quantifying the coordination of energy development and environmental protection a case study of china

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 104 (2016) 520 – 525 CUE2016-Applied Energy Symposium and Forum 2016: Low carbon cities & urban energy systems Quantifying the Coordination of Energy Development and Environmental Protection: a Case Study of China Fang Zhao a, Wenqiang Zhang a, Yetang Wangb* a Business School, Unversity of Jinan, Jinan 250002,China College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014,China b Abstract Today, balancing energy development with the desire to protect the environment remains a challenge in the world, especially in developing countries such as China To make public policy for the balancing of alternative futures, quantification of the coordination between energy development and environmental protection is required To achieve this end, we firstly establish the index system of energy-environment comprehensive development Then we calculate the coordination degree of energy development and environment protection by means of principal component analysis and membership function of fuzzy mathematics The resulting coordination of energy and environment systems in China during 2000-2012 is low with an average coordination degree of 0.6301 In years, energy and environment systems are in the status of incoordination to different extents To further improve the coordinated status, based on phenomenon analyses and economic theoretical interpretation on the reasons behind, some helpful policies are suggested, including establishment of a policy guarantee system for a coordinated development, implementation of energy green insurance and standardization of new energy market etc © 2016 The Authors Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license © 2016 The Authors Published by Elsevier Ltd (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and/or peer-reviewofunder responsibility of of CUE Peer-review under responsibility the scientific committee the Applied Energy Symposium and Forum, CUE2016: Low carbon cities and urban energy systems Keywords: Energy Development; Environmental Protection˗Coordination Degree Introduction The concept of coordination has been widely applied to the modern science and culture The coordination of a compound system is the mutual dependency, mutual restraints, harmonious coexistence *Yetang Wang Tel.: +86-156-1010-0956 E-mail address: wangyetang@163.com 1876-6102 © 2016 The Authors Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Applied Energy Symposium and Forum, CUE2016: Low carbon cities and urban energy systems doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2016.12.088 Fang Zhao et al / Energy Procedia 104 (2016) 520 – 525 among the respective systems under the influence of self-organization in the internal system and management activities from the outside In the development process, respective systems coexist in harmony with each other showing multiple relations of cooperation, complementation and synchronization etc., which reflects the ordered structure and status of the compound system However, many contradictions and conflicts exist in the development process between energy system and environment system For example, the traditional energy structure with the coal and petroleum as the dominance decides the large amount of pollutants such as waste gas and water discharged in the process of energy production and consumption, which caused the deterioration of environmental quality Environmental factors such as environmental capacity also create apparent restrictions on the energy development What’s more, energy departments of many countries have to pay high development costs due to the international performance In this context, thorough and deep research on the coordinated status of the “two systems” of energy development and environmental protection has great significance for governments to deepen its understanding of “two systems”, contribute to solving contradictions of “two systems”, and draw up the scientific development planning for promoting healthy and sustainable development of the society To determine relations between energy and environment systems, Pearson and Peter [1] mainly quantified environmental effects of energy production and transformation Sinton et al [2] focused on shared environmental responsibilities of the respective countries concerning the global climate change from the perspective of energy policy Lorna and Steve [3] designed coordinated energy and environmental policies by means of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods Vahid et al [4] employed a simultaneous equations system to find out interactions between energy and environment on long and short timescales in Iran during the period 1974-2012 According to his studies, per capita CO2 emissions and energy consumption exhibit the strongest relationships and elasticities in the equations system as a whole on long timescale Energy consumption should be reduced to decrease environmental pollution and improve the level of system coordination In China, many studies also center on energy development and its relations with environment Li Zhuoya [5] pointed out that China’s industrialized economy brings the growth of energy production and consumption demand, but the unreasonable energy structure and low efficiency of the energy utilization cause the imbalance between China’s environmental pollution and ecological system The author put forward measures such as building green energy consumption pattern for the enhancement of coordination between energy and environment Generally speaking, certain limitations still exist for the relevant research For example, the evaluation system and the measuring methodologies with general guidance have not been formed to convert two different systems into a unified system In addition, policy studies considering the coordinated status of energy and environment in a specific country are still limited, especially for developing countries These limited studies did not provide adequately targeted policies according to internal contradictions between systems and the reasons behind Energy police studies are often lack of full interaction and integration with environmental policy research The main originality of this paper is that by building a comprehensive evaluation index system and applying membership function of fuzzy mathematics, it clarifies