Astm mnl 1 2010

Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products 8th Edition Salvatore J Rand, Ph.D Editor Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products 8th Edition Salvatore J Rand, Editor ASTM Stock Number MNL1-8TH ii Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Significance of tests for petroleum products — 8th ed / [edited by] Salvatore J Rand p cm ISBN 978-0-8031-7001-8 Petroleum—Testing Petroleum products—Testing I Rand, Salvatore J., 1933– TP691.M36 2009 665.50 38—dc22 2010003804 Copyright ª 2010 ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA All rights reserved This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use of specific clients is granted by ASTM International provided that the appropriate fee is paid to ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9634; online: http://www.astm.org/copyright/ ASTM International is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in the publication ASTM does not endorse any products represented in this publication Printed in Newburyport, MA, May, 2010 iii Foreword THIS PUBLICATION, Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products: 8th Edition, was sponsored by ASTM committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants The editor is Salvatore J Rand, Consultant, North Fort Myers, Florida This is the 8th edition of Manual in the ASTM International manual series iv Dedication To Mary, Cathy, Jeanne, Joseph, and John v Acknowledgments This manual was brought to fruition by the combined efforts of many individuals I would like to convey my sincerest appreciation to all of them, particularly the publication staff of ASTM International, especially Kathy Dernoga and Monica Siperko, who have given us much behind-the-scenes guidance and assistance from the outset of this venture I also wish to thank Christine Urso of the American Institute of Physics, who was responsible for this logistically challenging project of handling the 24 chapters and 37 authors involved in this publication In addition, I wish to convey my accolades to the authors, who are all experts in their particular fields and who bring a broad spectrum of topics and interests to this manual They have devoted considerable time, energy, and resources to support this endeavor I am also grateful to the 46 experts who reviewed the various chapters, who through their perusal of the chapters and their suggestions permitted good manuscripts to be made better Finally, I would like to extend my appreciation to the industrial and governmental employers of all those involved in this publication They ultimately make it possible for us to produce manuals such as this for the benefit of those who use petroleum standards worldwide vii Contents Chapter 1—Introduction by Salvatore J Rand Chapter 2—Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel by Lewis M Gibbs, Ben R Bonazza, and Robert L Furey Chapter 3—Fuel Oxygenates 16 by Marilyn J Herman and Lewis M Gibbs Chapter 4—Fuels for Land and Marine Diesel Engines and for Nonaviation Gas Turbines 33 by Steven R Westbrook and Richard T LeCren Chapter 5—Biodiesel 53 by Steve Howell Chapter 6—Burner, Heating, and Lighting Fuels 65 by C J Martin and Lindsey Hicks Chapter 7—Aviation Fuels 80 by John Rhode Chapter 8—Crude Oils 106 by Harry N Giles Chapter 9—Properties of Petroleum Coke, Pitch, and Manufactured Carbon and Graphite 123 by C O Mills and F A Iannuzzi Chapter 10—Sampling Techniques 136 by Peter W Kosewicz, Del J Major, and Dan Comstock Chapter 11—Methods for Assessing Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels 151 by David R Forester and Harry N Giles Chapter 12—Gaseous Fuels and Light Hydrocarbons [Methane through Butanes, Natural Gasoline, and Light Olefins] 164 by Andy Pickard Chapter 13—Petroleum Solvents 173 by R G Montemayor Chapter 14—White Mineral Oils 184 by C Monroe Copeland Chapter 15—Lubricant Base Oils 189 by Jennifer D Hall Chapter 16—Lubricating Oils 197 by Dave Wills Chapter 17—Passenger Car Engine Oil and Performance Testing 210 by Raj Shah and Theodore Selby Chapter 18—Petroleum Oils for Rubber 224 by John M Long and John H Bachmann Chapter 19—Lubricating Greases 229 by Raj Shah Chapter 20—Petroleum Waxes Including Petrolatums 252 by Alan R Case Chapter 21—Methods for the Environmental Testing of Petroleum Products 261 by Mark L Hinman Chapter 22—Determination of Inorganic Species in Petroleum Products and Lubricants 283 by R A Kishore Nadkarni Chapter 23—Standard Test Method Data Quality Assurance 299 by Alex T C Lau Chapter 