time …………………………………………………………………………… … 22 We haven’t seen such a cruel mother before  This is the first ……………………………………………………………………….…… 23 It is two years since we last saw Mr Jones  We haven’t ……………………………………………………………………….………… 24 This is the first time I have visited the USA  I haven’t …………………………………………………………………………………… 25 I have learnt English for 10 years now  I began ……………………………………………………………………………………… 26 She moved to London 20 years ago  She has ……………………………………………………………………………………… 27 The Pikes haven’t visited Paris for years  The last time ……………………………………………………………………………… 28 I stopped writing to him a week ago  I haven’t ………………………………………………………………… ………………… 29 Mary has learnt French for years  It’s …………………………………………………………………………….……… 30 When did your father buy that car?  How long …………………………………………………………………… …………… 31 I didn’t see her again for years  Three years has …………………………………………………………………………… 32 The last time I saw John was when he was leaving for Edinburgh  John hasn’t …………………………………………………………………………… 33 They haven’t liked ice-cream since they ate too much and were sick  They didn’t …………………………………………………………………………… 34 John’s career as a television presenter began five years ago  John has ………………………………………………………………………………… 35 My uncle has been a worker in that factory for 10 years  My uncle started ……………………………………………………………………… 36 How long have your family read Tuoi Tre Newspaper?  When did your ………………………………………………………………………… 37 My old friend started working on that farm in 2005  Since 2005, …………………………………………………………………………… 38 When did he start teaching Physical Education in this school?  How long ……………………………………………………………………………… 39 My mother has had this washing machine for a long time  My mother ……………………………………………………………………………… 40.My father stopped drinking champagne ten years ago  My father hasn’t ……………………………………………………………………… 41 Jane’s grandma hasn’t planted trees in the garden for months  Jane’s grandma stopped ……………………………………………………………… 42 I have never met a more warm-hearted person than my mother is  My mother is ………………………………………………………………………… 43 I have never seen such a bad film as that one in the cinema  That is the …………………………………………………………………………… 44 We haven’t seen Mary since we left the university  We last ……………………………………………………………………………… 45 The last time I went swimming was when I was in Spain  I haven’t ……………………………………………………………………………… Supply the correct VERB TENSE : Someone (knock) at the door Can you answer it? → Tom (work) at the moment, so he can’t answer the telephone → The river (flow) after last night’s rain → He (play) for Manchester United this season → She (study) English at HaNoi university of Education these days → She is at her best when she (make) big decision → We (spend) next vacation in London → Robert (arrive) tomorrow morning on the 10.00 train → Look! The bus (leave) → 10.Mike (phone) me one hour ago → 11.Michael (have) a word with Linda this morning → 12.Old Ted (smoke) 20 cigarettes a day till he gave up → 13.Stephen (talk) on the phone when I came in → 14.I (watch) TV at 9:30 last night → 15.While I was working in the garden, my son (play) video games → 16.When he worked here Simon always (make) mistakes → 17.I (wonder) if you could give me a hand → 18.I (paint) chairs so far this morning → 19.Frank (home) since he was a boy → 20.Mai (live) in Ho Chi Minh City for five years now → 21.My little sister (watch) “Sleeping Beauty” several times → 22.The child (die) before the doctor arrived → 23.We cleaned up the room as soon as the guests (leave) → 24.The secretary (finish) the report by 10:00 yesterday → 25.Jane’s eyes are red She (cry) → 26.This room is dirty Someone (smoke) in here → 27.How many languages John (speak)? → 28.Hurry up! The train (come) I don’t want to miss it → 29.Angelina Jolie is a famous actress She (appear) in several films → 30.What time the next train (leave)? → 31.Monica (stay) with her sister at the moment until she finds a flat → 32.There’s a strange in here Mother (cook) something → 33.The concert (start) at 7:15 → 34.Nora says she’s 17 but I (not believe) her → 35.Sorry I’m late! That OK I (wait) long → 36.We did not go out because it (rain) → 37.Tuan, is it true that you (get) married next week? → 38.I (read) “Chicken Soup for the Soul” but I haven’t finished it yet → 39.Alan took a photograph of Sandra while she (look) → 40.I (loose) my key Can you held me to look for it? → 