41 Figure 2 2 Arable land in Vietnam 1990 2012 Source World Bank (2015) During the period 1990 2002, Vietnam maximize the areas of agriculture across the country As shown in figure 2 2, the areas of a[.]
41 Figure 2-2: Arable land in Vietnam: 1990-2012 Source: World Bank (2015) During the period 1990-2002, Vietnam maximize the areas of agriculture across the country As shown in figure 2.2, the areas of arable land increased, accounting from 17% to 22% of total land, which would lead to the corresponding increase in arable land per capita The rice output in the country rose from 16 million tons (1986) to 19.2 million tons (1990) (Rice Pedia, 2015) The expansion and development of irrigation system, canals and dykes of previous stage, accompanied with critical reform in halting the collectivization in agriculture was the main reason for agricultural expansion of this stage Post 2000 period, the food sector and agriculture in Vietnam, while continuing to grow, however faced critical challenges arising from the demands of socio-economic development and sustainable development, namely, population boom, loss of farming land due to the expansion of hydropower plants and rapid urbanization, polluted and contaminated water sources, and adverse weather conditions (droughts, floods, unseasonally heavy rains) due to climate change Energy development: increasing energy supply capacity was the top priority to fuel economic development, critically as Vietnam set the goal of industrialization and modernization for coming decades since Đổi Mới (Reform) in 1986 During 2006-2015, the total energy demand increased at an annual rate of 4%, reaching 54,080 KTOE in 2015 (MOIT, 2016) Accordingly, mass development of hydropower, coal-fired power plants, and oil & gas plants were undertaken across the country The dominant shares in energy supply mix were coal, oil & gas, and hydro with 31%, 22.5%, and 38.6% respectively (MOIT, 2015), which were both agricultural waste and water–intensive