24—Synthetic Liquid Fuels 304 by Lelani Collier, Carl Viljoen, Mirriam Ajam, Mazwi Ndlovu, Debby Yoell, Paul Gravett, and Nico Esterhuyse Index 316 Salvatore J Rand, Ph.D Dr Salvatore J Rand is an independent consultant to the petroleum industry, and a Fellow of ASTM International He was awarded the baccalaureate degree in Chemistry and Philosophy from Fordham University and a doctorate in Physical Chemistry and Physics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute He retired from the Texaco Research Center following twenty-seven years of service During that time he managed the Fuels Test Laboratory, and provided technical information and services to company facilities worldwide regarding fuel distribution, marketing and operations, laboratory inspection and auditing, and training of personnel both in proprietary and commercial laboratories He also represented Texaco on various ASTM D02 subcommittees His achievements include developing company-wide quality control programs for the distribution of fuels throughout the entire United States He has developed and conducts the ASTM training courses “Gasoline: Specifications, Testing and Technology” and “Fuels Technology” and has taught these courses almost one hundred times throughout the world He previously held the position of Second Vice-Chairman of ASTM Committee D02, Petroleum Products and Lubricants He was also Chairman of Subcommittee D02.05, Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material, Secretary of Subcommittee D02.05.0C, Color and Reactivity, and a member of ASTM’s Committee on Technical Committee Operations (COTCO) He is the author of a number of publications in the scientific literature, is a fifty year member of the American Chemical Society, and is a past Chairman of its Mid-Hudson Section He is the recipient of numerous awards, including ASTM’s highest award, the Award of Merit, D02’s highest award, the Scroll of Achievement, the George K Dyroff Award of Honorary D02 Membership, and the Lowrie B Sargent Award www.astm.org ISBN: 978-0-8031-7001-8 Stock #: MNL1-8TH MNL1-EB/May 2010 Introduction Salvatore J Rand1 TECHNOLOGY IS UNDERGOING ACCELERATING change No longer people have to wait months or even years for analytical methods to be submitted to ASTM International, tested, and voted for approval The response of the various committees of ASTM International to new developments in the industrial and petroleum industries, and to unexpected occurrences in the field, is both swift and focused It is because of this unprecedented and exponential increase in new testing methods that Manual is being revised only years after its prior publication Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants has assumed the responsibility of revising Manual on Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products (ASTM Manual Series: MNL 1), although other national and international standards organizations contribute significantly to the development of standard test methods for petroleum products These organizations include the Energy Institute (EI), formerly known as the Institute of Petroleum in the United Kingdom, the Deutsches Institut fu ă r Normung (DIN) in Germany, the Association Franỗaise de Normalisation (AFNOR) in France, the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) in Japan, the CEN (European Committee for Standardization), and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Selected test methods from these organizations have been cross-referenced where relevant with ASTM International standards in selected chapters in this publication There are discussions presently in progress to harmonize many standard test methods so they are technically equivalent to one another The chapters in this manual are not intended to be research papers or exhaustive treatises of a particular field The purpose of the discussions herein is to answer two questions: What are the relevant tests that are done on various petroleum products and why we perform these particular tests? All tests are designed to measure properties of a product such that the “quality” of that product may be described I consider a workable definition of a quality product to be “that which meets agreed-on specifications.” It is not necessary that the quality of a product be judged by its high purity, although it may very well be, but merely that it meets specifications previously agreed on among buyers, sellers, regulators, transferors, etc The various chapters in this publication discuss individual or classes of petroleum products