66 the potential constraints, damages, and losses caused by climate change The research methodology applied in this study combines sociological modules, agent based modelling, composite linear optimis[.]
66 the potential constraints, damages, and losses caused by climate change The research methodology applied in this study combines sociological modules, agent-based modelling, composite linear optimisation models for technology, and an investment allocation for a policy analysis Generally, this study’s outcomes offer alternative directions for Ghana’s government in planning reviews, controlling operational time of infrastructure generation in the optimisation model, and conducting sensitivity analyses of policy instruments on the energy–food–water nexus Moreover, this research model can be applicable to analyses of different resources, demographics, geography, locations, policies, and economic contexts Despite this contribution, this study did not provide a broader analysis of the policy implications and trade-offs for particular pathways As the energy, food, and water sectors are interconnected, and this connection is even more pronounced under the impacts of climate change, sustainable development policies cannot complete their objectives without a thorough debate on such potential trade-offs Bijl et al (2018) analyse different spatial dimensions for water, food, and energy to explore the differences among these areas The study addresses each type of resource’s relevance to various spatial scales due to the different physical space and volume of transactions for each resource Spatial scale is an important but complex factor in any nexus study; relevant policies state that resource management should be organised at several policy levels and on different spatial scales, such as local, watershed, national, and global scales (Bazilian et al., 2011; Biggs et al., 2014) Its key findings indicate that the resources in the water–energy–food nexus vary in terms of the absolute magnitude of production, as well as in their scope of trade, while providing solutions for nexus issues that exceed their local or national scales The life-cycle assessment and calculation model are used in this study, and consequently, this study’s outcomes provide policymakers with insights regarding space scales’ significance in research on the energy–food–water nexus The authors also propose importing energy, food, and water resources as an alternative to decrease resource scarcity and unwanted dependencies on smaller space scales Nevertheless, the model is not applicable in assessing the long-term impacts of importrelated policies, as it does not significantly analyse the trade-offs regarding countries’ higher dependency on importing energy, food, and water Bieber et al (2018) studied the development of a sustainable energy–water–food nexus for Ghana under potential climate change impacts during the period of 2015 to 2030 The