276 in terms of total outputs, employment, imports, exports, CO2 emissions; the relevant impacts at the micro level are individual sector security (accessibility, intensity, import dependency, etc ),[.]
276 in terms of total outputs, employment, imports, exports, CO2 emissions; the relevant impacts at the micro level are individual sector security (accessibility, intensity, importdependency, etc.), economic and environmental aspects (sectoral – value added, tradebalance, import – dependency and CO2 emissions) Besides, to achieve goals at the macro level, significant adjustments will need to be made at the micro (individual sector) levels; for example, food processing, agriculture, water, electricity, etc Further, these adjustments are required in terms of both the technological and institutional approaches This research provides insights into the nature of such adjustments For example, in the energy sector, particularly the electricity generation sector, the major source of CO2 emissions in Vietnam would be due to continuing dependence of conventional technologies (coal-fired, oil & gas) This technological mix would need significant transformation, in favor of more advanced and environmentally friendly technologies such as solar, wind and bio-mass This, in turn, would require the government to develop effective policies and institutions, and practical approaches to implement such policies Accordingly, industries or other economic sectors with high energy intensity such as steel, construction materials (cement), water treatment, food manufacturing, transportation, etc., should be the focus for applying renewable energy Besides, in the food and water sectors, one of the key measures to reduce negative impacts, for example, of agriculture activities on over-exploitation of underground water consumption would be increased use of new advanced irrigation systems and increased use of recycled water In the Vietnamese context, due to the limited availability of indigenous water and land reservoirs, and low potential returns on financial investment in new water treatment technologies in the short-to-medium term, the desirable water and food pathway would be increased integration between water and food sectors at both institutional and operational levels - for co-regulating the use of water for specific purposes of agriculture or of food sector at large, in combination with other available local water resources This will also further improve water and food security Should the country continue with individual-sector-specific approaches for achieving future growth? Or should the nexus approach—with its emphasis on energy-food-water issues and a low carbon pathway—be considered? This decision will need to be made by the policy makers as the country embarks on the initial phases of its transformation into a technology and knowledge-based economy The analysis in this research, especially