and describe the standardized testing that must be done on those products to assure all parties involved that they are dealing with quality products Since publication of the previous edition of the manual, not only has the number available but also the type of some petroleum products undergone dramatic changes The result is that most products have had changes incorporated into their methods of test, and that these new procedures have been standardized and accepted into specifications as required The generic petroleum products discussed in this eighth edition of Manual are similar to those products described in the chapters of the previous edition All chapters with one exception have been updated to reflect new specification and testing standards, where applicable Chapter 21, “Methods for the Environmental Testing of Petroleum Products,” has been reprinted in its entirety from the previous edition because the test procedures and protocols have been essentially unchanged and the discussion of toxicity and biodegradation of petroleum products is relevant to today’s products In the discussion of some of the various petroleum products, selected sections of chapters have been retained from the seventh edition for the sake of completeness and to provide more complete background information The authors of the chapters in the seventh edition have been credited in the footnotes to the appropriate chapters where necessary This edition has been enlarged by the inclusion of three new chapters to more fully reflect today’s new products and new testing procedures, while the original 21 chapters contained in the seventh edition have been retained and updated One new chapter, “Biodiesel,” has been added in response to the worldwide interest in developing renewable fuels In addition to oxygenates, which are generally blended for gasoline engines, specifications for diesel fuel are being changed to incorporate materials of biological origin for the purpose of sustainability of fuels products Government regulators are mandating the use of biodiesel fuels (“biodiesels”) and are presently in discussions with petroleum companies and engine manufacturers to ensure conformance with published timetables for the use of these fuels Committee D02 has responded with the development of specifications and new test methods, as described in this new chapter Another new chapter is entitled “Synthetic Liquid Fuels.” Again, due to the worldwide interest in diminishing dependence on traditional petroleum fuels, research in alternative fuels is being conducted by many organizations including petroleum companies Specifications and test methods for synthetic fuels are continually being developed by Committee D02 to define the characteristics of these new materials, and these are discussed in the new chapter The various petroleum products, including crude oils, have always been tested to determine the qualitative and quantitative nature of inorganic substances contained therein This is discussed in the new chapter “Determination of Inorganic Species in Petroleum Products and Lubricants.” The techniques used are many and varied, the product and the nature and concentration of the inorganic species In Consultant, North Fort Myers, FL Copyright © 2010 by ASTM International www.astm.org Index Terms Links Representative sample 138 Reproducibility conditions, defined 299 Research Octane Number (RON) Residual fuel oils Residual fuel(s), compatibility, test methods Residual oil burning equipment 144 69 160 70 Residue carbon see Carbon residue crude oils 116 liquefied petroleum gases 167 unsulfonated, white mineral oils 187 Resistivity, electrical, manufactured carbon and graphite 132 Rheology, base oils 193 Rockwell hardness, manufactured carbon and graphite 133 Roller bearings, tapered, lubricating greases 237 Roll stability, lubricating greases 235 RON see Research Octane Number (RON) RR: D02-1125 98 RR: D02-1137 99 RR: D02-1572 94 RR:D02-1007 299 Rubber base oil compatibility 194 natural 224 oil-extended 224 synthetic 224 Rubber oils 224 ASTM/IP standards 228 carbon-type analysis 225 classification 226 composition 225 history 224 importance of composition to compounders 225 molecular-type analysis 225 physical properties 226 process oils, specialty applications 228 Running sample 138 Russian jet fuels 91 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Rust, corrosion and, automotive spark-ignition engine fuel Links Rust prevention, lubricating greases 244 Rust tests, accelerated, lubricating greases 245 S Salt content, crude