```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT A N I N T E R N AT I O N A L CO D E 2007 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code 2008a Addenda July 1, 2008 VIII Division Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels RULES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF PRESSURE VESSELS ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee Subcommittee on Pressure Vessels U083W8 ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT Date of Issuance: July 1, 2008 This international code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American National Standards and it is an American National Standard The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals from competent and concerned interests have had an opportunity to participate The proposed code or standard was made available for public review and comment that provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia, regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large ASME does not “approve,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability for infringement of any applicable letters patent, nor assume any such liability Users of a code or standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted as government or industry endorsement of this code or standard ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations of this document issued in accordance with the established ASME procedures and policies, which precludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals The footnotes in this document are part of this American National Standard No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 56-3934 Printed in the United States of America The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990 Copyright © 2008 by THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS All rights reserved ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT A N I N T E R N AT I O N A L CO D E 2007 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code July 1, 2007 ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - 2007 Edition VIII Division Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels RULES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF PRESSURE VESSELS ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee Subcommittee on Pressure Vessels Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT Date of Issuance: July 1, 2007 (Includes all Addenda dated July 2006 and earlier) This international code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American National Standards and it is an American National Standard The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals from competent and concerned interests have had an opportunity to participate The proposed code or standard was made available for public review and comment that provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia, regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large ASME does not “approve,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability for infringement of any applicable letters patent, nor assume any such liability Users of a code or standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted as government or industry endorsement of this code or standard ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations of this document issued in accordance with the established ASME procedures and policies, which precludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals The footnotes in this document are part of this American National Standard ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - ASME collective membership mark The above ASME symbols are registered in the U.S Patent Office “ASME” is the trademark of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 56-3934 Printed in the United States of America Adopted by the Council of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1914 Revised 1940, 1941, 1943, 1946, 1949, 1952, 1953, 1956, 1959, 1962, 1965, 1968, 1971, 1974, 1977, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1995, 1998, 2001, 2004, 2007 The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990 Copyright © 2007 by THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS All Rights Reserved Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT SUMMARY OF CHANGES Addenda to the 2007 Edition of the Code are issued in the form of replacement pages Revisions, additions, or deletions are incorporated directly into the affected pages It is advisable, however, that all replaced pages be retained for reference Replace or insert the pages listed Changes given below are identified on the pages by a margin note, A08, placed next to the affected area Revisions to the 2007 Edition are indicated by 07 For the listing below, the Page references the affected area A margin note, A08, placed next to the heading indicates Location Revisions are listed under Change The Record Numbers listed below are explained in more detail in “List of Changes in Record Number Order” following the Summary of Changes Location Change (Record Number) xix–xxix Roster Updated to reflect 2008 Addenda Table KG-141 “Fitness-For-Service, Second Edition” entry added (01-835) 9–10.2 KG-311.13 Subparagraph (c) deleted and subpara (d) redesignated as subpara (c) (05-789) KG-311.14 Revised in its entirety (07-494) KG-311.15 Added (07-494) Form KG-311.15 Added (07-494) KG-323(g) Added (07-494) KG-324 Revised in its entirety (07-494) Form KG-324.1 Added (07-494) 14 KM-100 In subparas (a), (d), and (e), table references corrected by errata (07-1572) 17–18.1 KM-211.3(b) Last sentence revised (07-23) Table KM-211 Added (07-23) 24 KM-302 Corrected in its entirety by errata (07-1572) 25 KM-400 References to metric tables added in subparas (1) through (3) (07-654) 26–28 Table KCS-1 (1) Note references revised (06-970, 07-1223) (2) 1Cr–1⁄5Mo, UNS No K13548 entry added (07-147) (3) Reference to Note (10) added by errata for 2Ni– 11⁄2Cr–1⁄4Mo–V, Class (07-107) (4) Reference to Note (10) deleted by errata from 23⁄4Ni– 11⁄2Cr–1⁄4Mo–V, Class and 4Ni-11⁄2Cr–1⁄2Mo–V, Class (07-1112) 29–31 Table KCS-1M (1) Note references revised (06-970, 07-1223) (2) 1Cr–1⁄5Mo, UNS No K13548 entry added (07-147) (3) Specified minimum tensile and yield strengths corrected by errata for 2Ni-11⁄2Cr–1⁄4Mo–V, Classes and 3; 23⁄4Ni-11⁄2Cr–1⁄4Mo–V, Classes and 3; 4Ni– 11⁄2Cr–1⁄2Mo–V, Class 2; and 4Ni–11⁄2Cr–1⁄4Mo–V (07-98) ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Page (c) Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT Page Location Change (Record Number) (4) Reference to Note (10) deleted by errata from 2Ni– 11⁄2Cr–1⁄4Mo–V, Class and 23⁄4Ni-11⁄2Cr–1⁄4Mo–V, Class (07-1112) ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - 33 Table KHA-1 Maximum design temperatures revised (03-725) 35, 36 Table KHA-1M (1) References to Note (21) added (06-970) (2) Maximum design temperatures revised (06-970) 40 Notes to Tables KCS-1, KCS-1M, KHA-1, KHA-1M, KNF-1, and KNF-1M (1) Title revised (07-654) (2) Note (18) revised to clarify reference to Section II, Part D (06-970) (3) Note (21) revised in its entirety (06-970) (4) Note (22) added (07-1223) 42 KD-112(a) First, third, and fifth paragraphs revised (07-423) KD-113 First sentence revised (07-423) 43 KD-132 First sentence revised (07-430) 47, 48 KD-230 Subparagraph (f) deleted (07-525) 49 KD-244 In the second sentence, reference to KD-611 corrected by errata to “KD-623” (07-1572) 57 Table KD-320.1 Second entry in General Note (d)(3) corrected by errata from “3.854E–02” to “3.854E–03” (07-1572) 62 Fig KD-320.2 Label on the y-axis corrected by errata to “Sa, ksi” (07-579) 63 Fig KD-320.2M Label on the y-axis corrected by errata to “Sa” (07-579) 74 KD-412 Second sentence revised (01-835) 75 KD-420(a) Revised in its entirety (01-835) KD-430(a) Revised in its entirety (01-835) 78 KD-520 Subparagraph (c) deleted (07-1126) 81 KD-628(d) Revised (07-430) 117 KD-1262(g) Figure reference under Ksf corrected by errata (07-1572) 151 KF-1100 Table reference corrected by errata (07-1572) KF-1130(c) Spelling of “examined” corrected by errata (07-1572) 170, 170.1 KE-112.1 Revised (05-1376) 180–183.7 KE-301 Revised in its entirety (01-832) KE-302 Revised in its entirety (01-832) Table KE-301-1 Added (01-832) Table KE-301-2 Added (01-832) Fig KE-301-1 Added (01-832) Fig KE-301-2 Added (01-832) Fig KE-301-3 Added (01-832) Fig KE-301-4 Added (01-832) Fig KE-301-5 Added (01-832) KE-333 Revised in its entirety (01-832) (d) Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT Page Location Change (Record Number) 191 KS-100(h) Added (01-832) 193 Fig KS-132 “U.S Customary Units” deleted from subcaption by errata (07-579) 268 J-100 Last sentence added (04-447) 269 Fig J-110-2 Revised (04-447) 270 Fig J-110-3 Revised (04-447) 271 Table J-110-2 Columns “0.40” and “0.50” deleted and replaced with column “0.35” (04-447) 271 Table J-110-3 Columns “0.40” and “0.50” deleted and replaced with column “0.35” (04-447) NOTE: Volume 58 of the Interpretations to Section VIII, Division of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code follows the last page of this Addenda (e) Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT LIST OF CHANGES IN RECORD NUMBER ORDER Record Number 01-832 01-835 03-725 04-447 05-789 05-1376 06-970 07-23 07-98 07-107 07-147 07-423 07-430 07-494 07-525 07-579 07-654 07-1112 07-1126 07-1223 07-1572 Change The wording for performance of UT in lieu of RT, definitions of geometric classification, the flaw orientations and flaw indication figures, and acceptance criteria requirements of Tables and of Code Case 2235-9 replaced the existing wording in KE-301 Added equations for the requirements for bi-directional crack growth and references to API-579-1/ ASME FFS-1 for stress intensity factor solutions Added requirements for use of failure assessment diagram approach Section II, Part D; Tables U and Y-1: Added tensile and yield strength values for three conditions of SA-705, Type 630 at 200°F to 550°F for Section VIII, Division application Section VIII, Division 3; Tables KHA-1 and KHA-1M: Values for Maximum Design Temperature revised to reflect changes to Section II, Part D Limited the use of Nonmandatory Appendix J to hole to I.D ratios of 0.35 and below, and made the use of opening reinforcement calculations mandatory if using Nonmandatory Appendix J Paragraph KG-311.13(c) deleted Revised KE-112.1 Note (21) added to the Notes to Tables KCS-1, KHA-1, and KNF-1 The note cautions that environmental stress corrosion cracking and/or hydrogen damage may be a concern with ferrous materials that have a yield strength above 135 ksi References to Note (21) were added for all materials in these tables that have a minimum specified yield strength of 120 ksi or above Added Table KM-211 to define the applicable precipitation-hardening and age-hardening material clearly Corrected values for SA-723, Classes and in Table KCS-1M Note (10) removed from SA-723, Grades 1, 2, and 3, Class materials SA-372, Grade J, Class 70 Alloy added to Table KCS-1 In KD-112(a), changed “yield strength tables in Section II, Part D” to “Tables KCS-1, KCS-1M, KHA-1, KHA-1M, KNF-1, or KNF-1M.” Additionally, in five places in KD-112(a) and in one place in KD-113, replaced “metal” with “material.” KD-132 reference to “KD-924” changed to “Article KD-9.” KD-621(d) ratio corrected; was previously metricated Modified paras KG-311.14 and KG-324 and added new paras KG-311.15 and KG-324.1 to provide alternatives to the requirement that a Registered Professional Engineer certify the User’s Design Specification and the Manufacturer’s Design Report KD-230(f) was deleted as it is no longer needed New strain limits have been added that take into account the need to limit triaxial tensile strains The reference to “U.S Customary Units” in the title of Fig KS-132 deleted References added to metric Tables KCS-1M, KHA-1M, and KNF-1M in KM-400(a) and (b) and in the title of Notes to Tables KCS-1, KHA-1, and KNF-1 Note (10) removed from SA-723, Grades 1, 2, and 3, Class materials KD-520(c) deleted to be consistent with previous changes made to the method for correcting the Bauschinger Effect Note (22) added to Table KCS-1 for SA-723, Class materials This provides an additional caution against corrosion when using these materials in water or an aqueous environment Added Table KM-211 to define the applicable precipitation hardening and age hardening materials clearly (f) ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT 2007 ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE SECTIONS I Rules for Construction of Power Boilers II Materials Part A — Ferrous Material Specifications Part B — Nonferrous Material Specifications Part C — Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals Part D — Properties (Customary) Part D — Properties (Metric) III Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components Subsection NCA — General Requirements for Division and Division Division Subsection NB — Class Components Subsection NC — Class Components Subsection ND — Class Components Subsection NE — Class MC Components Subsection NF — Supports Subsection NG — Core Support Structures Subsection NH — Class Components in Elevated Temperature Service Appendices Division — Code for Concrete Containments Division — Containments for Transportation and Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel and High Level Radioactive Material and Waste ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - IV Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers V Nondestructive Examination VI Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating Boilers VII Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels Division Division — Alternative Rules Division — Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications X Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels XI Rules for Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components XII Rules for Construction and Continued Service of Transport Tanks iii Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT 2007 SECTION VIII — DIVISION hn p hub neck length, in (mm) (minimum length of hn is 0.5g1 or 1⁄4 in (6 mm), whichever is larger) hT p radial distance from effective clamp–hub reaction circle to the circle on which HT acts, in (mm) p [C − (B + G)/2]/2 h0 p 冪 Bg0, in (mm) h2 p average thickness of hub shoulder, in (mm) p T − (g2tan)/2 ᐉc p effective clamp lip length, in (mm) ᐉm p effective clamp lip moment arm, in (mm) (C − Ci) p ᐉc − m p gasket factor; m p for pressure energized gaskets For nonpressurized gaskets, other Divisions of this Code may be consulted r p clamp or hub cross section corner radius, in (mm) p 1⁄4 in (6 mm) min., Ct max rc p clamp inside corner radius on the surface that mates with the hub (see Fig G-100.1), in (mm) rh p hub outside corner radius on the surface that mates with the clamp (see Fig G-100.1), in (mm) p friction angle, deg p clamp shoulder angle, deg p 35 deg maximum G-400 BOLT LOADS (a) General During assembly of the clamp connection, the design bolt load W is resolved into an effective clamp preload Wc, which is a function of the clamp– hub taper angle and the friction angle An appropriate friction angle should be established by the Manufacturer, based on test results for both assembly and operating conditions (b) Calculations In the design of bolting for a clamp connection, complete calculations should be made for two separate and independent sets of conditions, which are defined as follows: 257 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - FIG G-300.1 VALUES OF f (Hub Stress Correction Factor) 2007 SECTION VIII — DIVISION (1) The required bolt load for the operating conditions Wm1 should be sufficient to resist the hydrostatic end force H e exerted by the design pressure acting on the area bounded by the diameter of gasket reaction plus a gasket compressive load Hp which experience has shown to be sufficient to assure a tight joint The minimum