41.Last night Tina (read) in bed when suddenly she heard a scream → 42.We (have) a party next week Would you like to come? → 43.The red river (flow) very fast today much faster than yesterday → 44.While my mother (cook) dinner the phone rang → 45.I (know) your telephone number → 46.Please don’t make so much noise My son (sleep) → 47.The moon (move) round the Earth → 48.Tracy (be) ill for a long time → 49.Have you heard? Sophie (get) married → 50.My father (work) for this company from 1999 to 2005 → Topic : Subject and verb agreement & Tag question SỰ HÒA HỢP GIỮA CHỦ NGỮ VÀ ĐỘNG TỪ SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT A TRƯỜNG HỢP DÙNG ĐỘNG TỪ Ở SỐ ÍT Khi danh từ số ít, đại từ số ít, động từ nguyên dạng, danh động từ… Ex: - His sister likes dancing - The danger of eating too much chips is unclear - The President and CEO (Chief Executive Officer) is Mr Smith - The book is on the table - To work hard is necessary - Learning English is difficult but fun Khi chủ ngữ danh từ tiền bạc, thời gian khoảng cách: Ex: - Money is not all to keep a family happy - As a Chinese saying: “Ten years is not a long time for an honorable man to revenge.” - Ten miles isn’t very far to go by car - Twenty-five dollars is too much for the meal - Fifty minutes isn’t enough time to finish this test - Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that radio - Two miles is too much to run in one day Khi chủ ngữ đại từ bất định như: Each, either, neither , another, the other, one, everybody, everyone, everything, anybody, anyone, anything, nobody, no one, nothing, somebody, someone, something … Ex: - Each of them has to be on duty once a week - Everybody who wants to buy a ticket should be in this line - Something is in my eye - Is there anybody here? - Neither of his pens is able to be used - Either is correct - No problem is harder than this one - Nobody works harder than John does - Each citizen and every citizen has responsible for Khi chủ ngữ danh từ số kết nối với từ khác bằng: with, as well as, together with, along with, no less than, accompanied by… Ex: - Mary, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight - Mr Robbins, accompanied by her wife and children, is arriving tomorrow morning - The girl, with her big white dog, passes my house every morning - Mr Nam, as well as his assistants, was doing an experiment in the laboratory when I came Khi chủ ngữ danh từ đề cập đến môn học, bệnh, danh từ riêng như: + News + Diseases: measles = bệnh sởi, mumps = quai bị, rickets = còi xương, diabetes, rabies (dại) + Subject: - Linguistics, Physics, Phonetics, Mathematics, Economics, politics…… + Proper noun: - Algiers, Athens, Brussels, Marseilles, The United States,… Ex: - The morning news starts at 5.30 everyday - Physics is very difficult - The United States is between Canada and Mexico Khi thực phép tính: - Six minus three is three - Ten subtracted by five is five - Twice seven equals fourteen - Eight divided by four is two Khi chủ ngữ mệnh đề sau “That”: Ex: - That you give your parents some money after getting salary is a very good action - That you get high marks at school always makes your parents proud 10 I me My You you Your We us Our - She/ he / you - her/ him/ you - your/ her/ his - I/ she/ he/we/ they… - me/ her/ him/ you/ us /them - my/ her/ his/ our/ their - they - them their Reported commands Khi câu mệnh lệnh chuyển sang câu gián tiếp thường mở đầu “ order = command = request = lệnh, yêu cầu, ask = hỏi….) [ V +…… ] => [ S + order = command = request + to + V…] Ex: - He said “Hurry up, Lan” - He ordered/ told Lan to hurry up [ Don’t + V………….] => [ S + order = command = request + not + to + V…] Ex: - The teacher said “Don’t talk in class!” - The teacher ordered (the students) not to talk in class Reported questions a Yes/ No – questions Khi câu hỏi dạng “Yes/ No – questions” chuyển sang câu gián tiếp thường mở đầu như: “ask, inquire, wonder…” want to know theo sau có “if” “whether” Ex1: He asked me “ Have you seen this film?” - He wondered if I had seen that film - He wanted to know if I had seen that film Ex2: - “Will you see her next Saturday?” said he - He asked me if I would see her the next Saturday b Wh- questions: Khi câu hỏi dạng “Wh – questions” chuyển sang câu gián tiếp thường mở đầu như: “ask, inquire, wonder…” want to know chuyển câu dạng khẳng định Ex: -He asked me “ What time does the match begin?” - He asked me what time the match began - He wanted to know what time the match began Reported exclamations: - [ S + said “ What + (a/ an) + adj + N!”] - [ S + exclaimed what + (a/ an) + adj + N.] Ex: - He said “What a nice girl!” - He exclaimed what a nice girl - [S + said “How + adj + the + n + be!”] - [S + exclaimed how + adj + the + n + be”] - He said “How awful the day is!” - He exclaimed how awful the day was Notes: 41 Special cases: Trường hợp đặc biệt Khi đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp ta khơng đổi mệnh đề phụ trường hợp sau dù mệnh đề “simple past” Động từ câu nói trực tiếp có thời gian xác định - He said “I was born in 1999” - He said that he was born in 1999 Câu điều kiện loại - Hoa said “ If I were you, I wouldn’t come here.” - Hoa said if she were me, she wouldn’t come there Quá khứ giả định: …wish-clause, as if…… - Maria said “I wish I were a boy” - Maria said that she wished she were a boy Might/ could/ should/ ought to/ used to/ would rather/ had better…ta giữ nguyên Ta dùng “simple present” thay “simple past” diễn tả thói quen hay chân lý Ex: - He said “I work late every morning” - He said that he works late every morning Ex2:- My teacher said “ The earth moves around the sun” - My teacher said that the earth moves around the sun Ex3:- “ You’d better work hard” he said –> He said that I had better work hard Cấu trúc “it’s time + S + Vp + something”: Ex: - “It’s time he woke up”, she said –> She said it was time he woke up Bài tập vận dụng He said to her, “You are my friend.” _ Johnny said to his mother, “ I don’t know how to this exercise.” _ “Don’t come back before o’clock” advised my brother _ “Cook it in butter”, Mrs Brown said to her daughter _ 5.The pupils said’ “Teacher, give us better mark please” _ “What a dirty face you have”, Ann said to her son _ “Don’t you know how to behave? There must be no talking in lessons” the teacher told his students _ “I wonder who is coming on the excursion tomorrow I hope it won’t rain.” said she _ “Do as you are told You are a naughty boy.” Mr John said to Hung _ 10 “It’s a very nice evening Why don’t we go out for a walk?” Jim suggested 42 _ 11 He says to me, “I’ll help you with your homework” _ 12 Hanh said to his son “You are my pride” _ 13 They said to us “ We won the first price last year” _ 14 Thanh said “We are having dinner.” _ 15 Peter said to them “ I can speak English.” _ 16 Ann says to us “ I was reading when you phoned me yesterday.” _ 17 Ha said “ I’m coming into your room now.” _ 18 Mary said “ Thanh is the tallest in our class.” _ 19 Binh said to Nga “ I’ll marry you next month.” _ 20 Tom said “ I’m going to meet Uncle Ton next week.” _ Bài tập ứng dụng 2: Em chuyển câu sau sang lối nói gián tiếp: 1.Mr Vinh said “Don’t ride the bike in the school” _ Ha said “Wait for us please.” _ Hoa said “Take me to my home, Trung” _ Ngoc said “Don’t eat snack in school.” _ The teacher said “Do all your homework in workbook.” _ Mrs Huong said “Don’t eat too much meat.” _ Hanh said “Shut up and your exercise.” _ Ha said “Listen to me please.” _ Nghia said “Don’t pull my leg, Binh.” _ 10 Peter said “Write to me soon, Mary.” _ 11 Hue asked “Do you like fish, Nga?” _ 12 Anne asked me “Are you a doctor?” 43 _ 13 John asks his wife “Are you watching TV now?” _ 14 Alex asked my wife “Did you go out last night?” _ 15 Bell said “Can you tell me the way to the station, Watson?” _ 16 He asked me “Where you live?” _ 17 Lan asked Binh “How old are you?” _ 18 Peter asked Mary “How long have you lived here?” _ 19 Hoa asked Mr Brown “What time you get up? _ 20 Trang asks me “Why you leave me?” _ 21 Song asked Khai “How many people are there in your family?” _ 22 Obama asked Tam “What did you last night?” _ 23 Oliver asked Alan “ Where are you going?” _ 24 Nina said to John “ How far is it from your house to school?” _ 25 Ann asked Tom “ What is your name?” _ 26 Bay asked Thao “ Which grade are you in?” _ 27 Nam asked Minh “ Why did you cry?” _ 28 Mr Thang asked us “ Do you understand the lesson?” _ 29 Mrs Mencken asked “ Which season you like?” _ 30 Tam asked me “ How I this sentence?” _ 31 “Switch off the TV,” he said to her _ 32 “Shut the door, Tom,” she said _ 33 “Lend me your pen for a moment,” I said to Mary _ 34 “Don’t watch late-night horror movies,” I warned them 44 _ 35 “Don’t believe everything you hear,” he warned me _ 36 “Don’t make too much noise, children,” he said _ 37 “Please fill up this form,” the secretary said _ 38 “Don’t hurry,” I said _ 39 “Don’t touch that switch, Mary,” I said _ 40 “Open the safe!” the raiders ordered the bank clerk _ 41 “Please as I say,” he begged me _ 42 “Help your mother, Peter,” Mr Pitt said _ 43 “Do whatever you like,” she said to us _ 44 “Don’t miss your train,” she warned them _ 45 “Read it before you sign it,” he said to his client _ 46 “Do sing it again,” he said _ 47 “Don’t put your hands near the bars,” the zoo keeper warned us _ 48.