oils 108 Salt(s), in petroleum products and lubricants 291 Sample conditioning 144 Sample controller 144 Sample extractor 144 Sample grab 144 Sample handling and mixing 144 Sample proving 144 112 Sample(s) see also specific types boring 136 bottom 136 clearance 136 composite spot 150 core 137 defined 137 dipper 137 drain 137 floating roof 137 flow proportional 137 grab 137 grease 137 lower 138 middle 138 middle spot 138 multiple tank composite 138 obtaining 140 official 138 outlet 138 representative 138 running 138 surface 138 tank composite 138 tank-side 138 144 144 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Sample(s) see also specific types (Cont.) tap 138 time proportional 144 top 138 types 136 upper 138 Sampling 144 136 applicability 137 ASTM/API/ISO standards 150 ASTM/IP standards 163 automatic 143 definitions 144 design considerations 146 extractors 145 frequency 145 isokinetic 144 minimum velocities 145 probe location 144 sample frequency in large-volume pipeline operations 145 systems 145 bottle or beaker 140 core 142 manufactured carbon and graphite 135 crude oils 117 defined 138 hydrocarbon solvents 178 liquefied petroleum gases 166 manual 136 containers 138 core 142 crude petroleum and heavy fuel oils 139 definitions 136 gasoline and distillate products 140 marine custody transfer 140 obtaining samples 140 pipeline streams 141 probe location 142 119 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Sampling manual (Cont.) procedures procedures automotive spark-ignition engine fuel 140 137 140 11 stability 161 static measurement 147 149 see also Static measurement SANS see South African National Standards (SANS) Sasol synthetic products 304 Sasol synthetic products see also Synthetic liquid fuels Saybolt color, kerosine 68 Scanning Brookfield Technique, automotive engine oils 217 Scleroscope hardness, manufactured carbon and graphite 133 Sediment content ASTM/IP standards biodiesel fuel 163 30 57 crude oils 108 112 diesel fuel 36 fuel oils 66 gas turbine fuel 38 static measurement 149 test methods 160 Sediment toxicity tests 276 Sediment water 144 73 Semisynthetic jet fuels analysis 309 commercial aviation turbine fuel 308 Separating properties, jet fuels Short-trip driving, automotive engine oils effects on Silver corrosion, automotive spark-ignition engine fuel 97 212 Site precision, defined 300 Slip stream 144 Smoke point, white mineral oils 187 Smoke Point Test 77 Soap greases see specific types This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Sodium content biodiesel fuel 62 diesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels 49 petroleum products and lubricants Sodium/potassium combined content, biodiesel fuel 293 30 Sodium soap greases 231 Solid paraffin test, white mineral oils 188 Solubility, “difficult materials” 270 232 Solvency base oils 194 petroleum solvents 173 Solvent extractables, petroleum waxes 254 256 Solvent(s) hydrocarbon 173 see also Hydrocarbon solvents petroleum 173 see also Petroleum solvents Solvent washed gum, denatured fuel ethanol 23 Sonic velocity Young’s modulus, manufactured carbon and graphite 134 South African National Standards (SANS) 305 Spark-ignition engine fuel automotive see also Automotive spark-ignition engine fuel Spark ignition fuel, oxidation stability 153 Special duty propane 166 Specific energy aviation gasoline jet fuels 84 310 Specific gravity fuel oil 71 hydrocarbon solvents 178 lubricating oils 200 manufactured carbon and graphite 132 petroleum solvents 174 rubber oils 227 Specific heat, jet fuels 95 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Specific metal analysis, in petroleum products and lubricants 296 Spectrometry atomic emission 294 atomic fluorescence, in petroleum products and lubricants 294 x-ray fluorescence, in petroleum products and lubricants 295 Spectroscopy, atomic absorption, in petroleum products and lubricants 292 Spirits 176 “Textile” mineral Spot sample 176 138 Stability aromatic and poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons 311 ASTM/IP standards 162 automotive spark-ignition engine fuel consistency, lubricating greases 235 defined 151 diesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels 44 fuel oil 75 gasoline 308 grain, petroleum coke 130 high-temperature, jet fuels 95 liquid fuels, methods for assessing 151 miscellaneous properties 161 oxidation lubricating greases 240 test methods 152 roll, lubricating greases 235 storage see Storage stability test methods 152 thermal diesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels 44 jet