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Tài liệu là về câu điều kiện và cách đảo ngữ câu điều kiện. Tài liệu bao gồm lý thuyết cơ bản về câu điều kiện, bao gồm các dạng câu điều kiện khác nhau và cách sử dụng chúng trong văn viết. Bên cạnh đó, tài liệu cũng cung cấp cho người đọc nhiều bài tập thực hành khác nhau, giúp rèn luyện kỹ năng làm bài tập về câu điều kiện.
CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN ĐẢO NGỮ CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN I Lí thuyết: Câu điều kiện loại 0, 1, 2, 3, hỗn hợp Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện Câu điều kiện gì? – Câu điều kiện (Conditional sentence) loại câu tiếng Anh sử dụng để miêu tả tình có điều kiện Câu điều kiện thường bao gồm hai phần chính: + Mệnh đề if (if-clause) hay mệnh đề điều kiện + Mệnh đề (main clause) gọi mệnh đề kết (result clause) – Mệnh đề if dùng để miêu tả điều kiện để có kết quả, thường “if” (nếu) “unless” (nếu khơng) Ví dụ: “If it rains, I will stay at home.” (Nếu trời mưa, nhà.) – Lưu ý: (1) Nếu dùng “if” mệnh đề chia dạng khẳng định phủ định Còn dùng “unless” mệnh đề chia thể khẳng định mang nghĩa phủ định + Ví dụ: “Unless Anna had walked in the rain yesterday, she would not have been sick.” = “If Anna had not walk in the rain yesterday, she would not have been sick.” (Nếu Anna không mưa vào hôm qua, cô không bị ốm.) (2) Mệnh đề if mệnh đề đổi vị trí cho + Ví dụ: If you don’t your homework, you will be penalized(1) by the teacher = You will be penalized by the teacher if you don’t your homework Câu điều kiện loại (Conditional sentence type 0) – Câu điều kiện loại dùng để diễn tả thật hiển nhiên (có thể giới, tự nhiên,…) mang tính khoa học, chân lý, thói quen xảy điều kiện đề cập tới xảy trước – Cơng thức: If/When + Hiện đơn (Mệnh đề if), Hiện đơn (Mệnh đề chính) – Ví dụ: + If Jenny gets up, she brushes her teeth first (Nếu Jenny thức dậy, cô đánh trước tiên.) + When it’s cold, I usually don’t leave the house (Khi trời lạnh, thường không khỏi nhà.) Câu điều kiện loại (Conditional sentence type 1) – Câu điều kiện loại dạng câu dùng để đặt điều kiện có thật tương lai với kết xảy – Cơng thức: If/Unless + Hiện đơn (Mệnh đề if), S + will/shall/can/may + V-inf (Mệnh đề chính) (1) Penalize /ˈpenəlaɪz/ (v): áp đặt hình phạt, trừng phạt Trang 1/10 – Ví dụ: If I get up early in the morning, I will go to school on time (Nếu dậy sớm vào buổi sáng, đến trường giờ.) Câu điều kiện loại (Conditional sentence type 2) – Câu điều kiện loại loại câu dùng để nói điều kiện khơng có thật, trái với thực tế – Cơng thức: If/Unless + Q khứ đơn (Mệnh đề if), S + would/could + V-inf (Mệnh đề chính) – Ví dụ: Pete could buy this laptop if he had more money (Pete mua laptop anh có nhiều tiền hơn.) – Lưu ý: (1) Động từ “to be” mệnh đề if chia were tất ngơi (2) Trong mệnh đề chính, would/wouldn’t dùng để giả định chung chung kết trái ngược với could/ couldn’t dùng để nhấn mạnh giả thiết khả (có thể hay khơng thể làm gì) trái ngược với (3) Ngồi would could, sử dụng trợ động từ khác might, should, had to, ought to mệnh đề câu điều kiện loại Câu điều kiện loại (Conditional sentence type 3) – Câu điều kiện loại sử dụng để diễn tả hành động, việc không xảy khứ điều kiện nói tới khơng xảy – Cơng thức: If/Unless + QKHT(2) (Mệnh đề if), S + would/could + have + V3 (Mệnh đề chính) – Ví dụ: If I hadn’t been sick last Sunday, I would have come to your birthday party (Nếu không bị ốm vào chủ nhật tuần trước, đến dự tiệc sinh nhật bạn.) Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện – Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện hình thức đảo ngược vị trí thông thường chủ ngữ động từ câu để nhấn mạnh thành phần hay ý câu – Mỗi câu điều kiện tương ứng với cấu trúc đảo ngữ a) Câu điều kiện loại Should + S + V-inf, Hiện đơn – Ví dụ: If it rains, the plants get wet (Nếu trời mưa, cối bị ướt.) ⟹ Should it rain, the plants get wet b) Câu điều kiện loại Should + S + V-inf, S + will/shall/can/may + V-inf (2) QKHT: Quá khứ hoàn thành Trang 2/10 – Ví dụ: If you should need my help, I’ll be right there ⟹ Should you need my help, I’ll be right there c) Câu điều kiện loại Were + S + N/Adj/to V, S + would/could + V-inf – Ví dụ: If I were you, I wouldn’t drink that smoothie (Nếu bạn, không uống ly sinh