Để giải quyết nhu cầu cấp bách về đào tạo giáo viên có trình độ cao về khoa học, công nghệ, kỹ thuật và toán học, Giáo dục STEM: Cách đào tạo giáo viên thế kỷ 21 cung cấp cho giáo viên và các chuyên gia giáo dục kiến thức, kỹ năng, thực hành và chiến lược để cải thiện kết quả dựa trên tiêu chuẩn cho học sinh ghi danh vào khóa học STEM. Cuốn sách này dành cho sinh viên đại học và sau đại học theo học các khóa học về phương pháp tại các trường Cao đẳng Sư phạm, Cao đẳng Nghệ thuật và Khoa học, và Học viện Công nghệ. Cụ thể hơn, cuốn sách này cung cấp thông tin cơ bản phong phú để chuẩn bị cho giáo viên và các chuyên gia giáo dục về sư phạm cho việc dạy và học các khái niệm STEM dựa trên yêu cầu tích hợp. Cuốn sách này cũng sẽ giúp cung cấp cho giáo viên và các chuyên gia giáo dục kiến thức, kỹ năng và nguồn lực để dạy và học STEM hiệu quả cho học sinh.
EDUCATION IN A COMPETITIVE AND GLOBALIZING WORLD STEM EDUCATION HOW TO TRAIN 21ST CENTURY TEACHERS No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services EDUCATION IN A COMPETITIVE AND GLOBALIZING WORLD Additional books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the Series tab Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the e-book tab EDUCATION IN A COMPETITIVE AND GLOBALIZING WORLD STEM EDUCATION HOW TO TRAIN 21ST CENTURY TEACHERS SATASHA L GREEN EDITOR New York Copyright © 2014 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers‘ use of, or reliance upon, this material Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN: (eBook) Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc † New York CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter The STEM Initiative: Constraints and Challenges Dennis R Herschbach, Ph.D Chapter The Need for STEM Teacher Education Development Micah S Stohlmann, Ph.D., Gillian H Roehrig, Ph.D and Tamara J Moore, Ph.D Chapter Preparing Teachers in Science through Technology for STEM Education Shiang-Kwei Wang, Ph.D and Hui-Yin Hsu, Ph.D 33 Strategies and Resources for Integrating Technology into STEM Teaching and Learning Sarah McPherson, Ed.D 53 Chapter 17 Chapter Preparing Teachers in Engineering for STEM Education Moussa Ayyash, Ph.D and Kimberly Black, Ph.D 71 Chapter Preparing Teachers in Mathematics for STEM Education Michael Uttendorfer, Ed.D 89 Chapter Effective STEM Instruction in K-12 Settings Elfreda V Blue, Ph.D Chapter Infusing Culturally and Linguistically Responsive Instruction into STEM Programs Cheryl A Utley, Ph.D., Satasha L Green, Ph.D and Kimberly M Edwards, Ph.D Chapter Using STEM Concepts and Applications to Assess K-12 Student Learning Carolyn Coil, Ed.D 101 117 135 vi Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Contents School Counseling and STEM: Raising Student Awareness and Expectations Carol Dahir,, Ed.D, Michelle Perepiczka, Ph.D and Megyn Shea, Ph.D Teacher Leadership: Transforming STEM Education in K-12 Schools Deborah Lynch, Ph.D and Jennifer Fleck, M.S 153 173 Editor Contact Information 191 Index 193 PREFACE Advancing education in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in U.S public schools has been at the forefront of educational issues and a national priority (President‘s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, 2010) School reform movements and initiatives such as Changing the Equation, a part of the Educate to Innovate Campaign focuses on (1) allowing more students to engage in robotics competitions; (2) improving professional development for math and science teachers; (3) increasing the number of students who take and/or pass rigorous Advanced Placement math and science courses; (4) increasing the number of elementary and secondary teachers who enter the teaching profession with a STEM undergraduate degree; and (5) providing new opportunities to traditionally underrepresented students and underserved communities (Change the Equation, 2013) The nation‘s changing demographics and continued need to remain globally competitive makes it clear that colleges and universities must increase the number of teachers trained in STEM education (Katehi, Pearson, & Feder, 2009) Students in U.S schools are academically behind their international peers in STEM areas Currently, the United States ranks 17th in science and 25th in mathematics among other nations (National Center for Education Statistics, 2011) In the field of engineering, college programs in China and India graduated many more engineers than in the U.S (Gerefii, Wadhwa, Rissing, & Ong, 2008) For example, in 2011, China‘s engineering graduates totaled one million (Shammas, 2011), as compared to colleges in the U.S which graduated 84,599 engineers (Deffree, 2012) President Obama stated that it is a ―national imperative,‖ to train 100,000 STEM college graduates over the next decade (America Chemical Society, 2012) In addition, colleges and universities will need to prepare 25, 000 new K-12 teachers in STEM (Boynton, 2012) in order to meet this ambitious goal These efforts are also aimed at attracting underrepresented groups such as girls and persons of color into the