operating bolt load Wm1 should be determined in accordance with eq (1): Wm1 p (H + Hp)tan( − ) e Assembly conditions: Hp G-600 HUB MOMENTS The moments used in determining hub stresses are the products of loads and moment arms illustrated in Fig G100.1 and defined in G-300 In addition, reaction moments due to hub eccentricities and bearing pressure are considered For the operating condition, the design moment Mo is the sum of six individual moments: MD, MG, MT, MF, MP, and MR The bolt load W used is that from eq (3) For assembly, the design moment Mo is based on the design bolt load of eq (4): (1) Mo p H tan( + ) m G-700 CALCULATION OF HUB STRESSES The stresses in the hub should be determined for both the operating and the assembly condition (a) The reaction moment MH and the reaction shear Q are defined in G-300 and should be calculated at the hub neck for rotational moment Mo (b) Hub stresses should be calculated from the following equations: (1) Hub longitudinal stress ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - S1 p f 冢 PB2 6MH + 4g1 (B + g1) g21 (B + g1) 冣 (2) Hub Lame´ hoop stress S2 p P (3) Assembly conditions: Wp W(C − G) tan( + ) (2) (3) In Eq (1), credit for friction is allowed based on clamp connection geometry and experience, but the bolt load should not be less than that determined using a − value of deg Friction is also considered in determining bolt loads by eq (2), but the factor used should not be less than deg (c) Required Bolt Area The total cross-sectional area of bolting Am required should be the greater of the values for operating conditions Am1 and gasket seating conditions Am2 Bolt bending in the assembly should be considered (d) Clamp Connection Design Bolt Load W The bolt load used in the design of the clamp connection should be the value obtained from eqs (3) and (4) Operating conditions: W p Wm1 (6) [W is calculated per eq (4).] (2) Before a tight joint can be obtained, it is necessary to seat the gasket or joint-contact surface properly by applying a minimum initial load (under atmospheric temperature conditions without the presence of internal pressure), which is a function of the gasket material and the effective gasket area to be seated The minimum initial bolt load required for gasket seating Wm2 should be determined in accordance with eq (2): Wm2 p W tan( + ) N 2H + B2 冢N H − B2 冣 (3) Hub longitudinal shear stress (Am + Ab)Sa S3 p (4) 1.5H A3 (4) Hub radial shear stress G-500 LONGITUDINAL LOADS S4 p The longitudinal clamp load H used in the design of the clamp connection should be the value obtained from eqs (5) and (6) Operating conditions: H p He + H p G-800 CALCULATION OF CLAMP STRESSES The stresses in the clamp should be determined for both the operating and the assembly conditions Clamp stresses (5) 258 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS 1.5Q g1(B + g1) Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT 2007 SECTION VIII — DIVISION TABLE G-900 ALLOWABLE DESIGN STRESS FOR CLAMP CONNECTIONS Stress Category (c) Clamp lip shear stress 1.5 H A7 S7 p Allowable Stress S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 SYOH or SYAH SYOH /1.5 0.6SYOH or 0.6SYAH 0.6SYOH or 0.6SYAH SYOC or SYAC S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 SYOC or SYAC 0.6SYOC or 0.6SYAC SYOC /1.5 or SYAC /1.5 SYOC /1.5 or SYAC /1.5 0.6SYOC or 0.6SYAC [See Note (1)] (d) Clamp lip bending stress S8 p 6Hᐉm C [(Cw − Cg)/2] (e) Clamp lug bending stress L S9 p 3W a LwLh (f) Clamp lug shear stress NOTE: (1) The lower of the yield stresses for the hub material (SYOH, SYAH ) and clamp material (SYOC , SYAC ) S10 p In addition, a bearing stress calculation should be made at the clamp-to-hub contact: should be calculated from the following equations: (a) Clamp longitudinal stress at clamp body inner diameter S5 p S11 p H M5 (Ct − X5) + A5 I5 G-900 (b) Clamp tangential stress at clamp body surface S6 p Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS H C (Aor − Cir)/2 ALLOWABLE DESIGN STRESSES FOR CLAMP CONNECTIONS Table G-900 gives the allowable stresses that are to be used with the equations of G-700 and G-800 W MC + 6 2A6 I6 ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - 0.75 W Lw L h 259 Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT 2007 SECTION VIII — DIVISION NONMANDATORY APPENDIX H OPENINGS AND THEIR REINFORCEMENT SCOPE Some high pressure connections are shown in Fig H101 The guidelines contained in the Appendix provide for a satisfactory design in the vicinity of openings in the pressure shell, under pressure loading only, on the basis of opening shape, area replacement, and its distribution The requirements of Articles KD-2, KD-3, and KD-4 must also be satisfied These guidelines not include design requirements for piping loads that may be imposed on the nozzle and/or shell portion and that may be added to the pressure loadings These guidelines apply only to openings with integral reinforcement H-101 H-110 CIRCULAR OPENINGS NOT REQUIRING REINFORCEMENT Circular openings need not be provided with reinforcement if all of the following requirements are satisfied: (a) A single opening has a diameter not exceeding DI (0.077Y − 0.0725), or if there are two or more openings within any circle of diameter 0.887DI 冪 Y 2− 1, then the sum of the diameters of such unreinforced openings