tố đâu.) ⟹ Were I you, I wouldn’t drink that smoothie d) Câu điều kiện loại Had + S + V3, S + would/could + have + V3 – Ví dụ: If Julie had run faster, she might have won (Nếu Julie chạy nhanh hơn, thắng.) ⟹ Had Julie run faster, she might have won e) Mẹo nhớ cách đảo ngữ câu điều kiện lưu ý – “If” loại bỏ thay trợ động từ khác, cụ thể: + Trong câu điều kiện loại 1: “If” → “Should” + Trong câu điều kiện loại 2: “If” → “Were” + Trong câu điều kiện loại 3: “If” → “Had” – Lưu ý: Những cách đảo ngữ phần a, b, c, d dạng khẳng định cách đảo ngữ động từ thường Với động từ “to be” dạng phủ định, ta cần sử dụng kiến thức tiếng Anh để áp dụng Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp (Mixed conditional sentence) – Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp dạng câu điều kiện đặc biệt, kết hợp câu điều kiện với sử dụng tình định với hoàn cảnh khác a) Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp loại 1: Điều kiện khứ, kết (3-2) – Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp loại diễn tả giả thiết trái ngược khứ kết trái ngược với – Giả thiết hành động, việc xảy điều kiện nói tới q khứ có thật – Cơng thức: Mệnh đề if (if-clause) Mệnh đề (main clause) If/Unless + QKHT S + would + V-inf Mệnh đề if câu điều kiện loại Mệnh đề câu điều kiện loại – Ví dụ: + If I had worked harder, then I would be rich now (Nếu tơi làm việc chăm hơn, tơi giàu có.) Trang 3/10 ⟹ Ta thấy việc “giàu có” khơng có thật hành động “làm việc chăm chỉ” không xảy khứ b) Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp loại 2: Điều kiện tại, kết khứ (2-3) – Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp loại dùng để diễn tả việc xảy kết tưởng tượng khác hồn tồn với xảy q khứ (nhưng thực khơng xảy ra) – Giả thiết hành động, việc xảy khứ điều kiện nói tới có thật – Cơng thức: Mệnh đề if (if-clause) Mệnh đề (main clause) If/Unless + Quá khứ đơn S + would + V-inf Mệnh đề if câu điều kiện loại Mệnh đề câu điều kiện loại – Ví dụ: If I were you, I would have bought that book (Nếu bạn, mua sách đó.) ⟹ Hành động “mua sách đó” không xảy khứ điều kiện “tôi bạn” khơng có thật II Bài tập vận dụng Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with suitable words If she _ (invite)(3) me, I _ (go) If it _ (rain), we _ (cancel) the match If I _ (get) a promotion(4), I _ (buy) a car If she _ (be late), we _ (go) without her If you _ (ask) more politely(5), I _ (buy) you a drink I _ (throw) you out if you _ (not/behave(6)) well His mother _ (be) happy if he _ (win) the first prize(7) If he _ (get) proper(8) medical care(9), he _ (survive) Plants and animals (perish)(10) if the drought(11) (continue) 10 David will leave for Rent tomorrow if the weather (be) fine Exercise 2: Choose the correct answer If I (were/was/would be) _ rich, I (will try/would try/tried) _ to help the poor What (would you do/will you do/did you do) _ if you (see/would see/saw) _ a huge spider in your shoe? (3) Invite /ɪnˈvaɪt/ (v): mời, rủ Promotion /prəˈmoʊʃən/ (n): thăng chức, khuyến mại (5) Politely /pəˈlaɪtli/ (adv): cách lịch sự, mực [Polite /pəˈlaɪt/ (adj): lịch sự.] (6) Behave /bɪˈheɪv/ (v): cư xử (7) Prize /praɪz/ (n): giải thưởng (8) Proper /ˈprɑːpər/ (adj): phù hợp, đắn (9) Medical care /ˈmedɪkəl ker/ (noun phrase): chăm sóc y tế (10) Perish /ˈperɪʃ/ (v): chết, mát, bị hư hại tan biến dần theo thời gian (11) Drought /draʊt/ (n): hạn hán (4) Trang 4/10 If I (was/would be/were) _ you, I (asked/would ask/will ask) _ for their help If he (finded/would find/found) _ a wallet in the street, he (would take/took/taked) _ it to the police If she (were/was/would be) _ a colour, she (is/would be/were) _ red They (were/would be/will be) _ terrified if they (saw/see/would see) aliens in their garden Exercise 3: Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps to form a Conditional Sentence type If the weather _ (be) nice, they _ (play) football If we _ (go) to a good restaurant, we _ (have) a better dinner If John _ (learn) more words, he _ (write) a good report If the boys _ (take) the bus to school, they _ (arrive) on time If the teacher _ (explain(12)) the homework, I _ (do) it If they _ (wait) for another 10 minutes, they _ (see) the pop star If the police (come) earlier, they (arrest(13)) the burglar(14) If you _ (buy) fresh