“Buy a new car,” I advised him _ 49 “Don’t drive too fast,” she begged him _ 50 “Don’t lean your bicycles against my windows, boys,” said the shopkeeper _ 51 “Come to the cinema with me,” he asked her _ 52 “Cook it in butter,” I advised her _ 53 “Don’t touch the gates, madam,” said the lift operator _ 54 “Don’t argue with me,” the teacher said to the boy _ 55 “Pull as hard as you can,” he said to him _ 56 “Send for the Fire Brigade,” the manager said to the porter 45 _ 57 “Don’t lend her anything,” he advised us _ 58 “Make a list of what you want,” she told us _ 59 “Look at the paper,” he said to her _ 60 “Stand clear of the doors,” a voice warned the people on the platform _ 61 “See if you can find any mushrooms, children,” she said _ 62 “Don’t go alone,” I warned her _ 63 “Pay at the cash desk,” the shop assistant said to the customer _ 64 The notice said, “Leave this space clear.” _ 65 “Remember to write to your mother,” I said to them _ 66 “Think well before you answer,” the detective warned her _ 67 “Do you like roses, Peter?” I said _ 68 “Are you watching a film on TV at this very moment?” said the mother to him _ 69 I asked my girlfriend, “Will you arrive at the airport next weekend?” _ 70 “Must I leave the party now?” said the guard _ 71 My teacher said to me, “Do you want good marks or bad marks?” _ 72 “Did you see me at the ball last night?” the man asked his friends _ 73 The shop assistant said to him, “Did you buy the blue raincoat or red one?” _ 74 “Were you talking to your boyfriend at this time last night?” I said to my sister _ 75 I asked him, “Are you English? _ 76 “Have you ever eaten this kind of food?” said that man to his wife _ 77 Her son asked, “Do you take a train or a bus to work, mum?” _ 78 “Can you give me a lift to downtown, Adam?” she asked 46 _ 79 She asked her son, “Did you phone me last week?” _ 80 “Are you having a birthday party with your friends in the garden at present, Tom?” said his friend _ 81 The newcomer said, “Have you seen the new form teacher, Anna?” _ 82 What are you cooking in the kitchen, darling?” said the husband to his wife _ 83 I said to my friends, “What happened to you last week?” _ 84 She said to me, “How you go to school?” _ 85 The man asked them, “How long have you been married?” _ 86 “What did they plant in the school garden last month, Mr Brown?” said the principal _ 87 “When will you phone me?” said the girl to her boy friend _ 88 The man asked me, “Which one you prefer the red car or the grey one?” _ 89 Dick said to me, “What are you talking about?” _ 90 Nancy asked, “Have you seen my grammar book?” Nancy wanted to know _ 91 Jennifer said to Peter, “What you want?” _ 92 I wondered “Is what I’ve seen true?” _ 93 “Who is talking to you on the phone?” the boss asked him _ 94 “To whom did this letter send?” said the man to Adam _ 95 “Why were you so lazy?” said the teacher to his pupil Topic : Phrases and Clause of CỤM TỪ VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ MỤC ĐÍCH PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF PURPOSE I Phrases of purpose: Cụm từ mục đích a Mục đích khẳng định: …… để làm [S + Vc +…+ to / so as to / in order to + V …] Ex: - I try to study to pass my next exam (Tôi cố gắng học để đậu kỳ thi tới.) - He hurried in order to catch the last train (Anh vội vả để bắt chuyến tàu cuối cùng.) - He does morning exercises so as to improve his health 47 (Anh tập thể dục buổi sáng để nâng cao sức khỏe.) b Mục đích phủ định: …… để khơng làm [S + Vc +…+ not to / so as not to / in order not to + V …] Ex: - He got up early not to be late for school (Anh dậy sớm để không bị muộn học.) - They practice speaking English every day so as not to fail in the oral test (Họ luyện nói tiếng anh hang ngày để không bị trượt kỳ thi vấn đáp.) - We left the house early so as not to miss the first train (Chúng rời nhà sớm để không nhỡ chuyến tàu đầu tiên.) Cụm từ mục đích đứng đầu câu Ex: - In order for a film to be interesting, it must have a good plot (Để cho phim hay phim phải có cốt truyện hay) - In order for your child to be respectful, you must educate him very early (Để cho bạn biết lễ phép, bạn phải giáo dục bạn từ sớm) II Clauses of purpose: Adverbial clauses of purpose: Mệnh đề trạng ngữ mục đích a Mục đích khẳng định: …… để làm Hiện tại: [S + Vs, es +…+ so that / in order that + S + will/ can/ may +V …] Ex: - Lan gets up early so that she can the housework before going to work (Lan dậy sớm để làm việc nhà trước làm.) - Hiep studies hard in order that he can pass his exam (Hiệp học hành chăm để vượt qua kì thi.) Quá khứ: [S + Vp, ed +…+ so that / in order that + S + would/ could/ might +V …] Ex: - He talked loudly so that his father could hear what he said (Anh nói to để bố anh nghe thấy anh nói.) - Thanh passed the ball to Huy in order that he could score goal (Thanh chuyền bóng cho Huy để cậu ghi bàn thắng.) b Mục đích phủ định: …… để khơng làm Hiện tại: [S + Vs, es +…+ so that / in order that + S + will/ can/ may + not + V …] Ex: - Tina reviews the lessons every morning so that she can’t get bad marks at school (Tina ôn vào sang để nhận điểm kém.) - Hoa gets up early in order that she won’t be late for class (Hoa dậy sớm để không bị muộn học.) Quá khứ: [S + Vp, ed +…+ so that / in order that + S + would/ could/ might + not + V …] Ex: - He was in a hurry so that he could catch the bus (Anh vội vã để bắt xe buýt.) - She bought lots of souvenirs in order that she could give them to all her children Lưu ý: Khi chủ ngữ mệnh đề mệnh đề mục đích khác ta khơng dùng cụm từ mục đích III Các dạng tập: Dạng 1: Nối hai câu có chủ ngữ thành câu có cụm từ mục đích mệnh đề mục đích Ex: - Mary gets up early every morning She wants to learn her lessons  Mary gets up early every morning to learn her lessons  Mary gets up early every morning so that she can learn her lessons - We learn English We want to have better communication with other people 48 => We learn English in order to have better communication with other people => We learn English so that we will have better communication with other people Dạng 2: Nối hai câu có chủ ngữ thành câu có cụm từ mục đích mệnh đề mục đích sau “want” có tân ngữ.(Object) Cụm từ: [S + Vc +…+ so as for + O + to / in order for + O + to + V …] ….để cho ai/ làm Mệnh đề: [S + Vs, es +…+ so that / in order that + S + will/ would +V …] Ex: - He gave me his address He wanted me to visit him  He gave me his address so as for / in order for me to visit him  He gave me his address so that I could to visit him - They whispered They didn’t want anyone to hear their conversation  They whispered in order for no-one to hear their conversation  They whispered in order that no-one could hear their conversation Dạng 3: Đổi câu có cụm từ mục đích sang mệnh đề mục đích ngược lại Ex: - He locked the door so as not to be disturbed  He locked the door so that he would not be disturbed - Hoa ran too fast in order that her friends could not catch her  Hoa ran too fast in order for her friends not to catch her  Linh went to school by bike in order to be on time  Linh went to school by bike in order that she would be on time Exercises: Sử dụng cụm từ mục đích mệnh đề mục đích để nối cặp câu sau: The clown took off his mask He didn’t want to frighten the children - - My father drove carefully He didn’t want to cause accidents - - Mr Thomson is learning Vietnamese He wishes to read The Tale of Kiều - - Sue dutifully followed her parents’ advice She didn’t want to cause trouble for her parents - - Please shut the door I don’t want the dog to go out of the house - - The farmer built a high wall around his garden The fruit wouldn’t be stolen - - The police stopped the traffic every few minutes The pedestrians might cross the road - - The notices are written in several languages Everyone may understand them 49 - - I wish to have enough money I want to buy a new house - - 10 Dick is practicing the guitar He can play for the dance - - 11 She needs a job She wants to support her old parents - - 12 He moved to the front row He could hear the speaker better - - 13 She put the meat into the oven She wanted it to be ready for dinner - - 14 The boys stood on the benches They wanted to get a better view - - 15 We lover the volume of the radio We don’t want to bother our neighbors - - 16 I’ll write to you I want you know my decision soon - - 17 These men were talking in whispers They didn’t want anyone to hear their conversation - - 18 The boy feigned to be sick He hoped we didn’t make him work - - 19 The man spoke loudly He wanted everyone to hear him clearly - - 20 Doris often goes home as soon as the class is over She doesn’t want her mother to wait for her - - 21 John gets up early He doesn’t want to be late for class - - 22 Mary hid the novel under her pillow He didn’t want her father to see it - - 50 23 Alice prepares her lessons carefully She wants to get high marks in class - - 24 The robber changed his address all time He didn’t want the police to find him - - 25 They did their jobs well They hoped the boss would increase their salary - - 26 You should walk slowly Your sister can follow you - - 27 I’m studying hard I want to keep pace with my classmates - - 28 We turned out the lights We didn’t want to waste electricity - - 29 This pupil read only for short periods each day He didn’t want to train his eyes - - 30 I whispered I didn’t want to disturbed anyone - -  RESULT Các cấu trúc “so that” “such that” a [S + V(c) + so + adj/adv + that + clause]: đến Ex: - She is so kind that everyone loves her - He swam so strongly that he won the first prize - The coffee is so hot that we can't drink it b S + V(c) + such + a/an + adj + singular noun + that + clause Ex: Chuyển câu từ (a) sang dạng (b)  She is such a kind person that everyone loves her  She was such a strong swimmer that he won the first prize  NOTE: Với cấu trúc “so … that” chuyển thành “such that”  ta biến động từ thành danh từ Để diễn tả kết ta cịn sử dụng cấu trúc a S + be/ V(c) + too + adj/adv + (for + O) + to + V… : (Quá đến (ai) làm gì) Ex: - The coffee is too hot for us to drink it - The car is too expensive for them to buy - He run too fast for everyone to catch up with c S + V(c) + adj/adv + enough + (for + O) + to + V… đủ … để làm - It is cold enough for us to wear warm clothes 51 - He swam strongly enough to win the race - The car is not cheap enough for them to buy  The car is too expensive for them to buy Như vậy: S + V(c) + too + adj/adv + (for + O) + to + V… = S + not + Vc + adj/adv trái nghĩa + enough + (for + O) + to + V… - She is too young to get married  She is not old enough to get married Viết lại câu không thay đổi nghĩa: 1) The room is so tidy that it took us one hour to clean it => It is 2) The man is so fool that no one took any notice of him => He is 3) The film is so long that they can't broadcast it on one night => It is 4) The books are so interesting that we have read them many times => They are 5) The news was so bad that she burst into tears on hearing it => It was 6) The food was so hot that it turned my tongue => It was 7) There is so much rain that we can't go out => There is such 8) The boy is so fat that every calls him Stuffy => He is 9) The milk is so excellent that all the children want some more => It is 10) The weather was so warm that they had a walk in the garden => It was 11) There were so many people in the hall that we couldn't see him => There were such 12) The match was so exciting that all the fans shouted loudly => It was 13) They drank so much coffee that they couldn't sleep all night => They drunk such 14) Alice had so many exercises to that she couldn't go out => Alice had such 15) The woman was so poor that she needed everyone's help => She was  REASON Cách chuyển từ mệnh đề lý sang cụm từ Because + S (pronoun) + be + adj …  Because of + Possessive + Noun Because she was ill, she couldn’t go to school 52  Because of her illness, she couldn’t go to school Because + S (noun) + be + adj …  Because of + the + adj + Noun Because the weather was hot, I couldn’t sleep well  Because of the hot weather, I couldn’t sleep well Because + S (pronoun) + VERB + adv …  Because of + Possessive + adj + Noun Because she behaves well, everyone loves her  Because of her good behavior, everyone loves her Because + (S+ have) THERE + BE + (a /an) + ADJ + NOUN  Because of + (a/an) + ADJ + Noun Because + S (Pronoun) + TO BE + ADVERB + ADJ  Because of + Possessive + ADJ + Because she is extremely beautiful, everyone admires her  