should not exceed DI (0.09624Y − 0.0906) (b) No two unreinforced openings should have their centers closer to each other, measured on the inside of the vessel wall, than 1.5 times the sum of their diameters (c) No unreinforced opening should have its center closer than 0.887DI 冪 Y2− to the edge of a locally stressed area in the shell, where DI is the inside diameter and Y is the cylinder diameter ratio at the location of the opening(s); locally stressed area means any area in the shell where the primary local membrane stress exceeds 0.73Sy , but excluding those areas where such primary local membrane stress is due to an unreinforced opening Dimensions and Shape of Openings Openings may be circular, or elliptical, as results from the intersection of circular cylinders and circular vessels, provided (a) the ratio of the diameter along the major axis to the diameter along the minor axis of the finished opening is 1.5 or less (b) the ratio d/DI ≤ 0.50, where d is the largest inside diameter of the opening and DI is the inside diameter of the vessel (c) the arc distance measured between the centerlines of adjacent nozzles along the inside surface of the vessel is not less than three times the sum of their inside radii for openings in a head, or along the longitudinal axis of a vessel is not less than two times the sum of their inside radii for openings along the circumference of a cylindrical vessel When two nozzles in a cylindrical vessel are neither in a longitudinal line nor in a circumferential arc, their centerline distance along the inside surface of the vessel should be such that 冪 (ᐉc /2)2 + (ᐉᐉ /3)2 is not less than the sum of their inside radii, where ᐉc is the component of the centerline distance in the circumferential direction and ᐉᐉ is the component of the centerline distance in the longitudinal direction (d) reinforcement is provided around the edge of the opening in amount and distribution such that the area requirements for reinforcement are satisfied for all planes through the center of the opening and normal to the vessel surface as stipulated in H-120 H-120 REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS AND FORMED HEADS (a) Design for Internal Pressure The total cross-sectional area of reinforcement A required in any given plane for a vessel under internal pressure should be not less than A p dtr F (1) where d p diameter in the given plane of the finished opening, in (mm) tr p minimum thickness which meets the requirements of KD-242 in the absence of the opening, in (mm) F p 1.00 when the plane under consideration is in the spherical portion of a head or when the given 260 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS 07 ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - H-100 Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT 07 2007 SECTION VIII — DIVISION FIG H-101 STRAIGHT DRILL CONNECTIONS FOR THICK WALLED CYLINDERS 261 ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT 2007 SECTION VIII — DIVISION FIG H-120.1 CHART FOR DETERMINING VALUE OF F H-140 LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT The boundaries of the cross-sectional area in any plane normal to the vessel wall and passing through the center of the opening within which metal should be located in order to have value as reinforcement are designated as the limits of reinforcement for that plane and are as described in H-141 and H-142 H-141 Boundary Along Vessel Wall Two requirements on the limits of reinforcement measured along the midsurface of the nominal wall thickness should be met as follows: (a) 100% of the required reinforcement should be within a distance on each side of the axis of the opening equal to the greater of the following: (1) the diameter of the finished opening in the corroded condition (2) the radius of the finished opening in the corroded condition plus the thickness of the vessel wall plus the thickness of the nozzle wall (b) Two-thirds of the required reinforcement should be within a distance on each side of the axis of the opening equal to the greater of the following: (1) r + 0.5冪 Rmt, where Rm is the mean radius of shell or head, t is the nominal vessel wall thickness, and r is the radius of the finished opening in the corroded condition (2) the radius of the finished opening in the corroded condition plus the thickness of the vessel wall plus the thickness of the nozzle wall ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - plane contains the longitudinal axis of a cylindrical shell For other planes through a shell, use the value of F determined from Fig H-120.1 H-142 The limits of reinforcement, measured normal to the vessel wall, should conform to the contour of the surface at a distance from each surface equal to the following limits: (a) For Fig H-142, illustrations (a) and (b), the limit is the larger of 0.5冪 rmt n + K and 1.73x + 2.5tp + K, but this limit should not exceed either 2.5t or L + 2.5tp , where (b) Design for External Pressure The reinforcement requirements for openings in vessels subject to external pressure need be only 50% of that required in the preceding eq (1) H-130 Boundary Normal to Vessel Wall REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGS IN FLAT HEADS K p 0.73r2 when a transition radius r2 is used and the smaller of the two legs when a fillet weld transition is used, in (mm) L p length along nozzle with thickness of tn plus transition length, in (mm) r p inside radius of nozzle, in (mm) rm p mean radius of nozzle, in (mm) p r + 0.5tn r2 p transition radius between nozzle and vessel wall, in (mm) t p nominal vessel thickness, in (mm) tn p nominal nozzle thickness, in (mm) p nominal thickness of connecting pipe, in (mm) Flat heads that have an opening with a diameter that does not exceed one-half of the head diameter should have a total cross-sectional area of reinforcement not less than that given by the equation A p 0.5dtr where d p diameter of the finished opening, in (mm) tr p minimum thickness which meets the requirements of KD-640 in the absence of the opening, in (mm) 262 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT 2007 SECTION VIII — DIVISION ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - FIG H-142 NOZZLE NOMENCLATURE AND DIMENSIONS (Depicts Configuration Only See Article KD-11 for Details of Construction.) 263 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT 2007 SECTION VIII — DIVISION x p slope offset distance, in (mm) p tn − (d) the metal to be included as reinforcement under H-150(b) and (c) should meet the following limit: (b) For Fig H-142, illustration (c): (1) When 45 deg ≥ ≥ 30 deg, the limit is the larger of 0.5冪 rmt′n and L′ + 2.5tp ≤ t (2) When < 30 deg, the limit is the larger of 0.5 r t′ 冪 m n and 1.73x + 2.5tp ≤ 2.5t, where L′ p length of tapered section along nozzle, in (mm) r p inside radius of nozzle, in (mm) rm p r + 0.5t′n t′n p + 0.667x p angle between vertical and slope (45 deg or less), deg |(r − v)T | ≤ 0.0008 where r p mean coefficient of the thermal expansion of reinforcing metal at design temperature, in./ in °F (mm/mm °C) v p mean coefficient of thermal expansion of vessel metal at design temperature, in./in °F (mm/mm °C) T p operating temperature range from 70°F (21°C) to the operating temperature, or the difference from the lowest operating temperature to the highest operating temperature, if greater Other terms are given in H-142(a) (c) For Fig H-142, illustration (d), the limit is the larger of 0.5 冪 rmtn + te and 2.5tn + te ≤ 2.5t In no case can the thickness te used to establish the limit exceed 1.5t or 1.73W, where For designs exceeding this limit, no credit should be taken for reinforcing potentially available in the nozzle neck within the limits of reinforcement te p thickness of added reinforcing element, in (mm) W p width of added reinforcing element, in (mm) NOTE: It is likely that designs exceeding the limit in H-150(d) will not meet the desired results of the required fatigue analysis Other terms are given in H-142(a) H-150 (e) metal available for reinforcement should not be considered as applying to more than one opening METAL AVAILABLE FOR REINFORCEMENT H-151 Metal may be counted as contributing to the area of reinforcement called for in H-120 and H-130 provided it lies within the area of reinforcement specified in H-140, and should be limited to material which meets the following requirements: (a) metal forming a part of the vessel wall which is in excess of that required by the static design requirements of Article KD-2, and is exclusive of corrosion allowance (b) similar metal in the nozzle wall, provided the nozzle is integral with the vessel wall or is joined to it by a fullpenetration weld (c) all reinforcement metal should be fully continuous with the shell, nozzle, or combination thereof Strength of Reinforcement Material In no case should the yield strength of the nozzle material be less than 80% of the yield strength of the vessel wall at the design temperature If material with a lower yield strength is used, the area provided by such material should be increased in proportion to the inverse ratio of the yield strength of the nozzle and the vessel wall material No reduction in the reinforcement requirement may be made if the nozzle material or weld metal has a yield strength higher than that of the material of the vessel wall The strength of the material at the point under consideration should be used in fatigue analyses ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - 264 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT 2007 SECTION VIII — DIVISION NONMANDATORY APPENDIX I GUIDANCE FOR THE USE OF U.S CUSTOMARY AND SI UNITS IN THE ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE U.S Customary units For example, 3,000 psi has an implied precision of one significant figure Therefore, the conversion to SI units would typically be to 20 000 kPa This is a difference of about 3% from the “exact” or soft conversion of 20 684.27 kPa However, the precision of the conversion was determined by the Committee on a case-by-case basis More significant digits were included in the SI equivalent if there was any question The values of allowable stress in Section II, Part D generally include three significant figures (e) Minimum thickness and radius values that are expressed in fractions of an inch were generally converted according to the following table: USE OF UNITS IN EQUATIONS The equations in this Nonmandatory Appendix are suitable for use with either the U.S Customary or the SI units provided in Mandatory Appendix X, or with the units provided in the nomenclature associated with that equation It is the responsibility of the individual and organization performing the calculations to ensure that appropriate units are used Either U.S Customary or SI units may be used as a consistent set When necessary to convert from one system of units to another, the units shall be converted to at least three significant figures for use in calculations and other aspects of construction I-200 Fraction, in GUIDELINES USED TO DEVELOP SI EQUIVALENTS ⁄32 ⁄64 ⁄16 ⁄32 ⁄8 ⁄32 ⁄16 ⁄32 ⁄4 ⁄16 ⁄8 ⁄16 ⁄2 ⁄16 ⁄8 11 ⁄16 ⁄4 ⁄8 The following guidelines were used to develop SI equivalents: (a) SI units are placed in parentheses after the U.S Customary units in the text (b) In general, separate SI tables are provided if interpolation is expected The table designation (e.g., table number) is the same for both the U.S Customary and SI tables, with the addition of suffix “M” to the designator for the SI table, if a separate table is provided In the text, references to a table use only the primary table number (i.e., without the “M”) For some small tables, where interpolation is not required, SI units are placed in parentheses after the U.S Customary unit (c) Separate SI versions of graphical information (charts) are provided, except that if both axes are dimensionless, a single figure (chart) is used (d) In most cases, conversions of units in the text were done using hard SI conversion practices, with some soft conversions on a case-by-case basis, as appropriate This was implemented by rounding the SI values to the number of significant figures of implied precision in the existing Difference, % 0.8 1.2 1.5 2.5 5.5 10 11 13 14 16 17 19 22 25 −0.8 −0.8 5.5 −5.0 5.5 −0.8 −5.0 1.0 5.5 −0.8 −5.0 1.0 −2.4 2.0 −0.8 2.6 0.3 1.0 1.6 (f) For nominal sizes that are in even increments of inches, even multiples of 25 mm were generally used Intermediate values were interpolated rather than converting and rounding to the nearest mm See examples in the following table [Note that this table does not apply to nominal pipe sizes (NPS), which are covered below.] 265 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Proposed SI Conversion, mm Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - I-100 2007 SECTION VIII — DIVISION Size, in 11⁄8 11⁄4 11⁄2 21⁄4 21⁄2 31⁄2 41⁄2 12 18 20 24 36 40 54 60 72 Size, mm Area (U.S Customary) 25 29 32 38 50 57 64 75 89 100 114 125 150 200 300 450 500 600 900 000 350 500 800 Size or Length, ft Size or Length, m 200 1.5 60 10 ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS ⁄8 ⁄4 ⁄8 ⁄2 ⁄4 11⁄4 11⁄2 21⁄2 31⁄2 10 12 14 16 18 SI Practice DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN 10 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 90 100 125 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 U.S Customary Practice NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS NPS 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 in in.2 in.2 ft2 Volume (U.S Customary) 10 650 mm2 000 mm2 500 mm2 0.5 m2 in in.3 in.3 ft3 Volume (SI) 16 000 mm3 100 000 mm3 160 000 mm3 0.14 m3 (j) Although the pressure should always be in MPa for calculations, there are cases where other units are used in the text For example, kPa is used for small pressures Also, rounding was to one significant figure (two at the most) in most cases See examples in the following table (Note that 14.7 psi converts to 101 kPa, while 15 psi converts to 100 kPa While this may seem at first glance to be an anomaly, it is consistent with the rounding philosophy.) SI Practice DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 Pressure (U.S Customary) Pressure (SI) 0.5 psi psi psi 10 psi 14.7 psi 15 psi 30 psi 50 psi 100 psi 150 psi 200 psi 250 psi 300 psi 350 psi 400 psi 500 psi 600 psi 1,200 psi 1,500 psi kPa 15 kPa 20 kPa 70 kPa 101 kPa 100 kPa 200 kPa 350 kPa 700 kPa MPa 1.5 MPa 1.7 MPa MPa 2.5 MPa MPa 3.5 MPa MPa MPa 10 MPa (k) Material properties that are expressed in psi or ksi (e.g., allowable stress, yield and tensile strength, elastic modulus) were generally converted to MPa to three significant figures See example in the following table: Strength (U.S Customary) Strength (SI) 95,000 psi 655 MPa (l) In most cases, temperatures (e.g., for PWHT) were rounded to the nearest 5°C Depending on the implied precision of the temperature, some were rounded to the nearest 1°C or 10°C or even 25°C Temperatures colder than 0°F (negative values) were generally rounded to the (h) Areas in square inches (in ) were converted to square mm (mm2) and areas in square feet (ft2) were converted to square meters (m2) See examples in the following table: 266 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Area (SI) (i) Volumes in cubic inches (in.3) were converted to cubic mm (mm3) and volumes in cubic feet (ft3) were converted to cubic meters (m3) See examples in the following table: (g) For nominal pipe sizes, the following relationships were used: U.S Customary Practice Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT 2008a SECTION VIII — DIVISION nearest 1°C The examples in the table below were created by rounding to the nearest 5°C, with one exception: I-300 Temperature, °F Temperature, °C 70 100 120 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 925 950 1,000 1,050 1,100 1,150 1,200 1,250 1,800 1,900 2,000 2,050 20 38 50 65 95 120 150 175 205 230 260 290 315 345 370 400 425 455 480 495 510 540 565 595 620 650 675 980 040 095 120 by the factor given to obtain the SI value Similarly, divide the SI value by the factor given to obtain the U.S Customary value In most cases it is appropriate to round the answer to three significant figures U.S Customary SI in ft in.2 ft2 in.3 ft3 U.S gal U.S gal psi mm m mm2 m2 mm3 m3 m3 liters MPa (N/mm2) 25.4 0.3048 645.16 0.09290304 16,387.064 0.02831685 0.003785412 3.785412 0.0068948 psi kPa 6.894757 psi ft-lb °F bar J °C 0.06894757 1.355818 ⁄9 ⴛ (°F − 32) °F °C ⁄9 R lbm lbf in.-lb K kg N N·mm ⁄9 0.4535924 4.448222 112.98484 ft-lb ksi冪in Btu/hr N·m MPa冪m W 1.3558181 1.0988434 0.2930711 lb/ft3 kg/m3 16.018463 SOFT CONVERSION FACTORS The following table of “soft” conversion factors is provided for convenience Multiply the U.S Customary value ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Factor 267 Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT Notes Used exclusively in equations Used only in text and for nameplate Not for temperature difference For temperature differences only Absolute temperature Use exclusively in equations Use only in text Use for boiler rating and heat transfer 2008a SECTION VIII — DIVISION NONMANDATORY APPENDIX J STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTORS FOR CROSSBORES IN CLOSED-END CYLINDERS AND SQUARE BLOCKS J-100 J-110 SCOPE The guidelines in this Appendix provide a method for calculating the linear elastic stresses at the intersection of cross-bored holes at the bore of a pressure vessel remote from discontinuities The use of these factors are appropriate only when the openings are perpendicular to the axis of the main bore in either the block or the cylinder, when their axes intersect and the opening is remote from the ends of the cylinder, block, or other discontinuities The factors are appropriate for sharp-edged holes or holes that have a smooth blend radius less than one-fourth the diameter of the cross-bore Nonmandatory Appendix H shall be used in conjunction with this Appendix to ensure adequate reinforcement of openings Methodology The tangential stress and stress intensity found at an opening in cylinders and square-cross-section blocks (see Fig J-110-1) should be found by multiplying the stresses found with eqs (1) or (4) in KD-260 by the stress concentration factor, KT (see Fig J-110-1) DO p outer diameter of vessel or width across square section of block DI p inner diameter of vessel or block DH p diameter of cross-bore opening KT p tangential stress concentration factor (see Figs J-100-2 and J-110-3; and Tables J-110-2 and J-110-3) 268 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - A08 2008a SECTION VIII — DIVISION FIG J-110-1 GEOMETRIES OF SQUARE BLOCKS AND CYLINDERS WITH CROSS-BORES DI DO DI DO DH DH KT KT DO /2 (a) (b) Tangential Stress Concentration Factor (KT ) FIG J-110-2 TANGENTIAL STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTORS FOR OPENINGS IN CYLINDERS 4.5 Y ⫽ 1.5 Y ⫽ 2.0 Y ⫽ 2.5 Y ⫽ 3.0 Y ⫽ 4.0 Y ⫽ 5.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 Hole to Vessel Ratio (DH /DI ) 269 ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS A08 Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT 0.35 2008a SECTION VIII — DIVISION FIG J-110-3 TANGENTIAL STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTORS FOR OPENINGS IN SQUARE CROSS-SECTION BLOCKS Tangential Stress Concentration Factor (KT ) A08 3.4 3.2 2.8 Y ⫽ 1.5 Y ⫽ 2.0 Y ⫽ 3.0 Y ⫽ 4.0 2.6 2.4 2.2 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 Hole to Vessel Ratio (DH/DI ) 270 ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT 2008a SECTION VIII — DIVISION A08 TABLE J-110-2 TANGENTIAL STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTORS FOR OPENINGS IN CYLINDERS (TABULATED VALUES FROM FIG J-110.2) TABLE J-110-3 TANGENTIAL STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTORS FOR OPENINGS IN SQUARE CROSS-SECTION BLOCKS (TABULATED VALUES FROM FIG J-110.3) DH/DI KT, Y 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.35 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 2.93 3.21 3.33 3.44 3.58 3.59 2.94 3.11 3.18 3.28 3.39 3.39 3.15 3.09 3.10 3.15 3.22 3.21 3.49 3.20 3.12 3.12 3.14 3.12 3.74 3.295 3.165 3.135 3.125 3.1 DH/DI KT, Y 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.35 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 2.50 2.73 2.38 2.64 3.15 3.33 2.20 2.57 2.96 3.10 2.38 2.62 2.95 3.03 2.53 2.71 2.96 3.04 GENERAL NOTES: (a) Values in tables may be interpolated (b) Equation for the stress concentration factors: (1) Figure J-110.3 — Tangential Stress Concentration Factor in Square Cross-Section Blocks GENERAL NOTES: (a) Values in tables may be interpolated (b) Equation for the stress concentration factors: (1) Figure J-110.2 — Tangential Stress Concentration Factor in Cylinders KT p A + B ln 冢 冣 DH KT p A + B ln +C DI ln (DH / DI) where 冢 冣 冢 冣 1 A p 0.279 + 28.6 − 119 Y Y where 冢 D 冣 + C ln (D DH I H A p 2.83 − 12.1 冢 冣 + 195 Y 冢 冣 − 116 Y 冢Y冣 冢 冣 冢 冣 + 129 冢 冣 Y − 81.4 冢 冣 Y + 13.7 冢 冣 C p −0.0103 − 6.90 Y 冢e 冣 冢Y冣 / DI) + 10.1 Y 冢e 冣 + 7.04 Y 冢e 冣 Y ```,,,,,,``,`,``,,`````,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - 1 − 79.7 Y Y B p −0.202 − 5.74 B p −0.310 C p −1.63 + 18.7 A08 271 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Licensee=Chevron Corp/5912388100 Not for Resale, 08/28/2008 13:34:48 MDT