green vegetables, your salad _ (taste) better If Alex _ (ask) me, I _ (email) the documents 10 If he _ (speak) more slowly, Peggy _ (understand) him Exercise 4: Complete the following sentences using the Conditional Sentence Type of the words in brackets If we (send) an invitation, our friends (come) to our party He (not/understand) you if you (whisper) They (not/survive) in the desert if they (not/take) extra water with them If you (press) CTRL + S, you (save) the file You (cross) the Channel if you (fly) from Paris to London Fred (answer) the phone if his wife (have) a bath Exercise 5: Rewrite the sentence so that the meaning remains the same by inverting the conditional If Marry studied hard, she would pass the exam ⟹ If it rains, we will delay the meeting ⟹ If Mina’s parents had allowed her to go camping with her friends, she wouldn’t feel sad ⟹ If it hadn’t been for his help, I couldn’t have completed this work ⟹ (12) Explain /ɪkˈspleɪn/ (v): giải thích, trình bày Arrest /əˈrest/ (n, v): bắt giữ, bắt giữ (14) Burglar /ˈbɜːrɡlər/ (n): kẻ trộm (13) Trang 5/10 If I were a superman, I would help many people ⟹ If she should try her best, she will win the competition ⟹ If your boyfriend were a good person, he wouldn’t hit you anymore ⟹ If John gets up early, he will play sports ⟹ If Mike doesn’t hurry, he will miss the bus ⟹ 10 If I had completed the project successfully, I would have gotten a promotion ⟹ 11 If he were on a diet, he would lose weight ⟹ 12 If the students had followed my direction, they wouldn’t have made a mistake ⟹ 13 If we go by bus, it will be cheaper ⟹ 14 If Linda didn’t run quickly, she wouldn’t break her leg ⟹ 15 If he weren’t busy, he would cook by himself ⟹ 16 If I visit my grandparents at the weekend, I will buy some gifts for them ⟹ 17 If I had a new phone, I would be happy ⟹ 18 Unless he apologizes to me, I won’t talk to him ⟹ 19 They threatened to kill him unless he did as they asked ⟹ 20 If I don’t have a cup of coffee in the morning, I’m useless Trang 6/10 ⟹ 21 If you had known my boss, you would have thought he was talented ⟹ 22 If she hadn’t called, I wouldn’t have known ⟹ 23 If the weather is good, we will have a party in the garden ⟹ 24 If you get the work finished by Friday, I will pay you to double ⟹ 25 If it hadn’t been for a thief, I wouldn’t have bought a new mobile phone ⟹ 26 If I were a millionaire, I would buy a big villa ⟹ 27 If our leader calls, let me know immediately ⟹ 28 Unless Peter ate a lot of fast food, he wouldn’t gain weight ⟹ 29 If it hadn’t been for Mike, I wouldn’t have known you ⟹ 30 If Mia asked her teacher, he’d have answered her questions ⟹ Exercise 6: Complete the following sentences using the Conditional Sentence of the words in brackets If you take my advice, you (be) happy What would you if you (be) me? If you (lend) me some books I will give them back in two weeks I (send) her a letter if I had found her address She _ (not/steal(15)) the bread if she hadn’t been hungry If she (come) here I will tell her about the film I will be unhappy if you (leave) me If you hadn’t been so crazy you (not/buy) this expensive house If the sun (shine)(16) I will go to the beach 10 If I (win) the lottery(17) I would leave my country Steal /stiːl/ (v): lấy trộm, ăn cắp Shine /ʃaɪn/ (v): phát sáng, chiếu sáng, tỏa sáng (17) Lottery (n): trò chơi đánh bạc, thi may mắn (15) (16) Trang 7/10 Exercise 7: Rewrite the following sentences into the appropriate conditional Keep silent or you’ll wake the baby up (Example) ⟹ If you don’t keep silent, you will wake the baby up Stop talking or you won’t understand the lesson ⟹ If _ I don’t know her number, so I don’t ring her up ⟹ If _ I don’t know the answer, so I can’t tell you ⟹ If _ We got lost because we didn’t have a map ⟹ If _ Susan felt sick because she ate four cream cakes ⟹ If _ Without this treatment, the patient would have died ⟹ If _ He lost his job because he was late every day ⟹ If _ Peter is fat because he eats so many chips ⟹ If _ 10 Robert got a bad cough because he started smoking cigarettes ⟹ If _ III Đáp án tập vận dụng (Phần II) Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with suitable words If she invites me, I will go If it rains, we will cancel the match If I get a promotion, I