STEM pipeline (Custer & Daugherty, 2009) Additionally, training alone is not enough It is imperative that student engagement, mentoring, and support systems are integrated as key ingredients to foster student retention in colleges and universities For example, data show that on the average, the undergraduate national retention rate in engineering colleges is only 40% (President Obama‘s Council on Jobs and Competitiveness, 2009) To accomplish President Obama‘s goals U.S teachers and education professionals must educate and engage students to pursue STEM disciplines (Community for Advancing Discovery Research in Education, 2011) There is universal agreement that teachers matter and, moreover, there exists empirical support for the notion that student learning is affected by the qualifications of teachers This is viii Satasha L Green especially true in mathematics, which is the foundation for all future STEM learning (Community for Advancing Discovery in Education, 2011) Although almost all U.S teachers hold at least basic qualifications (e.g., a bachelor's degree and teaching certification), many are teaching subjects for which they lack adequate academic training, certification, or both Ingersoll (1999, 2002, 2003) found that about a third of all secondary school teachers who teach mathematics not have either a major or minor in math, math education, or related disciplines like engineering or physics In science, about one fifth of all secondary school teachers not have at least a minor in one of the sciences or in science education The data clearly indicates that many U.S students are taught by under-qualified math and science teachers in U.S schools Another area of major concern is the teaching of subject matter in STEM education, specifically the integration of technology and engineering into math and science concepts Technology may not be infused into the curriculum and engineering in many cases is omitted or causes confusion in how it is related to science and mathematics curricula (Vest, 2009) As a result, very few K-12 teachers have adequate preparation to teach engineering concepts and content (Custer & Daugherty, 2009) According to the National Academy of Engineering and the National Research Council (2009), science and mathematics are typically taught in ―silos,‖ as separate, independent subjects This teaching method can affect the quality of instruction in STEM which requires deep content knowledge (in all four areas) in addition to an expertise in teaching (Community for Advancing Discovery Research in Education, 2011) Therefore, it is imperative to train K-12 teachers in STEM subject-matter To address this pressing need to train highly qualified teachers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics, STEM Education: How to Train 21st Century Teachers provides teachers and education professionals the knowledge, skills, practices, and strategies to improve standards-based outcomes for students enrolled in STEM coursework This book is intended for undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in methods courses in Colleges of Education, Colleges of Arts and Sciences, and Institutes of Technology More specifically, this book provides extensive background information to prepare K-12 teachers and educational professionals in pedagogy for integrated inquiry-based teaching and learning of STEM concepts This book will also help to provide teachers and education professionals with the knowledge, skills and resources for effective STEM teaching and learning for students As noted earlier, the primary goal of this book is to provide K-12 teachers and education professionals evidence-based practices and strategies in STEM content areas to support the learning and instructional needs of their students Therefore, K-12 teachers and education professionals will (1) increase STEM content knowledge and understanding of authentic STEM applications for K-12 students; (2) develop expertise in pedagogical approaches such as authentic and active project-based learning; (3) utilize strategies and resources to integrate technology into STEM teaching and learning for K-12 students; (4) increase their knowledge base, expertise, and experiences in differentiating STEM instruction from traditional instruction for culturally and linguistically diverse learners; (5) increase an understanding of the roles and responsibilities of school counselors, and (6) be knowledgeable about the importance of teacher leadership in STEM education The authors in this book address several important topics critical to the successful implementation of STEM education In Chapter 1, Herschbach discusses the constraints and challenges in implementing STEM initiatives as a curriculum reform movement He examines Teacher Leadership 189 Rhodes, V., Stevens, D., & Hemmings, A (2011) Creating positive culture in a new urban high school The High School Journal, 82-94 Roehrig, G H., Wang, H H., Moore, T J & Park, M S (2012) Is adding the E enough? Investigating the impact of K-12 engineering standards on the implementation of