52 scenarios Incorporating and integrating international actions is essential to ensure global energy sustainability As an important factor in the nexus, changing water resources will affect food prod[.]
52 scenarios Incorporating and integrating international actions is essential to ensure global energy sustainability As an important factor in the nexus, changing water resources will affect food production as well as energy efficiency, but FAO (2000) does not address this element Mukherji (2007) studies the effects of the energy–irrigation nexus—particularly regarding two energy types: electricity and diesel—on groundwater markets in West Bengal, India This region’s poorer farmers have limited irrigation, with only 1.1 million of its 6.1 million farmers owning electric pumps In this context, this study aims to find a policy solution that could stimulate the groundwater market by adjusting energy prices The main finding reveals that an electric Water-Extraction Mechanism (WEM) allows owners to actively sell water when faced with high tariffs; powerful pumps with longer operating hours can serve more buyers and irrigate larger areas Further, electric WEM owners sell 1,263 times more water than diesel WEM owners, and the former pump 879,972 more hours than diesel WEM owners Similarly, electric submersibles cultivate 4.2 acres more than diesel submersibles Electric centrifuges also cultivate 4.5 acres more than diesel centrifuges when diesel prices increase and farmers change to low-intensity cultivation to ensure profitability, resulting in reduced groundwater markets The methods applied in this research include a scenario analysis, linear regression, and policy analysis, the results of which comprehensively illustrate the links between the energy (diesel and electricity) and groundwater sectors for policymakers to address sites’ groundwater scarcity However, this study does not thoroughly analyse the environmental and food security problems caused by rural electrification and increased groundwater extraction Harto et al (2010) studies the life cycle of water consumption in various low-carbon energy sources for transportation This particular study is primarily motivated by the rapid rise of CO2 emissions from transport vehicles, especially when fossil fuels have been a main energy sources for transportation over decades The study identifies that alternative energy sources would include not only the biofuels used in internal combustion engines, but also the means of generating low-carbon electricity used in electric vehicles Further, this study primarily examines such biofuels as cellulosic ethanol from switchgrass, soybean biodiesel, corn-based ethanol and microbial biodiesel Meanwhile, lowcarbon electricity is sourced from photovoltaic cells, solar concentrators, and coal with carbon sequestration Against this backdrop, this study aims to determine how to use alternative low-carbon fuels to replace both gasoline and diesel fuels in transportation: it