Because of her extreme beauty, everyone admire her Because + S (Noun) + TO BE + V3  Because of + the Noun (V3) Because + S (Noun) + + VERB of + Noun Noun + (ADVERB) NOUN + of + Noun (Noun)  Because of + a/ an/ the (ADJ) + Because this boy behaved kindly, I love him so much  Because of the kind behavior of this boy, I love him so much Because + S1 (Noun/ Pronoun) + VERB + O …., S2 +V2 +… (S1 # S2)  + (not) Ving + O …., S2 +V2 +… (S1 # S2)  Because of + possessive Because I am sick, I not go out  Because of …………………………………………… Because the water is polluted, we can’t swim in that river  Because of ……………………………………………………………………………… Because Nga has had a sore leg, she had difficulty in walking 53  Because of ……………………………………………………………………………… Because he behaved badly, he found himself in trouble  Because of ……………………………………………………………………………… Because it was snowing, we didn’t go out for a walk  Because of ……………………………………………………………………………… Because of his good looks, he is popular with many girls  Because ………………………………………………………………………………… Because of his serious sickness, he couldn’t come to the class  Because ………………………………………………………………………………… Because of too much exhaust fume, people have to wear gauze masks in the streets  Because ………………………………………………………………………………… Because of their good performance, they won the first prize  Because………………………………………………………………………………… 10 Because of your advice, we didn’t use that poisonous chemical  Because ………………………………………………………………………………… CHUYỂN ĐỔI QUA LẠI GIỮA Although/ though despite / in spite of Nguyên tắc chung cần nhớ : Although/ though + mệnh đề Despite / in spite of + cụm từ Các công thức biến đổi từ mệnh đề sang cụm từ sau: 1) Nếu chủ ngữ mệnh đề giống nhau: - Bỏ chủ từ ,động từ thêm ING Although Tom got up late, he got to school on time => Despite / in spite of getting up late, Tom got to school on time 2) Nếu chủ ngữ danh từ + be + tính từ - Đem tính từ đặt trước danh từ ,bỏ to be Although the rain is heavy, => Despite / in spite of the heavy rain, 3) Nếu chủ ngữ đại từ + be + tính từ : - Đổi đại từ thành sỡ hửu ,đổi tính từ thành danh từ ,bỏ be Although He was sick, => Despite / in spite of his sickness, 4) Nếu chủ ngữ đại từ + động từ + trạng từ - Đổi đại từ thành sở hữu, động từ thành danh từ ,trạng từ thành tính từ đặt trước danh từ Although He behaved impolitely, => Despite / in spite of his impolite behavior , 5) Nếu câu có dạng : there be + danh từ Hoặc : S + have + N - Thì bỏ there be Although there was an accident , => Despite / in spite of an accident, 54 Viết lại câu không thay đổi nghĩa: 1) Although Tom was a poor student, he studied very well => In spite of his poverty, Tom studied very well 2) Mary could not go to school because she was sick =>Because of her sickness, Mary couldn't go to school 3) Although the weather was bad, she went to school on time => Despite the bad weather, she went to school on time 4) My mother told me to go to school although I was sick => In spite of my sickness, my mother told me to go to school 5) Because there was a big storm, I stayed at home => Because of the big storm, I stayed at home 6) Tom was admitted to the university although his grades were bad =>Despite the bad grades, Tom was admitted to the university 7) Although she has a physical handicap, she has become a successful woman => Despite having a physical handicap, she has become a successful woman 8) In spite of his good salary, Tom gave up his job => Although Tom get good salary, he gave up his job 9) Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep => In spite of not having finished the paper, he went to sleep 10) In spite of the high prices, my daughter insists on going to the movies => Even though the 11 Many people began to wearing jeans because they were cheap => Because of…… 12 ) Since he was careless, Tom lost the game => Because of…… 13) Although she behaves well, no one loves her Despite…… 14) Because of the cold weather, the crops are late this year => Because …… 15) Mary was worried because Tom was late => Because of…… 16) Tom walked slowly because his leg was bad => Because of…… 17) I came here because I want the English course => Because of…… 18) I went to school although it was hot Despite…… 19) Because the dust in the room, I can’t go in => Because of…… 20) Because of too much smoke, We have to wear masks => Because …… are high, my daughter insists on 55