fuels 310 test methods 154 Stability sampling 161 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Standardized toxicity procedures, in environmental testing acute methods 271 algae 271 aquatic toxicity tests 271 chronic methods 276 fish 275 276 invertebrates 273 276 nonaquatic toxicity tests 276 subchronic methods 276 Standard test method data quality assurance 272 276 299 accuracy 302 ASTM standards 303 bias 300 in determining conformance with product quality specification 303 metrics 299 monitoring 302 precision 299 relative bias 302 Stand pipes 138 State biofuel mandates, fuel oxygenates Static bleed tests, lubricating greases 239 Static dissipator additive, in aviation fuels 101 103 Static measurement abbreviations 147 ASTM/API/ISO standards 150 calculation of petroleum quantities 147 definitions 147 density determination 149 sampling 147 sediment determination 149 tank calibration 148 tank gaging 148 temperature determination 148 water determination 149 Static mixer 144 Steam cylinder oils 208 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Steam-turbine oils 205 oxidation stability 153 Storage stability aviation gasoline 84 diesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels 45 jet fuels 95 Stream conditioning Sulfate content, denatured fuel ethanol 144 23 Sulfated ash biodiesel fuel petroleum products and lubricants Sulfur, mercaptan, kerosine 28 57 60 285 68 78 Sulfur compounds impact on base oil chemistry 192 white mineral oils 187 Sulfur content aromatic and poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons automotive spark-ignition engine fuel 169 311 11 aviation gasoline 84 biodiesel fuel 29 57 107 112 diesel fuels 36 47 Ed75-Ed85 25 fuel oils 40 gasoline 308 hydrocarbon solvents 180 crude oils kerosine 66 68 78 liquefied petroleum gases 167 306 manufactured carbon and graphite 135 M70-M85 27 MTBE 27 petroleum coke 131 petroleum products and lubricants 291 total, nonaviation gas turbine fuels 47 Surface sample 138 Synthetic aviation fuels 308 60 74 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 61 Index Terms Links Synthetic jet fuels analysis 309 commercial use as Jet A-1 308 Synthetic liquid fuels 304 see also specific types, e.g., Aviation fuels analysis 304 ASTM standards/methods 313 aviation fuels 308 cetane index and number 310 diesel fuel oil 310 Fischer-Tropsch technology 303 heavy fuel oils 312 HTFT product slate 305 liquid petroleum gas 306 LTFT product slate 305 paraffinic hydrocarbons 311 poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons 311 Synthetic rubber System materials, compatibility with, jet fuels 224 96 T Tank calibration, static measurement 148 Tank capacity table 148 Tank composite sample 138 Tank gaging, static measurement 148 Tank increments 147 Tank-side sample 138 Tank strapping 147 Tapered roller bearings, lubricating greases 237 Tap sample 138 Taste, white mineral oils 186 TEL see Tetraethyl lead (TEL) Temperature determination, static measurement 148 distillation see Distillation temperature gas turbine fuel 38 jet fuels 94 95 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Tensile properties, manufactured carbon and graphite 133 Tensile stress-strain, manufactured carbon and graphite 134 Terrestrial toxicity tests 276 Test methods see specific types and indications Test specimen 138 Tetraethyl lead (TEL), aviation fuels 100 “Textile” spirits 176 Thermal conductivity, carbon 132 103 Thermal diffusivity, by thermal pulse, manufactured carbon and graphite 134 Thermal pulse, thermal diffusivity by, manufactured carbon and graphite 134 Thermal stability diesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels 44 jet fuels 310 test methods 154 Thermal stability improver additive, in aviation fuels 102 Time proportional sample 144 Timken method, extreme pressure 242 Toluene 177 Toluene insolubles, pitch 131 Top sample 138 Torque, low-temperature, lubricating greases 236 Total acid number, crude oils 110 112 30 57 111 112 Total glycerin content, biodiesel fuel Total nitrogen content, crude oils 62 Total sulfur content, diesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels 47 Toxicity, “ 270, complex mixture, “difficult materials petroleum solvents 174 Toxicity tests, environmental see specific types Toxicological properties, environmental characteristics 269 Trace elements, crude oils 109 Trace properties, jet fuels 95 Transformation processes 264 Transmission fluids, automatic 205 Transparency, white mineral oils 186 True value, defined 302 112 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Tube