will buy a car If she is late, we will go without her If you ask more politely, I will buy you a drink I will throw you out if you don’t behave well His mother will be happy if he wins the first prize If he gets proper medical care, he will survive Plants and animals will perish if the drought continues 10 David will leave for Rent tomorrow if the weather is fine Exercise 2: Choose the correct answer were – would try Trang 8/10 would you – saw were – would ask found – would take were – would be would be – saw Exercise 3: Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps to form a Conditional Sentence type If the weather had been nice, they would have played football If we had gone to a good restaurant, we would have had a better dinner If John had learned more words, he would have written a good report If the boys had taken the bus to school, they would have arrived on time If the teacher had explained the homework, I would have done it If they had waited for another 10 minutes, they would have seen the pop star If the police had come earlier, they would have arrested the burglar If you had bought fresh green vegetables, your salad would have tasted better If Alex had asked me, I would have emailed the documents 10 If he had spoken more slowly, Peggy would have understood him Exercise 4: Complete the following sentences using the Conditional Sentences Type of the words in brackets send – will come press – will save won’t understand – whisper will cross – fly won’t survive – don’t take will answer – has Exercise 5: Rewrite the sentence so that the meaning remains the same by inverting the conditional Were Mary to study hard, she would pass the exam Should it rain, we will delay the meeting Had Mina’s parents allowed her to go camping with her friends, she wouldn’t feel sad Had it not been for his help, I couldn’t complete this work Were I a superman, I would help many people Should she try her best, she’ll win the competition Were your boyfriend a good person, he wouldn’t hit you anymore Should John get up early, he will play sports Should Mike not hurry, he will miss the bus 10 Had I completed the project successfully, I would have gotten a promotion 11 Were he on the diet, he would lose weight 12 Had the students followed my direction, they wouldn’t have made a mistake 13 Should we go by bus, it will be cheaper 14 Were Linda not to run quickly, she wouldn’t break her leg 15 Were he not busy, he would cook by himself 16 Should I visit my grandparents at the weekend, I will buy some gifts for them 17 Were I to have a new phone, I would be happy 18 Should he not apologize to me, I won’t talk to him 19 Were he not to as they asked, they threatened to kill him 20 Should I not have a cup of coffee in the morning, I’m useless 21 Had you known my boss, you would have thought he was talented 22 Had she not called, I wouldn’t have known 23 Should the weather be good, we will have a party in the garden Trang 9/10 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Should you get the work finished by Friday, I will pay you to double Had it not been for a thief, I wouldn’t have bought a new mobile phone Were I a millionaire, I would buy a big villa Should the leader call, let me know immediately Were Peter not to eat much fast food, he wouldn’t gain weight Had it not been for Mike, I wouldn’t have known you Were Mia to ask her teacher, he’d have answered her questions Exercise 6: Complete the following sentences using the Conditional Sentence of the words in brackets will be were lend would have sent would not have stolen/wouldn’t have stolen comes leave would not have bought (wouldn’t have bought) shines 10 won Exercise 7: Rewrite the following sentences into the appropriate conditional (Example) If you keep talking, you won’t understand the lesson If I know her number, I will ring her up If I know the answer, I will tell you If we had had a map, we wouldn’t have got lost If Susan hadn’t eaten four cream cakes, she wouldn’t have felt sick If we hadn’t had this treatment, the patient would have died If he hadn’t been late every day, he wouldn’t have lost his job If Peter ate less chips, he wouldn’t be fat 10 If Robert hadn’t started smoking cigarettes, he wouldn’t have got a bad cough Trang 10/10