STEMintegration School Science and Mathematics, 112(1), 31-44 Ross, J (1992) Teacher efficacy and the effects of coaching on student achievement Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/ 1495395? uid=3739656&uid =2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256& sid=21102581012171 Russo, A (2004) School-based coaching Retrieved from http://plcwa.schoolwires.net/cms/ lib3/WA07001774/Centricity/Domain/45/school-based-coaching.pdf Schmidt, W., Burroughs, N & Cogan L (2013) On the road to reform: K–12 science education in the United States, Linking Engineering and Society Bridge Washington, DC: Academy of Engineering Sherrill, J A (1999) Preparing teachers for leadership roles in the 21st century Theory Into Practice, 38(1), 56-61 Snow-Renner, R & Lauer, P (2005) Professional development analysis Denver, CO: MidContinent Research for Education and Learning Southwest Educational Development Laboratory (2012) Engaging diverse learners through the provision of STEM opportunities, Austin, Texas Zhang, X., McInerney, J & Frechtling, J (2011) Effect of STEM faculty engagement in the Math and Science Partnership program School Science and Mathematics, 111(6), 274-287 EDITOR CONTACT INFORMATION INDEX # 21st century, xi, 18, 29, 35, 36, 37, 42, 47, 58, 63, 92, 94, 97, 115, 120, 156, 157, 174, 189 21st Century Skills, 94, 97 A academic performance, 2, 103 academic success, 53, 126 access, x, 23, 34, 38, 41, 42, 46, 58, 96, 104, 110, 111, 112, 119, 120, 126, 131, 144, 153, 154, 159, 160, 177, 178, 187 accessibility, 112 accountability, 79, 83, 108, 139, 181 Action and Expression, 60, 61, 112 action research, x, 173, 182, 183, 184, 188 activity-based curriculum, adaptation, administrative support, 45, 181 administrators, 3, 29, 42, 45, 92, 154, 159, 160, 169, 174, 177, 186 adolescents, 132, 165, 171 adults, 186 advancement(s), 11, 12, 35, 155 advocacy, 37, 156, 170 African Americans, 119, 125, 128 African-American, 118, 131, 132 age, 41, 48, 56, 62, 68, 73, 76, 111, 118, 122, 171 agencies, 54 alternative energy, 66 anatomy, 22 anchoring, 175 ankles, 166 anxiety, 29, 163, 165, 166, 167, 171, 178 anxiety disorder, 165, 171 Applied Knowledge, architect, 109 articulation, 79, 80, 81 ASCA National Model, 156, 159 Asian Americans, 118 assessment, x, 10, 21, 26, 50, 56, 57, 59, 62, 63, 68, 80, 83, 85, 87, 89, 92, 96, 104, 108, 110, 114, 118, 128, 129, 130, 131, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 165, 171, 177 assessment for learning, 135, 137 assessment of learning, 135 assessment tools, 137, 151, 177 assets, 87 attitudes, 29, 43, 46, 48, 77, 120, 122, 124, 130, 159, 181, 186, 187 attribution, 182 authentic achievement, 104 Authentic instruction, 103, 104, 115 authenticity, 60, 61, 63 authorities, 138 autonomy, 60, 61, 79 aversion, 128 awareness, 51, 63, 122, 153, 156, 158, 160, 163, 169, 170 B background information, viii, 23, 44, 95 barriers, 40, 42, 47, 85, 112, 113, 125, 158, 175 base, viii, 18, 124 basic research, 84 behaviors, 36, 45, 50, 122, 126, 174 benchmarks, 54, 136, 139 benefits, 46, 47, 63, 101, 104, 138, 157, 159, 162, 184, 185, 186 bias, 119 biodiversity, 39 birds, 98 blame, 194 Index blogs, xi, 46, 49, 50, 60, 95, 140 blueprint, 22, 59, 69, 171 body shape, 166 Book Builder, 64, 69 brain, 59, 98 brainstorming, 102, 140 breakdown, 118 breathing, 165, 166 Broad Fields Curriculum, 3, browser, 144 budget cuts, 111 businesses, 29, 162 buyer(s), 22 C calculus, 7, 99, 120 caliber, 10 candidates, 46, 93, 120, 123, 131 capital markets, 95 career counseling, 160, 169 career development, 153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 169, 171 career success, 157 case study, 114 catalyst, 30 Census, 122, 132 Center for Applied Special Technology, 59 certificate, 63, 188 certification, viii, xi, 18, 93, 97 challenges, viii, ix, 2, 4, 7, 19, 24, 35, 40, 44, 45, 47, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 81, 82, 94, 101, 103, 126, 136, 139, 154, 155, 157, 158, 176, 181, 187 Chicago, x, 71, 117, 166, 170, 173 childhood, 111 children, x, 24, 30, 78, 97, 114, 118, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 132, 148, 162, 165, 171, 185 China, vii, xi, xii, 170 chromatography, 55, 59 city(s), 55, 56, 60, 63, 65, 67, 169, 183 citizens, 35, 36, 54, 74 citizenship, 47, 124 clarity, 78, 79, 185 classes, 10, 42, 65, 75, 118, 120, 121, 126, 160, 161, 183, 184 classroom culture, 31, 50 classroom management, 46, 57 classroom settings, 160 classroom teacher(s), x, 82, 102, 173, 183 climate, 36, 180 climate change, 36 coffee, 55 cognitive performance, 35, 45 cognitive process, 123 cognitive processing, 123 cognitive skills, 35, 38 cognitive tasks, 34, 35 cognitive tool(s), ix, 33, 34, 35, 38, 45, 46, 49, 51 coherence, 6, 25, 179 collaboration, x, 19, 25, 29, 35, 36, 38, 56, 58, 62, 65, 66, 74, 94, 108, 113, 155, 159, 163, 169, 173, 176, 179, 180, 181, 184, 185 collaborative approaches, 178 collective participation, 25, 27 college campuses, 168 College Entrance Examination, 115 college students, 49, 162 colleges, vii, x, 35, 90, 111, 156, 158 color, vii, 38, 55, 118, 119, 120, 122, 125, 127, 129, 130, 156, 160, 162, 175 Common Core Standards, 36, 37, 53, 62, 63, 66, 67, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150 communication, ix, 13, 22, 33, 34, 35, 36, 41, 46, 47, 49, 51, 53, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 71, 92, 94, 123, 139, 174, 175, 176, 181 communication skills, 65 communication technologies, ix, 33, 34, 36, 49, 51 community(s), vii, x, xi, 12, 25, 29, 30, 31, 36, 41, 45, 46, 55, 69, 95, 97, 96, 104, 108, 123, 124, 125, 128, 130, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163, 169, 173, 174, 177, 180, 183, 185, 186, 187, 188 community support, 177 comparative analysis, 110, 113 compensation, 93 competition, 119, 139 competitiveness, 122 complement, 23 complex rubrics, x, 135, 136, 140, 142, 146, 150 complexity, 58, 140, 143, 180 composition, 60, 109 comprehension, 48, 53, 60, 61, 62, 67, 112, 113, 143, 185 computation, 63, 101 computer, 34, 41, 49, 72, 114, 129, 147 computer technology, 49 computing, 47, 131 concept map, 82 conception, 127, 176 conditioning, conduction, 24 configuration, conformity, 125 congruence, 120 consciousness, 125, 129 consensus, 25, 79 construction, 4, 11, 12, 34, 60, 77, 109 195 Index constructivism, 21, 30 constructivist, 40, 44, 102 consulting, 82 contact time, 44 content integration, 22, 23, 24, 82, 83, 185 content knowledge, viii, ix, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 43, 44, 46, 53, 54, 57, 58, 65, 82, 83, 91, 93, 96, 103, 120, 121, 177, 178, 179, 181, 183 context integration, 22, 23 conversations, 28, 103, 131 conviction, 158 cooperation, 125, 180, 185 cooperative learning, 21 coordination, 3, Correlated Curriculum, correlated curriculum pattern, correlation, 20, 23, 76, 126 correlation coefficient, 20 cost, 24, 109, 158 counseling, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 163, 169, 170 course work, 10 covering, 138 creativity, 13, 35, 65, 67, 72, 79, 83, 85, 158 criteria cards, x, 135, 136, 137 critical strategy, 160 critical thinking, 35, 38, 45, 54, 58, 59, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 72, 75, 102, 104, 110, 111, 177 crown, 20 CT, 30, 48, 151 cultivation, 47 cultural consciousness, 125, 129 cultural differences, 128 cultural identities, 128 cultural practices, 123 cultural values, 125 Culturally and Linguistically Responsive Teaching, 123, 127 culturally relevant pedagogy, 124, 127 culture, 122, 123, 125, 128, 158, 167, 168, 174, 175, 181, 186, 188, 189 cure, 36 curricula, viii, 1, 3, 21, 23, 24, 33, 43, 45, 47, 71, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 88, 125, 129, 150, 168, 176, 177, 185 curricular knowledge, 19, 24, 29 curricular materials, 76 curriculum development, 59, 92, 176, 180, 184, 185 Curriculum Principle, 91 D data analysis, 22, 62 data collection, 63, 66, 73, 106, 110, 111 data set, 183 database, 39, 40 decay, 155 decision makers, 180 decoding, 61 deductive reasoning, 108 deficit, 126, 130, 133 Delta, 30, 31, 48, 151, 187, 188 demographic change, 118 demographic data, 159 demonstrations, 23, 24, 81, 162 Department of Education, 25, 35, 50, 54, 69, 84, 89, 97, 98, 120, 131, 154, 155, 169, 171 depth, 34, 44, 58, 63, 66, 93, 94, 103, 142, 174, 178, 184 design engineering technology, 77 designers, 72 developed nations, 78 dialogues, 92 diet, 111 digital technologies, 19 disability, 104, 120 Discovery Learning, 58 discrete subject fields, disposition, 92 divergent thinking, 128 diversity, 24, 119, 120, 123, 124, 130, 168 dough, 62 draft, 37 drawing, 19, 36, 55, 141 dream, 109 drinking water, 55 E earthquakes, 38, 39, 40, 62 economic development, 129 economic status, 119 economics, 102 education reform, x, 33, 77, 85, 124, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 186, 187 educational experience, 18, 90, 177 educational materials, educational opportunities, 90 educational policy, 30, 177 educational practices, 125 educational research, 84, 183 educational settings, 127 196 Index educational system, 118, 123, 126, 139 educators, ix, 5, 9, 11, 18, 29, 33, 35, 46, 48, 54, 72, 75, 81, 84, 92, 95, 96, 111, 119, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 154, 159, 162, 174, 180, 183, 184 egg, 27 e-learning, 48 elementary school, 30, 87, 154 elementary teachers, 29, 178 e-mail, 36 emergency, 108 empirical studies, 18 employers, 155, 185 employment, 122 empowerment, 124, 180 encouragement, 181 energy, 20, 23, 66, 109, 110, 111, 112, 157 Engagement, 60, 61, 112, 158 engineering design, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 31, 57, 76, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 108, 109 Engineering is Elementary, 24, 167 England, 133 English Language, 53, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67 enriching activities, 158 enrollment, 158 Enthusiasm for Learning, 74 entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship, 72, 85, 158 environment(s), 9, 39, 41, 46, 55, 56, 74, 75, 83, 106, 110, 114, 126, 157, 170, 174, 177, 180, 185 environmental issues, 55, 155 epidemic, 120 epistemological characteristics, equipment, 28, 38, 45, 76 equity, 86, 118, 129, 131, 132, 157 Equity Principle, 91 erosion, 56, 59 ethical issues, 23 ethics, 28 ethnic diversity, 124 ethnic groups, 129 ethnic minority, 86, 125, 131 ethnicity, 118, 132, 155 everyday life, 40, 91 evidence, viii, 9, 28, 31, 33, 36, 37, 38, 44, 57, 60, 61, 97, 125, 147, 175, 180 evidence-based practices, viii evolution, 39, 58, 133 examinations, 10 exclusion, execution, 73 executive function, 61, 112 executive functions, 61, 112 exercise, 9, 28, 111, 169 experiential knowledge, 19 experimental design, 110 expertise, viii, xi, 62, 93, 121, 123, 174, 176, 178, 183, 184, 185 exposure, 13, 18, 75, 119, 123, 158, 161, 162, 166, 168, 178, 179 F fabrication, Facebook, 111 facilitators, 67 factual knowledge, 92 families, 29, 126, 129, 154, 155, 158, 161 family members, 76 family support, 126 fear, 111, 165, 167 feelings, 36, 164 filters, 55 financial, 158 first generation, 154 fish, 75 flaws, 106 flexibility, 43, 62 Flipped Classroom, 42 fluctuations, 155 food, 111 food intake, 111 force, 28, 107, 118, 132, 169 Ford, 50 foreign language, 132 formal structure, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12 formation, 36, 43, 48, 55 formative assessment, x, 21, 135, 137, 138, 139, 142, 150 foundations, 1, 4, 5, 14 fourth grade teachers, 141 framing, fruits, 38 Full Option Science System [FOSS], 107 funding, 2, 25, 71, 76, 125, 126, 177, 179, 181 G Galileo, 99 GEAR, 168 gender gap, 75, 76 general education, ix, 53, 59, 67 genetic engineering, 28 geography, 55 197 Index geometry, 6, 7, 102 Georgia, 82 Germany, 130 gifted, 120, 132, 143 gifted education programs, 132 goal setting, 61, 113, 161 Goals, 59, 158 google, 69 Google Earth, 38 GPA, 139 grades, 24, 30, 48, 62, 63, 67, 93, 95, 118, 139, 161 grading, 142, 146 graduate students, viii, 67, 82 Great Recession, 155 greenhouse, 23 greenhouse gas(s), 23 grounding, 13 growth, 20, 24, 31, 90, 91, 136, 180 growth rate, 90 guidance, ix, 34, 81, 89, 91, 94, 155, 156, 160, 161, 163, 167, 168, 170 Guided Inquiry, 106, 107, 108 guidelines, ix, 53, 61, 62, 67, 68, 108, 113, 142, 176 guiding principles, 93 H hair, 150 hands-on exploratory, 59 hands-on instruction, 58 health, 125, 157 heart rate, 165 heat transfer, 24, 26, 31 height, 23, 109, 149, 150 high quality instruction, 105 high school, x, 10, 11, 13, 18, 55, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 86, 92, 104, 114, 118, 120, 125, 126, 140, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 162, 163, 168, 170, 178, 189 higher education, x, 29, 50, 82, 117, 118, 120, 121, 124, 125, 127, 157, 163, 168 higher-level conceptual learning, higher-order thinking, 63, 103, 135, 142, 177 history, 2, 62, 155 home culture, 120 homes, 55, 118, 124 host, 7, 11 House, 86, 130 How to Dig for Answers, 75 How to Test the Validity of Answers, 75 human, 22, 35, 54, 55, 77, 78, 119, 180 human activity, 119 human body, 22 hybrid, 108, 109 Hybrid Instructional Model, 108 hypothesis, 103, 110, 138, 147, 148 I ICTs, ix, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 51 ideal, 11 identification, 5, 78, 127, 132, 160, 177 identity, 3, 4, 6, 48, 127, 159 illusion, 10 image(s), 24, 36, 38, 39, 40, 64, 114, 144 imagery, 165, 166 immigration, 118 improvements, 25 income, 118, 120, 121 India, vii, xi, xii individual students, 78 individualized instruction, 45 individuals, 2, 7, 122, 124, 160, 174 induction, 31 industry, 9, 75, 82, 177 inequality, xi inferences, 39, 106 information processing, 38, 58, 60, 61 information retrieval, 35, 75 information technology, 157 infrastructure, 83 ingeniare, 72 ingredients, vii inquiry learning, 58, 177 inquiry-based instruction, ix, 33, 43, 44, 85, 115, 178 inquiry-based learning, 43, 125 in-service teachers, ix, 17, 18, 123, 124 institutions, x, 96, 117, 118, 127 instructional activities, 59, 107 instructional design, 35 instructional materials, ix, 42, 53, 54, 58, 67, 112 instructional planning, 83 instructional practice, 44, 92, 113 instructional skills, 181 insulation, 24 integrated curriculum design, 3, 6, 9, 12 integration, viii, ix, 5, 8, 9, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 56, 57, 65, 82, 83, 84, 87, 93, 95, 135, 176, 178, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187 integrity, 9, 77, 174 interdependence, 54, 57 interface, 11 internalization, 45 198 Index interpersonal skills, 62 interrelatedness, 159 intervention, x, 2, 125, 126, 133, 155, 165, 166, 170, 179 inventors, 111 investment(s), 23, 181 Iowa, 169 isolation, 184 Israel, 58, 68 issues, vii, x, 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 23, 30, 41, 42, 43, 55, 63, 65, 76, 78, 81, 94, 128, 157, 161, 163, 175, 179 lesson plan, 57, 66, 76, 82, 83, 95, 148, 161 life experiences, life sciences, 26, 28 light, 55, 66 literacy, ix, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 48, 49, 51, 54, 58, 63, 65, 78, 80, 81, 85, 86, 87, 101, 106, 113, 114, 176 local community, 79, 162 longitudinal study, 30 J majority, 76, 79, 118, 126, 139, 142, 163, 178 man, management, 35, 41, 46, 110, 175, 181 manipulation, 20, 60, 61 mapping, 69 Marx, 110, 114 Maryland, mass, 24, 177 materials, 19, 24, 41, 42, 54, 56, 59, 60, 67, 94, 107, 109, 126, 141, 164, 165, 166 mathematical knowledge, 29, 92, 93, 97 mathematics education, 9, 71, 87, 96, 97, 128, 130, 131 matter, vii, viii, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 13, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 29, 45, 83, 90, 91, 93, 107, 126, 127, 182 measurement(s), 23, 107, 149, 150 media, 34, 36, 37, 48, 61, 63, 147, 162, 169 medical, 107, 113 memorizing, 47 mentor, 188 mentoring, vii, 45, 130, 158 meta-analysis, 50, 138 meter, 107, 149 methods, 59, 105, 113 middle class, 119, 123 military, 156 mini-rubrics, x, 135, 137, 140, 146, 149, 150 Minneapolis, 25 minorities, 129, 130, 131 minority students, 129 misconceptions, 19, 21, 23, 24, 26, 85, 123, 138, 176 mission, 180 mobile device, 47, 92, 101 Model-Eliciting Activities, 23 models, ix, 1, 21, 22, 23, 30, 36, 48, 49, 62, 81, 93, 109, 123, 127, 129, 133, 162, 176, 178, 187 modules, 10, 25 momentum, 27, 156 mono-cultural approach, 125 Moon, 120, 130 job satisfaction, 104 Jordan, 174, 187 jumping, justification, 63, 145 K kindergarten, 74, 111, 118 knowledge and interest, 160 L labeling, 9, 131 landscape, x, 1, 77, 80 language representation, 21, 22 lasers, 162 Latin America, 118 Latinos, 119, 125 laws, lead, 28, 34, 62, 76, 102, 108, 110, 113, 122, 123, 153, 154, 157, 163 leadership, viii, x, xi, 155, 158, 159, 160, 173, 174, 175, 177, 179, 180, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189 learners, viii, 35, 41, 44, 48, 59, 61, 74, 75, 83, 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 111, 112, 113, 119, 120, 121, 124, 128, 133, 142, 156, 177, 189 learning activity, 75, 139, 142 learning environment, 35, 40, 46, 48, 56, 58, 63, 92, 102, 127, 129, 130, 177, 178 learning outcomes, 35, 45, 81, 83, 111, 119, 139, 140, 143 Learning Principle, 92 learning process, 37, 55, 58, 92, 107, 113, 126, 128, 137, 139 learning styles, 59 learning task, 114 lens, 54, 125, 127, 128, 129 Lesh Translation Model, 21 M 199 Index motivation, 34, 47, 49, 79, 123, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 171, 178, 182 multicultural education, 123 multiculturalism, 123 multidimensional, 129 multimedia, 34, 37, 38, 46, 47, 63, 69, 113 murals, 140 muscle relaxation, 166 muscles, 75 museums, 111, 185 music, 60 mutual respect, 180 N narratives, 126 National Academy of Sciences, 90, 97, 154, 170 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 87 National Assessment Governing Board, 80, 87 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 50, 56, 68, 80, 89, 118 National Center for Education Statistics, vii, xi, 50 National Mathematics Advisory Panel, 90, 93, 94, 97 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 38, 39, 40 national parks, 186 National Research Council (NRC), viii, ix, xi, xii, 2, 4, 5, 9, 11, 14, 18, 28, 31, 33, 36, 37, 50, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93, 97, 104, 114, 188 Native Americans, 125 natural disaster, 62 negative attitudes, 126 nervousness, 165 networking, 41, 42, 46 neural network(s), 59 neutral, 127 New literacy, 35, 36, 37 Next Generation Science Standards, ix, 18, 33, 34, 37, 80, 87, 185 No Child Left Behind, 80 nutrition, 111 O Obama, vii, 90 obesity, 111 obstacles, 110, 114, 188 officials, 10, 186 OH, 14, 132 Oklahoma, 107, 108 online learning, 96 open inquiry, 44, 106, 107, 111, 113 open-ended design, 108 operations, 102, 145 optimization, 79 organizational structure, 5, organize, 4, 7, 12, 13, 35, 37, 41, 61, 62, 161, 177 outreach, 68, 81, 86, 87, 162 outreach programs, 87, 162 ownership, 55, 184 P Pacific, 39, 41, 118 Pacific Islanders, 118 paradigm shift, 113 parallel, 125, 139 parental involvement, 125, 185 parents, 41, 76, 95, 117, 126, 136, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 171, 174, 176, 177, 185, 186, 187, 188 participants, 46, 176, 179, 182 path model, 49 pathways, 124, 157, 158 pedagogical content knowledge, 19, 21, 25, 29, 68 pedagogy, viii, ix, x, 17, 28, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 62, 63, 67, 78, 85, 93, 96, 115, 117, 121, 124, 127, 129, 131, 174, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181 percentile, 104 permission, 57, 150 permit, 38 personal qualities, 156 personality, 124 persons with disabilities, 131, 157 photographs, 20 physical education, 111 physical exercise, 111 physical health, 111 physical sciences, 26, 129 physics, viii, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 27, 95 physiology, 166 pictorial representation, 21, 22 pipeline, vii, 78, 121, 162, 187 plants, 38 platform, 107 plausibility, 55 playing, 107 policy, xi, 9, 14, 18, 26, 29, 50, 71, 97, 117, 126, 127, 176 policy makers, 9, 71, 117, 126, 127, 176 political system, 124 poor performance, 175 population, 10, 55, 58, 91, 117, 118, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 129, 175 population density, 55 200 Index portfolio, 136 Portugal, 86 positive attitudes, 77 potato, 128 poverty, 121 pre-assessment, x, 26, 135, 137, 150 preparation, viii, ix, 8, 10, 13, 18, 53, 62, 67, 76, 77, 78, 81, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 96, 117, 122, 123, 125, 126, 129, 155, 156, 158, 178, 182, 185 preparedness, 123, 125, 181 preservice teachers, 46, 48 pre-service teachers, 18, 19, 34, 86, 120, 122, 123, 124 President, vii, x, xii, 90, 93, 98, 160, 170 President Obama, vii, x, xii, 90 prevention, 167, 168 principles, ix, 6, 53, 54, 57, 59, 62, 67, 80, 81, 82, 91, 94, 101, 107, 112, 113 prior knowledge, 18, 22, 23, 26, 42, 122 private sector, 162 problem solving, 21, 30, 35, 36, 38, 45, 53, 54, 58, 63, 65, 67, 73, 79, 92, 119, 120, 128, 135, 139, 142, 150, 158, 177, 180, 181 problem solving based learning, 21 problem-based learning, ix, 96, 101, 104, 106, 107, 108, 110, 112, 113, 114 problem-solving, 36, 72, 73, 107, 110, 111 problem-solving projects, 110 problem-solving skills, 36 procedural knowledge, 62 process-skill projects, 110 producers, 2, 41 professional growth, 181 Professional Learning Communities, 27, 179 professionals, vii, viii, x, xi, 72, 75, 104, 127, 138, 155, 162, 175, 184 profit, programming, ix, 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 project, viii, ix, 22, 26, 27, 34, 42, 50, 53, 54, 55, 58, 63, 65, 66, 67, 82, 94, 96, 101, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114, 136, 138, 139, 142, 143, 150, 162, 176, 182 Project 2061, ix, 53, 54, 67, 68, 85, 168 Project Lead The Way, 72 project-based learning, viii, ix, 34, 53, 63, 65, 66, 67, 94, 101, 114, 150 proportionality, 23 prototype, 22, 111 psychological processes, 115 psychology, 115, 129, 165 public education, 123 public schools, vii, 11, 118 Punnett square, 20 Q qualifications, vii, 75, 81 query, 73 questioning, 55, 102, 104, 107, 128 R race, 118, 120, 131, 132 racing, 165, 166 radiation, 24 rating scale, 142, 150 reactions, 20, 53 reading, 36, 44, 48, 49, 50, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 67, 72, 74, 83, 104, 142, 154, 185 reading comprehension, 48, 49 reading skills, 64 realistic representation, 22 reality, 18, 124, 127 reasoning, 22, 25, 38, 53, 57, 63, 67, 84, 92, 102, 104, 107, 113, 119, 181 reasoning skills, 107 reciprocity, 122 recognition, 8, 59, 122 recommendations, ix, x, 49, 54, 71, 72, 77, 85, 86, 93, 119, 120, 132, 153, 173, 184, 185 recruiting, 60, 61, 112 recycling, 64 reflective practice, 181 reform(s), vii, viii, 13, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 37, 46, 48, 50, 53, 54, 67, 69, 80, 85, 88, 104, 114, 130, 132, 155, 171, 173, 174, 175, 181, 184, 186, 187, 189 relaxation, 165, 166, 170 relevance, 54, 60, 61, 94, 160, 176 reliability, 40, 41 remediation, 137 renewable energy, 66 Representation, 61 requirements, 3, 8, 73, 79, 80, 81, 143, 158 researchers, 25, 26, 33, 35, 58, 61, 71, 82, 84, 96, 108, 125, 183, 184, 185 resilience, 158 resistance, 84, 125, 163, 175, 184 resolution, 108 resource availability, 73 resources, viii, 19, 23, 37, 40, 41, 42, 44, 46, 53, 54, 58, 76, 78, 83, 89, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 99, 101, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 119, 124, 126, 132, 141, 158, 162, 167, 168, 175, 177, 178, 181, 184, 185, 186, 187 response, 17, 25, 138, 139, 178 responsibility for learning, 80 Index responsiveness, 127, 128, 129 restoration, 130 restructuring, 188 retention rate, vii, 72 retooling, rewards, 82, 157 risk(s), 41, 162, 174, 180, 181 risk-taking, 174 robotics, vii, 65, 66, 139, 162 rubrics, x, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 146, 149, 150 rules, 142 S SAS, 95 scaling, 22, 109 scatter, 20 scatter plot, 20 scholarship, 84, 85, 158 school activities, 158 school culture, 40, 56, 163, 174, 175, 184 school improvement, 159, 174, 188 school learning, 36 school support, 127 school work, 102 school-based coaching, 180 schooling, 13, 104, 130, 177 Science Writer, 64 scientific inquiry, ix, 33, 37, 38, 39, 44, 55, 81, 82, 83, 93, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110, 112, 113 scientific investigations, 36, 44 scientific knowledge, 56 scientific literacy, ix, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 47, 49, 176 scientific method, 55, 57, 101, 104, 105, 108, 110, 111, 146, 147, 148 Scientific Method Tic-Tac-Toe, 146, 147, 148 scope, x, 8, 117, 141, 155, 158, 180 scripts, 69 secondary schools, xi, 1, 10, 71, 121 secondary teachers, vii, 76 seed, 45 selectivity, 93 self-assessment, 113, 138 self-concept, 164 self-confidence, 74, 75, 77, 178 self-efficacy, 161, 163, 164, 165, 169, 171, 178 self-esteem, 161, 164 self-monitoring, 60 self-presentation, 123 self-reflection, 128 self-regulation, 61, 113 self-reports, 178 201 self-worth, 163 seminars, 123, 183 sensitivity, 119, 132 sensors, 66 sequencing, services, 157, 169 sex, 131 shame, 130 shape, 35, 78 shelter, 108 shortage, 36, 76, 120, 121 showing, 22, 142, 147, 148 signs, 166 Silicon Valley, 49 simulations, 119 Singapore, 90 skilled workers, 155 skills base, 124 social capital, 157, 158 social construct, 102 social constructivist theories, 102 social development, 154, 156 social interactions, 123 social justice, x, 129, 132, 153, 156, 170 social network, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51 Social networking, 41, 46 social organization, 188 social problems, 119 social relations, 36 social resources, 180 social responsibility, 129 social sciences, 129 social structure, 124 social support, 103 society, xii, 10, 35, 36, 47, 54, 63, 78, 85, 101, 115, 117, 118, 159 software, 23, 38, 42, 45, 73, 101 solution, 23, 29, 41, 55, 59, 73, 102, 106, 108, 110, 111, 113, 146 space station, 66 special education, x, 65, 67, 131, 133 specialists, 10 specific knowledge, 138 specifications, 22, 73, 109 spelling, 63, 140, 144, 148 spreadsheets, 36, 38, 40, 42, 45, 109 staffing, 93, 175, 180 stakeholders, 117, 136, 159 standard deviation, 175 state(s), x, 18, 25, 26, 28, 71, 77, 79, 80, 84, 85, 92, 93, 95, 111, 119, 132, 136, 156, 165, 175, 177 statistics, xi, 23, 30, 102, 118, 127, 131, 154 STEM abilities, 160 202 Index STEM concepts, viii, x, 54, 56, 107, 108, 135, 138 STEM curriculum, 24, 59, 86, 101, 104, 105, 107, 112, 113, 120, 122, 125, 140, 173 STEM education reform, x, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 186, 187 STEM Instruction, v, 94, 95, 98, 101, 102, 104, 121 STEM literacy, 58, 78, 101 STEM pedagogy, 176, 179 STEM thinker, 101, 110 stereotypes, 84, 125, 127 stereotyping, 125 stimulus, 107 stomach, 166 storms, 107 Storybird, 64, 69 stress, 6, 155, 165 structural characteristics, structure, ix, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 20, 23, 44, 61, 91, 102, 119, 126, 140, 144, 176, 180 student achievement, 12, 25, 31, 34, 48, 58, 90, 103, 104, 123, 124, 126, 130, 132, 133, 138, 163, 170, 178, 179, 180, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189 student development, 159 student motivation, 123, 160 student populations, 1, 10, 120, 121, 123, 124, 156, 157 student teacher, 128 student-centered learning, 35, 107, 108 style, 67, 128 subject integration, 178, 179, 181 subject matter knowledge, 18, 19, 20 Subject Structure, subject-focused projects, 110 summative assessment, x, 135, 138, 139, 150 supervision, 159 support staff, 113 surface area, 66 sustainable energy, 23 symbolic representation, 21, 22 symptoms, 165, 166, 167 syntactical structure, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13 synthesis, 113 systemic change, 163, 170 T talent, 131, 155, 184 target, 10, 119, 136, 163 target population(s), 10 Task Force, 118 teacher attitudes, 122 teacher effectiveness, 130 teacher leadership, viii, x, xi, 173, 174, 175, 177, 184, 185, 187, 188 Teacher Perceptions, 122 teacher preparation, ix, x, xi, 11, 44, 50, 75, 77, 81, 87, 89, 90, 91, 93, 120, 123, 124, 178 teacher support, 87, 181 teacher training, 46, 187 teacher-student relationship, 124 teaching experience, 84, 126 Teaching Principle, 92 teaching strategies, 90, 95, 96 teams, 24, 27, 94, 159, 179, 180, 185 Technical Difficulties, 76 technical support, 40, 76 techniques, 96, 107, 112, 120, 180 technological design, 78 Technology literacy, 101 Technology Principle, 92 TEM, 86 temperature, 20, 24 tension(s), 9, 166, 187 tenure, 82 test data, 28 test scores, 154 testing, 4, 5, 9, 13, 22, 24, 27, 66, 73, 76, 80, 104, 132 textbook(s), 34, 58, 59, 107, 108, 110, 112, 138 therapy, 164, 170 think critically, 157 thoughts, 102, 163, 164, 165, 167 threats, 61 time constraints, 29 time frame, 108, 117 top-down, 175, 184 TPACK framework, 56, 57, 58, 67 trade, 79, 81 trade-off, 79, 81 traditional approach, 25, 34, 35, 111, 113 traditions, 124 training, vii, viii, xi, 13, 27, 40, 44, 45, 46, 75, 76, 95, 123, 124, 159, 168 transformation(s), x, 19, 36, 175, 187, 188 translation, 21 transmission, 2, 20 transportation, 23 treatment, 75, 165, 171 Turkey, 171 tutoring, 161 U U.S Geological Survey (USGS), 38 203 Index underrepresented groups, vii, 120, 125, 126, 161, 162, 163, 168 unemployment rate, 155 uniform, 111 unit plan, 60, 61 United States, vii, xi, 2, 86, 97, 117, 118, 122, 131, 132, 135, 154, 155, 169, 187, 189 Universal Design for Learning, ix, 53, 54, 59, 101, 112, 113 universities, vii, x, 1, 81, 90, 111, 162, 170, 176 urban, 119, 121, 123, 124, 131, 155, 189 urban areas, 124 urban schools, 121, 123, 124, 131 V Valencia, 126, 133 variables, 106, 108, 111, 178 variations, 10, 76 vegetables, 38 Verizon, 95 veteran teachers, 181 videos, 23, 27, 42, 94, 95, 96, 112, 167, 168 vision, 9, 34, 43, 45, 47, 68, 75, 162, 170, 173, 175, 180, 184, 187 visualization, 60, 61, 109 vocabulary, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 83, 120, 136, 181 Vygotsky, 102, 115 W wages, 119 Washington, xi, xii, 14, 15, 29, 31, 50, 68, 69, 87, 97, 98, 113, 114, 129, 131, 132, 164, 165, 169, 170, 171, 188, 189 water, 36, 55, 56, 59, 65 water quality, 59 wear, 111 weather patterns, 107 web, 53, 60, 63, 68, 95, 158, 162, 187 websites, 111, 167, 168 weight loss, 111 well-being, 54, 164, 170 wellness, 157 Wisconsin, x, 114 word processing, 36, 40 workers, 7, 10, 34, 77, 111, 155, 162 workforce, 29, 35, 47, 53, 58, 63, 74, 78, 81, 96, 97, 118, 121, 122, 155, 160, 186 working groups, 80 workplace, 34, 155 worldwide, 36 worry, 165 writing process, 63 Y yield, 111, 136 young adults, 156 young people, 36, 54, 78, 155