and thief sample 138 Turbine combustors, trace metals entering 50 Turbine(s), gas see Gas turbine(s) U Ultraviolet absorption tests, white mineral oils 187 Ultraviolet absorptivity petroleum waxes 254 rubber oils 227 Undisturbed penetration, lubricating greases 235 Uniform petroleum product 138 Unleaded aviation gasoline 85 257 Unsulfonated residue, white mineral oils 187 Unworked penetration, lubricating greases 234 UOP 163 112 114 UOP 375 114 121 UOP 389 63 UOP 391 30 UOP 391-91 64 Upper sample 138 Used oils, analysis 283 USP 31 188 USP 31-NF 26 186 121 187 V Vacuum gas oil fractions, crude oils 116 Value(s) coking, pitch 131 combustion, heat of 47 heat of combustion, conversion factors 47 Kauri butanol 179 peroxide, white mineral oils 186 true, defined 302 Vanadium diesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels petroleum products and lubricants Vaporizing 49 293 34 Vapor-liquid ratio, automotive spark-ignition engine fuel This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Vapor pressure 264 automotive spark-ignition engine fuel crude oils Ed75-Ed85 liquefied petroleum gases 110 112 24 166 M70-M85 26 MTBE 28 Velocity, minimum pipeline 144 Viscometer(s), mini-rotary, automotive engine oils 217 Viscometry, low-temperature, automotive engine oils 217 Viscosity apparent, lubricating greases 236 aromatic and poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons 312 biodiesel fuel crude oils 28 57 109 diesel fuels 36 42 fuel oils 40 66 gas turbine fuel 38 heavy fuel oils 312 high-temperature, high shear rate 216 kerosine 61 72 68 kinematic see Kinematic viscosity low shear rate, automotive engine oils 216 lubricating oils 198 nitrocellulose solutions 180 nonaviation gas turbine fuels 42 petroleum waxes 254 white mineral oils 187 Viscosity index, lubricating oils 199 Viscosity index improvers, automotive engine oils 215 VM&P naphtha 176 Volatile matter, petroleum coke 131 Volatility 270 “difficult materials” automotive spark-ignition engine fuel aviation gasoline 11 83 gasoline 307 jet fuels 93 liquefied petroleum gases 255 166 306 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Volatility (Cont.) performance and, automotive spark-ignition engine fuel petroleum solvents 173 Volatility/distillation, diesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels 42 W Water dissolved 137 entrained 137 free 137 sediment 144 Water content ASTM/IP standards biodiesel fuel crude oils 163 30 57 108 112 denatured fuel ethanol 22 diesel fuel 36 Ed75-Ed85 25 fuel oils 40 gas turbine fuel 38 liquefied petroleum gases 167 methyl-tertiary-butyl ether 28 M70-M85 27 static measurement 149 test methods 160 Water effects, lubricating greases 245 Water reaction, aviation gasoline 84 Water retention, jet fuels 96 Water solubility 264 Water spray-off, lubricating greases 246 66 73 Water tolerance gasoline gasoline-oxygenate blends Water washout, lubricating greases 308 13 245 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Wax(es) defined 252 petroleum 252 see also Petroleum waxes Wax precipitation point, white mineral oils 187 Wear extreme, lubricating greases 242 friction and, manufactured carbon and graphite 134 lubricating greases, preventive characteristics 243 Wear metals, in lubricating oils 285 Wear tests, oscillating, lubricating greases 244 Wheel bearing grease life, lubricating greases 242 Wheel bearing(s), leakage from, lubricating greases 240 White mineral oils 184 acidity test 186 aniline point 185 API gravity 187 ASTM/IP standards 188 cloud point 185 color 186 density 187 described 184 dielectric breakdown voltage 186 distillation range 186 flash and fire points 186 fluorescence 186 gravity 187 manufacture 184 odor 186 peroxide value 186 pharmaceutical grades 185 pour point 187 purity guardianship 184 quality assessment readily carbonizable substances 185 refractive index 187 smoke point 187 solid paraffin test 188 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links White mineral oils (Cont.) sulfur compounds 187 taste 186 transparency 186 ultraviolet absorption tests 187 unsulfonated residue 187 viscosity 187 wax precipitation point 187 Worked penetration lubricating greases 234 prolonged, lubricating greases 235 Workmanship requirements automotive spark-ignition engine fuel Worms, tests with, nonaquatic 152 277 X X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, petroleum products and lubricants Xylenes 295 177 Y Young’s modulus, sonic velocity, manufactured carbon and graphite 134 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation