Ẩn dụ ý niệm về tình yêu trong truyện ngắn Anh – Việt.Ẩn dụ ý niệm về tình yêu trong truyện ngắn Anh – Việt.Ẩn dụ ý niệm về tình yêu trong truyện ngắn Anh – Việt.Ẩn dụ ý niệm về tình yêu trong truyện ngắn Anh – Việt.Ẩn dụ ý niệm về tình yêu trong truyện ngắn Anh – Việt.Ẩn dụ ý niệm về tình yêu trong truyện ngắn Anh – Việt.Ẩn dụ ý niệm về tình yêu trong truyện ngắn Anh – Việt.Ẩn dụ ý niệm về tình yêu trong truyện ngắn Anh – Việt.Ẩn dụ ý niệm về tình yêu trong truyện ngắn Anh – Việt.Ẩn dụ ý niệm về tình yêu trong truyện ngắn Anh – Việt.Ẩn dụ ý niệm về tình yêu trong truyện ngắn Anh – Việt.Ẩn dụ ý niệm về tình yêu trong truyện ngắn Anh – Việt.Ẩn dụ ý niệm về tình yêu trong truyện ngắn Anh – Việt.Ẩn dụ ý niệm về tình yêu trong truyện ngắn Anh – Việt.Ẩn dụ ý niệm về tình yêu trong truyện ngắn Anh – Việt.Ẩn dụ ý niệm về tình yêu trong truyện ngắn Anh – Việt.Ẩn dụ ý niệm về tình yêu trong truyện ngắn Anh – Việt.Ẩn dụ ý niệm về tình yêu trong truyện ngắn Anh – Việt.Ẩn dụ ý niệm về tình yêu trong truyện ngắn Anh – Việt.VIỆN KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VIỆT NAM VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES ĐINH THỊ HƯƠNG CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS OF LOVE IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE STORIES Major Comparative, co.
VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES ĐINH THỊ HƯƠNG CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS OF LOVE IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE STORIES Major: Comparative, contrastive linguistics Code: 9.22.20.24 SUMMARY OF LINGUISTICS DOCTORAL DISSERTATION HA NOI – 2023 The work is completed at: GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Dr Hà Quang Năng Assoc.Prof Dr Nguyễn Đăng Sửu Supervisor: Assoc.Prof Referee 1: Prof Nguyễn Thiện Giáp Referee 2: Prof Nguyễn Văn Khang Referee 3: Assoc Prof Lâm Quang Đông The thesis will be defended before Board of Doctoral Dissertation Examination at Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, 477 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Ha Noi At hour … minute, date … month year 2023 The study can be found at: - Vietnam National Library - Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences INTRODUCTION The rationale of the study Metaphor is an effective tool for shaping how individuals perceive the world from the perspective of cognitive linguistics It is a matter of mind and action rather than language (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980) Love is also a means by which individuals convey their human experience in the sociocultural settings It thus demonstrates that the perceiver's embodiment constantly reflects the national culture and cognition Research on the concept of love serves to understand cultural parallels and differences, as well as how multicultural societies express love As a result, language learners, language teachers, and researchers are offered with a broader perspective on how people perceive the objective world and how this cognition manifests itself in the expression of love Recently, there have been several regional and global research on the conceptual metaphors (CM) of love in a specific language There are also cross-cultural studies, which compare the metaphor of love exploiting domestic and foreign poets and poetic works However, there has been no research in Vietnamese linguistics comparing the metaphor of love in English Vietnamese stories Therefore, the topic CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS OF LOVE IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE STORIES has both theoretical and practical significance Aims and objectives of the study 2.1 Aims of the study The paper aims to examine the CM of love in English - Vietnamese stories to discover parallels and variations in the expression of love and to explain them in terms of language, culture, and national thinking 2.2 Objectives of the study (1) Systematize the theory of CM and related concepts; (2) Learn about CM of love in English and Vietnamese stories: which CM are used, how frequently they are used, and which mappings are built on; (3) Compare the metaphors found in two sources of English and Vietnamese stories to find similarities/differences between the two languages and to explain them in terms of language, culture, and national thinking Object, scope of research and sources of data 3.1 Object of research The research object is the CM of love in English and Vietnamese stories 3.2 Scope of research The paper takes a conceptual metaphor approach based on Lakoff and Johnson's taxonomy, which divides metaphors into three categories: structural metaphors, orientational metaphors, and ontological metaphors Except for romantic love, metaphorical manifestations of other forms of love, such as family, friendship, religious, and universal love, are not examined To examine the variants of CM of love, metaphorical expressions of love from English and Vietnamese stories from the late 18th to the early 21st century were synthesized According to Tissari (2001) and Gavelin (2015), CM of love vary across time in the geographical, temporal, and sensory domains in the social movement Methods of research 4.1 Research methods The methods used in the study are as follows:Descriptive method; comparison and contrast; conceptual analysis and categorical statistics In addition, the metaphor identification process (MIP) is also used to identify metaphors 4.2 Research materials 3635 metaphorical love expressions from both languages, including 1856 from Vietnamese and 1779 from English, were studied.To meet the requirements of the cultural representativeness, the researcher only select stories that have been published and are popular in Vietnam and Britain The data are collected from December 2020 to July 2021 For the English corpus, we use the available translation versions by Vietnamese translators and put them in parentheses at the end of cited metaphorical expressions New contributions of the study - Theoretical contributions By generalizing basic Cognitive Linguistics and conceptual metaphors, accumulating prior theoretical underpinnings, conducting in-depth research on metaphors found in the research material, and looking for grounds for similarities and differences in CM between the two languages, the paper helps to supplement and clarify the characteristics of Vietnamese and British cultures in the field of CM of love - Practical contributions The study created hierarchical metaphor diagrams, compared their frequencies, mappings, and cultural features, and discussed and explained the similarities and differences between the two languages' metaphorical systems based on cultural identities and national thinking This provides language learners, teachers, and translators with a unique perspective on Vietnamese and British people's worldviews The research's findings can be used to teach translation and interpretation between English and Vietnamese and vice versa, as well as to give language students, teachers, and researchers a better understanding of the worldview thinking model of the Vietnamese and British people and how it manifests itself in the expression of love Theoretical and practical significance of the study 6.1 Theoretical significance The study, which included 3635 conceptual metaphorical expressions of love in English-Vietnamese stories, helped confirm the value of the conceptual metaphor model, with three main types of conceptual metaphor: structural metaphor, ontological metaphor and orientational metaphor It has surveyed and added new and unique source domains (SD), contributing to verifying the stability of CM as well as the changes in the social movement 6.2 Practical significance The research results provide more understanding about the cultural values in the metaphorical expression of love in English and Vietnamese stories Knowledge of cultural variability combined with knowledge of mapping can also be applied to learning, teaching and translationinterpretation To some extent, the results will be useful to teachers in the process of exploiting and interpreting the diverse semantic content of love metaphors in English to convey to learners Furthermore, it is beneficial for learners when acquiring language, perceiving and better understanding the perceptual characteristics of the embodiment in using words to express love from the experience and thinking of native speakers When compiling textbooks, Vietnamese-English/English-Vietnamese dictionaries, or developing advanced English and translation-interpretation training programs, the study's findings can be used as documents or helpful resources Design of the study Chapter 1: Overview of research situation and Theoretical Basis Chapter 2: Structural metaphors of love in English and Vietnamese stories Chapter 3: Ontological metaphors of love in English and Vietnamese stories Chapter 4: Orientational metaphors of love in English and Vietnamese stories CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Review of previous studies 1.1.1 Previous studies of conceptual metaphor 1.1.1.1 Studies of conceptual metaphor in the world Cognitive linguistics studies began in the 1950s but were only fully popularized in the 1980s with the introduction of Lakoff and Johnson's famous work Metaphor We Live by (1980), which made the groundbreaking claim that metaphor is not only a matter of language, but also of thought and action This broadens the scope of metaphor study beyond metaphors in language and into metaphors in the mind, allowing us to better understand people's thinking and cognitive processes in relation to objects and occurrences in the real world Since then, metaphor research has expanded to other areas including philosophy, logic, psychology, and neuroscience Over time, researchers have developed and expanded conceptions of metaphor in relation to physiological experience (G Lakoff and M Johnson, 1987), the creation of human conceptual systems, and the structure of natural language (Lakoff, Johnson, and Kövecses, 1980) Later, metaphor theory expanded and confirmed the connection between CM and neural theories (Joe Grady, 1997; Narayanan, 1997); the theory of space blends of the imaginary mental space with the neural theory of language (Fauconnier G and Turner M., 2002); and the role of metaphor as a tool for cognizing and perceiving the objective world (Fauconnier G and Turner M., 2002; Evans V and Green M., 2006) Later researchers, in addition to developing metaphor theory, look deeper into the uses of CM in diverse sectors such as politics, economics, the environment, education, and others Emotions, space and time, sex, and other cognitive objects provide numerous fresh insights that traditional metaphorical study has not 1.1.1.2 Studies of conceptual metaphor in Vietnam The first study related to cognition in Vietnam was conducted by Nguyen Lai in 1990 Officially, cognitive linguistics began to be profoundly investigated in Ngôn ngữ học tri nhận - Từ lý thuyết đại cương đến thực tiễn tiếng Việt by Ly Toan Thang (2005) and Ngôn ngữ học tri nhận – Ghi chép suy nghĩ by Tran Van Co (2007) These can be considered as two works laying the foundation for research on cognitive banking in Vietnam Later studies in Vietnam focused more on the applicability of theories of cognitive linguistics through the analysis of literary works or literary genres such as folk songs, proverbs In which, studies on CM on poetic data account for a high percentage Researchers such as Phan The Hung (2008), Ly Lan (2012), Tran Ba Tien (2012), Vi Truong Phuc (2014), all have contributed to affirming the language factor, personal experience and the influence of the outside world, specifically the culture of the community, has created CM that are both universal and national cognition Researchers have also examined the application of metaphor in many areas such as CM of human emotions and feelings, CM in the works of famous artists, and perception of words that refer to sets 1.1.2 Previous studies of conceptual metaphor of love 1.1.2.1 Conceptual metaphor of love in the world Many studies on the conceptual metaphor of love have been conducted across the world, with a focus on the four main types of content: Firstly, regarding the stability of love conceptual metaphors, some studies imply that the concept of love has great stability and is universal across languages (Trim, 2007; Zhang, 2012); yet, there are other perspectives that the conceptual metaphor of love is not immune to the circle of change through time (Gavelin, 2015; Yang, 2008; Tissari, 2001) Secondly, regarding the SDs examined in the previous research, the works have produced a broad system of love CM classified according to the SD and the mapping employed The traditional and typical love metaphors are those created by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and Kövecses (1986; 1988; 2000) with 24 source domains Later research on love metaphors has revealed that love is conceived in a variety of various source domains, including BLIND, CLIMATE, PLANT and SUN/MOON (Tissari, 2005/2010 Trim, 2007, Gavelin, 2015, Zhang, 2012) The metaphor LOVE IS CLIMATE was mentioned in Stein's study (1997) Ngamjitwongsakul (2005) found 22 source domains to conceptualize love: PATH, GAMES, PEOPLE, NATURE (SUN), EDUCATION, SEASON, INTERIOR (KITCHEN SUPPLY), PLANT, DREAMS, BUSINESS, MEANS, HEALTH, WAR, WAR, BONDING, and other terms Thirdly, regarding the impact of culture on conceptual metaphor, there are two different perspectives on the role of culture on conceptual metaphor Some studies believe that cultural variations influence how people perceive about (Kövecses, 2000/2005/2010; Maalej, 1999/2004; Ansah, 2010; Renying Yang, 2008; Zitu & Zhang, 2012) ) while others assert that in essence, conceptual metaphor comes from people's thinking about things and phenomena, so there is no significant difference by cultural region (Li D & Guo Q) , 2006) The fourth is about variations of the conceptual metaphor of love Studies have shown that anthropological variations in age, gender, education level and religion influence the conceptualization of CM of love (Gathigia, 2014) Differences in the physical environment, ethnic characteristics, thinking models, religious beliefs and corresponding cultural-ideological characteristics are also the main causes leading to variations of CM about love love (Zoltán, 2005; Zitu LV, 2012) Fifth is the scope of research on conceptual metaphors of love Multilingual love studies focus on comparing love metaphors surveyed in parallel data between two languages such as Brazilian and German by Schroder, 2009; English and Persian by Mashak et al., 2012; Zitu and Zhang's English and Chinese, 2012, Endarto's English and Indonesian (2014) Conceptual metaphor of love has been intensively studied in almost all fields: music, film, language, culture - society and literature in the direction of both synchronous and epochal studies: Kovecses (1986) , 1988, 1991, 2000, 2010), Tissari (2001, 2005, 2006, 2010), Ngamjitwongsakul (2005), Zhang (2012), Zitu and Zhang (2012), Gavelin (2015), … etc In the field of language, culture and social issues, it is impossible not to mention the researches of the authors Kövecses (2002), Gathigia (2014), Zitu LV (2012), Renying Yang (2008), Tissari (2001), Solimon (1990), … etc 1.1.2.2 Conceptual metaphor of love in Vietnam Metaphor of the concept of love has been exploited in many different styles such as everyday language (both written and spoken) Luu Trong Tuan (2009); Nguyen Thi Ha (2010); Phan Ngoc Tran (2014), musical language by Ngu Thien Hung and Tran Thi Thanh Thao (2011); idioms and fixed word combinations by Ngo Dinh Phuong and Nguyen Thi Kim Anh (2016), Ly Lan (2011); CM of love have been studied in various periods of time: Ly Lan (2011), Ngu Thien Hung and Tran Thi Thanh Thao (2011); Ngo Dinh Phuong and Nguyen Thi Kim Anh (2016); There are many different source domains of CM of love that have been identified: đối thủ by Luu Trong Tuan (2009), mặt trăng / mặt trời by Ngu Thien Hung and Tran Thi Thanh Thao (2011), tình trạng rắc rối/ việc diễn có mở đầu, kết thúc by Ly Lan (2012), hành trình by Phan Van Hoa et al (2014), gần gũi/ đắm say, khao khát by Pham Thi Huong Quynh (2017), sợi tơ by Tran Van Nam (2018), ect It may be claimed that research on CM of love in Vietnamese linguistics have created a rather rich theoretical and practical framework in the past time However, the quantity of research works is limited, and there has not been a complete study comparing CM of love in stories in English and Vietnamese, which is the research 'gap' that the study aims to address 1.2 Theoretical background 1.2.1 Theoretical foundations of conceptual metaphors 1.2.1.1 Perspectives on metaphors Metaphor in the traditional view: Metaphor is a method of translating the meaning of words based on the similarity relationship between things / objects and is a rhetorical device to create symbols in human perception .Metaphor is a characteristic of language, a matter of speech Metaphor from the perspective of cognitive linguistics: Metaphor is a method of representing knowledge in the form of language, a cognitive process that has the function of expressing and forming new ideas Metaphor is associated with the cultural and spiritual characteristics of people 1.2.1.2 Definition, formation and characteristics of conceptual metaphor Conceptual metaphor: “Conceptual metaphor is the conceptualization of a mental domain through another mental domain, called systematic mapping from one domain to another in order to create a cognitive model that helps to understand the TD (TD) more effectively” (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980) Conceptual metaphor formation: Cognitive NNH believes that besides the pre-existing objective similarity, CM are formed based on (1) experiential correlation: when an event occurs leading to another event and (2) perceived structural similarity: the non-objective similarity that the speaker feels about two objects Features of conceptual metaphors: CM have outstanding features: (1) unidirectionality; (2) hiding and highlighting; (3) systematic calculation; (4) calculation of the hierarchy; (5) universality; (6) cultural variability and (7) cultural compatibility 1.2.1.3 Concepts related to conceptual metaphors Concept and conceptualization: Concept is a unit of human consciousness, is a mental symbol that reflects how people perceive and interact with the worldview, is the way in which people perceive the world picture colorful objective world according to personal subjective perception (Tran Van Co, 2007) Conceptualization is understood as the process of forming ideas Accordingly, this process extract the minimalist features of cognitive activity, helping to idealize the human experience in terms of content (Nguyen Thien Giap, 2014) Structure of conceptual metaphors: The cognitive mechanism of CM always includes two domains of SOURCE and TARGET that exist presupposedly in human consciousness; where the attributes of a particular SOURCE domain are irradiated to the abstract TARGET domain according to the invariant principle "metaphorical mappings preserve the conceptual model topology of the SD " (Lakoff, 1990) Prototype: in a set of categories, what is in the center is typical of the category and is called typical (Rosch, 1975) Mapping: is a fixed system of correspondences between the elements constituting the SD and the TD , is a projection between the elements of the SD and the corresponding elements of the TD , so the hidden discovery Conceptual metaphorical images (MI) are often done through understanding the mapping between source and TD s (Kövecses, 2002) Image schema: formed based on human experience of the objective world When experiences are repeated, emotional information is extracted and stored as a visual schema [Mandler, 2004] Embodiment: is the process by which people use body parts and body experiences to form a system of ideas and thoughts (Lakoff and Johnson, 1987) 1.2.1.4 Classification of conceptual metaphors The metaphor classification of Lakoff and Johnson, including types is selected in the study Structural metaphor: is a type of metaphor in which the meaning of a word/expression (target domain) is understood through the structure of another word/expression (source domain) Ontological metaphors: ontological metaphors reduce experiences that are intangible, abstract, and ambiguous into tangible entities that exist in the form of things, materials, etc., in order to help us better understand concepts abstract Orientational metaphor: orientational metaphor does not structure a concept through another concept but instead organizes a whole system of ideas in relation to each other Directional metaphors are not arbitrary but are rooted in human physical and cultural experience metaphorical expressions images of bến (bến trong, bến bờ hạnh phúc) that the English don’t 2.3.2 FORCE image schema (1) Image schema PRESSURE In Figure 2.6, we show the pressure-emotion diagram of love that interrupts the subject's love-emotional development and is represented as broken lines The schema PRESSURE is shown in Table 2.4 (see Appendix) through 10 metaphors found in both languages (2) Image Schema COUNTERFORCE COUNTERFORCE schema is described by four metaphors of love in both languages The study presents the COUNTERFORCE image schema as shown in Figure 2.7 (Appendix – thesis) (3) Image Schema REMOVAL OF RESTRAINT The study presents the image schema REMOVAL OF RESTRAINT by metaphors of love Figure 2.8 shows the REMOVAL OF RESTRAINT image schema [Woẑny, 2013] (4) Image Schema ATTRACTION The study presents ATTRACTION image schema through 10 metaphors found in Vietnamese and metaphors in English Particularly, the metaphor LOVE IS A SHORT CONFIDENCE is found only in Vietnamese and does not appear in English 2.3 Mapping model between source domain to target domain of LOVE 2.3.1 LOVE IS BUSINESS (i) Metaphorical entailment LOVE IS THE MARKET We discovered 41 metaphorical expressions of the concept LOVE IS MARKET in English and 32 in Vietnamese In terms of mapping, the metaphorical expressions in the metaphoric subtypes are roughly equivalent in both languages Perhaps it is due to the globalization of the commodity market – often subject to general operating rules with certain principles of access to goods Particularly, the subcategory of TRANSACTION METHODS records only one MI in English and MI with uses in Vietnamese to help Vietnamese people move the meaning to the TD: love is about buying and selling linh hồn and thể xác The "môi giới – broker" factor is only exploited by Vietnamese people 11 Regarding cultural characteristics, Vietnamese people show a way of thinking, experience and emotions when valuing " ý thương mến " that can increase every time lúc tăng or " giá xong "; British people, on the other hand, show a rational way of thinking when focusing on the result of a profit or a deficit due to an increase or decrease in the level of love 'a great loss ' (ii) Metaphorical entailment LOVE IS A BUSINESS DEAL According to the statistics, there are 22 metaphorical expressions in Vietnamese and 50 ones in English, accounting for 41.7% and 25.6%, respectively In terms of mapping, almost the mappings in each subtype of metaphor are similar, based on the universal conception of a commercial contract from object, nature, choice, interest to plan and result Particularly, the CONTRACT TERMS only appear in English with MI and 11 uses This is probably closely related to the dialectical synthesis thinking of the Vietnamese people, the culture of respect and flexibility in adapting to the circumstances of the agricultural workers, making their organization less coherent than the traditional culture of nomadicization (Tran Ngoc Them) Regarding cultural characteristics, firstly, the number of MI in English is much higher than that of Vietnamese; Perhaps the British experience of an early and developed industry is the basis for this disparity Secondly, the emotional and hesitant thinking of Vietnamese people is also reflected in experiential, selection and consideration activities In contrast, the British with rational thinking, express the evaluation and judgment of decisions in love in the metaphor CHOICE IN COMMERCIAL DEAL The British principled thinking is reflected in the mapping of breach of principle/contractual compensation when referring to ethical violations/compensation in a relationship and is not expressed by the Vietnamese (iii) Metaphorical entailment LOVERS ARE GOODS In terms of quantity, there are 29 metaphorical expressions in English, making up 24.1% of the total, and 32 ones in Vietnamese, making up 37.2% In terms of mapping, there is an absolute resemblance in the mappings when constructing love based on the attributes of the products' passive state, state of existence, and mode of ownership However, the frequency of 12 English references in the qualities of products' status is substantially greater than that of Vietnamese; this is reversed in the GOODS and MODES OF OWNERSHIP subcategories In terms of cultural aspects, the mappings of the present condition of mapped products to the existence state of love use the rational and empirical analytical thinking of the British Only in English can you find the states of scarcity (scarce), recovery (renewal, recovery, restore), or potential worth The Vietnamese, on the other hand, are concerned about the method of ownership 2.3.2 LOVE IS ART (i) Metaphorical entailment LOVE IS A PLAY There are 22 metaphorical expressions in English and expressions in Vietnamese have been studied Comparing the two languages in terms of frequency, there is a big difference in the number of metaphorical expressions and the number of occurrences of the MI in English compared to Vietnamese About the mapping, the metaphor subtype THE GROWING STAGES OF LOVE ARE PLAYS’ SEGMENTS appears only in English Regarding national cultural thinking, the only difference in the metaphor subtype of ROLES when Vietnamese people conceptualize that they are the cover to help them hide their true feelings In contrast, the British use them to directly reflect their moods and feelings when falling in love Westerners believe that acting helps them become more attractive and attract the attention of their partners This difference is partly due to the influence of the masculine - feminine culture of the two ethnic groups (Hosftede) (ii) Metaphorical entailment LOVE IS DANCE 46 metaphorical expressions in English and expressions in Vietnamese were found in the study Regarding the mapping, we find that the SD DANCE is conceptualized to the TD LOVE based on the equivalent properties of the object, the expression state and the emotional state Regarding cultural characteristics, the frequency of occurrence of metaphorical expressions and MI in English is much higher than that of Vietnamese This is partly explained on the basis of the British aristocratic 13 culture of the 18th and 19th centuries, with dances and parties becoming a vibrant marriage "market" for couples (iii) Metaphorical entailment LOVE IS MUSIC The metaphor was found only in Vietnamese with metaphorical expressions Regarding the mapping, we find that the SD MUSIC is conceptualized to the TD LOVE based on the equivalent properties of nature and state of existence Regarding cultural characteristics, the Vietnamese express their culture in harmony with nature in a very beautiful metaphor Love is like a stream that flows underground in every person's soul and just waits for the source to flow forever dòng suối nhạc vừa khơi 2.3.2 LOVE IS HUNTING There are 64 metaphorical expressions are found, of which there are 44 ones in Vietnamese accounting for almost twice as much as English (20 expressions) Regarding mappings, there is a high similarity of mappings found in both languages However, the mapping of hunting tactics used to project to the strategy of conquering lovers in Vietnamese is not found in English and the results of hunting activities when irradiating to the results of possession/loss love found only one metaphor in English compared to MI in Vietnamese Regarding cultural characteristics, firstly, the number of metaphorical expressions, the frequency of MI and their meaning in Vietnamese are twice as large and richer than that of English In the metaphor SUBJECT, Vietnamese people show meticulous observation and glossiness in discourses with the image of “con mồi khác béo hơn” compared to “prey” in English This probably comes from the community culture of the Vietnamese with the habit of observing carefully (Tran Ngoc Them) compared to the individual culture of the British Second, the British culture of principled behavior is reflected in the metaphor ACTIVITY TO ACCESS with clear steps of “seek, see” and finally chase and attack (falling on/ in pursuit) In contrast, the process of the Vietnamese shows flexibility, ingenuity, flexibility, suppleness combined with " vờn đuổi, thả mồi " Third, with the experience of living terrain and the ability to make hunting tools of the Vietnamese, it is the basis for forming unique MI in STRATEGY metaphor such as “bẫy, khéo léo, chuyên nghiệp, giăng sẵn” 14 Metaphorical entailment LOVERS ARE PREYS We surveyed 24 metaphorical expressions in English, lower than 37 ones found in Vietnamese Regarding the mapping, the mappings show an absolute similarity in both languages; all mappings of the SD PREY when mapping to the TD LOVERS in Vietnamese are found in English Many MI describing the nature, state and instinct of self-defense are similar between the two languages, showing the high universality of metaphor However, the number of expressions containing metaphors and the frequency of MI are still higher in Vietnamese than in English Regarding cultural characteristics, first, the British use direct lure an object of prey; Meanwhile, the Vietnamese use indirect, more subtle language with allusions related to the soft and small nature of the subject being hunted for cá riếc con, cá vàng sặc sỡ Secondly, in the sub-type of metaphor of INSTINCTIVE RESISTANCE, the frequency of enticing in Vietnamese is higher than that in English, which also shows a resigned nature, an introverted personality, and an easy fall into negative states Vietnamese people when receiving the domination of love, besides the rational characteristics, steadfastly resisting the influence of emotions as found in the British CHAPTER ONTOLOGICAL METAPHOR OF LOVE IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE STORIES 3.1 An overview of the ontological metaphor of love Statistically from corpus sources, we have found 13 source domains corresponding to the ontology of the abstract LOVE concept (Details are shown in Table 3.1 – thesis) A similar feature found in both English and Vietnamese is that the SD CONTAINER has the highest proportion with 149 metaphorical expressions in English, equivalent to 28.5% and 152 expressions in Vietnamese accounted for 28.1% The SD SCENT appears with the lowest percentage in English, while Vietnamese is the MATERIAL SD In particular, the conceptual metaphor of LOVE IS WINE is found only in Vietnamese 15 3.2 Image schema in the ontological metaphor of love 3.2.1 Image Schema of the CONTAINER (1) Image Schema FULL – EMPTY Derivative levels of the FULL – EMPTY schema are detailed in Table 3.3 (Appendix – thesis) Not only are they similar in number of metaphorical expressions, the two languages also show a relatively resemblance in the selection of images depicting the concept of FULL - EMPTY to conceptualize love as a CONTAINER (2) Image Schema EXCESS Within the framework of the study, the EXCESS schema has been described in derivative metaphors; in which the metaphor LOVE IS MEASURABLE CONTENT only appears in English 3.2.2 OBJECT Image Schema (1) PART – WHOLE Derivative Image Schema Within the scope of the paper, the PART - WHOLE image scheme is described by metaphors in English and metaphors in Vietnamese about love as shown in Table 3.5 (see Appendix) The metaphor "love is the stomach" appearing in English also follows the logic of the WHOLE image schema Besides, the metaphor LOVE IS A LABEL OBJECT is only used in Vietnamese; especially the image of thorns is used to transfer the negative meaning in love of the lovers (2) Image Schema MASS – COUNT In this study, the image schema MASS – COUNT is described by 12 love metaphors in English and 13 metaphors in Vietnamese as presented in Table 3.6 (see Appendix) CM formed on the basis of the derivative image schema MASS - COUNT can be classified in terms of numerical categories of nouns; where, the abstract love concept can be materialized through a mapping involving the countable or uncountable number of a SD object 3.3 Mapping model to the target domain LOVE 3.3.1 LOVE IS FLUID 22 expressions containing metaphors in English and 53 expressions in Vietnamese have been worked out Regarding the mappings, there is an absolute similarity in the mappings between the two languages, especially the metaphor THE BALANCE is not found in either language Perhaps because these SDs are somewhat 16 "technical" with high precision in concept and operational status Therefore, the culture of community thinking does not have a great impact on the mapping of this metaphor Regarding cultural characteristics, there is an absolute similarity in the thinking of the two peoples about the substance of love in the form of liquid and gas affecting the subject's visual and olfactory field However, cultural characteristics are expressed through the element containing love in the form of fluid depicted by British writers with parts such as heart, veins, arms, especially in the British mind using stomach, the emotional place – a place that needed stability to store and digest food to create a source of life that nourishes the whole body, now bubbling away In contrast, the image of the heart most sent by Vietnamese people is the place where people's feelings of love are contained: lòng chàng dâng lên cảm giác mẻ lạ thường In addition, when mapping ABSORBING ABILITY, the British use direct MI to describe the movement of fluids thanks to a system of verb phrases in the direction of logical and concrete abstract thinking Meanwhile, Vietnamese people not only evoke the ability of love to work, but also convey the state, degree, and direction of love's movement when affecting the subject through a system of words adjectives belonging to the associative and emotional fields such as len nhè nhẹ; ăn sâu 3.3.2 LOVE IS A BURDEN We have compiled 17 metaphorical expressions in English and 50 expressions in Vietnamese Love becomes a burden, lovers are stuck together and they experience a state of sadness, obsession In terms of mapping, the mappings used in the conceptual model recognize the absolute similarity between the two languages on the basis of constructivist factors, nature, impact and release state This shows the high universality of this conceptual metaphor Regarding cultural characteristics, firstly, the British individual culture, which emphasizes the independence of individuals, makes them afraid of the bondage of a relationship, which is probably the main cause of the burden In contrast, Vietnamese people worry a lot about responsibility in love, partly due to the influence of the Vietnamese community culture, which emphasizes responsibility and collective cohesion Second, the cultural difference between the two nations is reflected in the ontological pattern of love The British materialize the weight of love through allusions which are verbs expressing the act of carrying (hanging/burden/carry) 17 Vietnamese people, on the other hand, go deep into the emotional state through valuable associative adjectives such as nặng nề, nặng trĩu That weight can also be measured in units lòng (nặng lòng yêu) The third is the difference in body parts affected by burden in the metaphor NEGATIVE IMPACT In addition to the similarity of nervous tension or brain mapping found in both languages, the British express their displeasure with heart, while the Vietnamese express it through lịng, ruột (nóng ruột, lịng nặng trĩu, vết thương lòng) This is probably based on the British culture of critical and rational thinking, which requires specificity and accuracy (the heart is a specific part) While the Vietnamese prefer a neutral culture: lòng includes other organs such as intestines, lungs, liver, etc 3.3.3 LOVE IS MATERIAL 27 metaphorical expressions in both languages are found, in which there are 20 in English, and in Vietnamese Regarding the mapping, the material tectonic mapping in the CONSTRUCTION metaphor is only used by Vietnamese people and does not appear in English Love is a special material that has been woven by lovers with their youth and burning souls longing for love sợi thơng minh, vịng tay tuổi xn đầy mãnh liệt; thân hình; lịng The CHARACTERISTICS and TYPES metaphors record a much higher number of MI in English than in Vietnamese Regarding cultural characteristics, the Vietnamese use materials such as sắt, đá to materialize the feeling of love, while the British also use the ice The explanation for this difference is probably due to the different regional climate characteristics between the two ethnic groups Besides, the properties of the shape and properties of the material are conveyed meaning to the TD of love Specifically, the material's flammability or heat-melting state corresponds to the subject's easily controlled state when experiencing love Of course she had melted when he kissed her only the engraved material is irradiated to the perfect property, attraction to the beauty of people in love is found only in English 3.3.4 LOVE IS WINE 17 Vietnamese metaphorical expressions are found, which are not found in English Conceptual metaphor LOVE IS WINE is found in Vietnamese corpus This is a SD imbued with Vietnamese culture Alcohol is associated with daily life activities, festivals and cults The image of a cup of wine has been associated with good friends, with the couple's vows The intoxicating factor irradiates the infatuation factor in love through metaphorical 18