the current coordinated status of energy and environment systems in China Meanwhile it conducts phenomenon analyses and economic theoretical interpretation on those incoordinations This paper also tires to provide some creative suggestions on future government polices aiming at promoting the coordinated development of energy and environment Design of the index system The two-dimensional index system of the comprehensive development level of energy and environment is established: one dimension is the energy and environment index, measured with the index 521 522 Fang Zhao et al / Energy Procedia 104 (2016) 520 – 525 of energy comprehensive development level C and the index of environmental comprehensive development level D respectively Both of them have 13 specific evaluation indicators The other dimension is the index of total amount and speed, structure and ratio, quality and benefit, which are measured respectively with X as the index of total amount, Y as the index of structure, Z as the index of quality (see Table 1) According to the nature of the contribution to system development level, the original indicators in the table are divided into positive indicator (with no mark, the bigger the indicator value is, the better) and negative indicator (marked with “n”, the smaller the indicator value is, the better) Table.1 Index system of the comprehensive development level of energy & environment system Index of total amount X Comprehensive development level of energy (C) C1 total energy production (TCE) C2 total energy consumption (TCE) C3 urban energy industry investment (100 million yuan) C4 total oil imports (10 KT) D1 D2 Comprehensive development level of environment (D) D3 D4 D5 total discharge of waste water (billion tons) (n) total discharge of smoke (10 KT) (n) total discharge of industrial solid waste (billion tons) (n) total discharge of industrial SO2 (10 KT) (n) total discharge of COD (10 KT) (n) Index of structure Y C5 coal consumption ratio (%) (n) C6 proportion of oil and natural gas production (%) C7 ratio of power consumption growth to GDP growth (%) (n) C8 proportion of hydropower, nuclear power, wind power in total energy production (%) C9 proportion of thermal power in power output % (n) D6 proportion of total investment in environmental pollution treatment in GDP (%) D7 forest coverage rate (%) D8 proportion of natural reserve area in jurisdiction area (%) D9 comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste (%) Index of quality Z C10 electricity consumption per unit GDP (KW.H/ten thousand yuan) (n) C11 energy consumption per unit GDP (TCE/ten thousand yuan) (n) C12 electricity consumption / population (KW.H) C13 energy consumption/population (KGCE) D10 annual average concentration of SO2 in major cities (mg/ cubic meter) (n) D11 annual average concentration of pm in major cities (mg/ cubic meter) (n) D12 urban public green area per capita (square meter/ person) D13 average water resource amount per capita (cubic meter / person) Empirical measurement First of all, we converse the value of indicator with currency unit into the constant value of the year 2000 (2000=100), then conduct the positive transformation for negative indicators with reciprocal One principal component XC1 is extracted from total amount and speed index of energy development (C1-C4), which represents 99.193% of the information of original data As a result, the total amount index of energy development XC=0.99193XC1 is got (see Table 2) In the same way, we can get the structure index of energy development Yc=0.56709YC1+0.26187YC2+0.14050YC3 and the quality index of energy development ZC=0.93690ZC1 If we extract principal components from environmental indicators, the total amount index of environmental development XD=0.58405XD1+0.23867XD2+0.16575XD3 can be gained The structure index of environmental development YD=0.81833YD1+0.11819YD2 and the quality index of environmental development ZD=0.47595ZD1+0.32063ZD2+0.14160ZD3 can also be acquired 523 Fang Zhao et al / Energy Procedia 104 (2016) 520 – 525 Table.2 Principal component extraction results of energy total amount index Component Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative % 3.968 99.193 99.193 3.968 99.193 99.193 024 599 99.792 007 185 99.977 001 023 100.000 At the present stage of social development, the increase of total amount, the reasonable structure and the improvement of quality are all important labels and guarantee for the healthy development of Chinese society Therefore, if the proportion of the total amount, structure and quality of energy development are equal, the index of the comprehensive development level of energy can be calculated by the following formula C=α1XC+α2YC+α3ZC (1) Where, α1, α2, α3 are the weighting coefficients of total amount index, structure index and quality index respectively, α1+α2+α3=1 In the same way, D=γ1XD+γ2YD+γ3ZD The index of environment comprehensive development level D can be gained Using the concept of membership grade in the fuzzy mathematics to describe the coordination between two systems and reflecting the membership grade change law through the membership function, we can establish the coordination degree function: U (i / j ) exp[( Fi  F ' ) / S ] (2) Where: U(i/j) is the coordination degree of system i relative to system j, Fi is the actual value of comprehensive development level index of system i in that year; F’ is the coordination value of system i required by system j; s2 is the variance of the actual value of system i We can evaluate the coordinated status between two systems with the coordination degree U (3) U (i, j) min{u(i / j), u( j / i)}/ max{u(i / j), u( j / i)} Where: U(i,j) is the coordination degree of system i and system j; u(j/i) is the coordination degree of system j relative to system i Substitute the index(C, D) of energy and environment comprehensive development level gained above to the formula (2), (3), we can get the coordination degree between the two systems( see Fig 1) Fig.1 Coordination degree of energy and environment systems 524 Fang Zhao et al / Energy Procedia 104 (2016) 520 – 525 Result and discussion The value of coordination degree is generally in the interval of (0,1) When the coordination degree is 1, it means complete coordination represents complete incoordination The classification for the coordination level is as follows: Table.3 System coordination degree classification (OECD, 1998) [6] Coordination 0≤U