11/11/2015 The System Unit The System Unit Instructor: Assoc Prof Dr Tran Ngoc Thinh Email: tnthinh@cse.hcmut.edu.vn Phone: 38647256 (5843) Office: A3 building, CE Department Office hours: Mondays, 09:00-11:00 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved The System Unit The System Unit Discuss expansion slots and cards Describe five principal types of Describe the six basic types of system units Discuss how a computer can represent numbers expansion buses Compare standard, specialized, and legacy ports Discuss power supply for desktop and notebook computers and encode characters electronically Describe each of the major system unit components Discuss microprocessors, including microprocessor chips and specialty processors Discuss memory including RAM, ROM, and flash memory 6-3 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 6-4 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 11/11/2015 The System Unit The System Unit Speed, capacity, and flexibility determine the power of microcomputers Knowledge of a computer’s power allows you to make good buying decisions and to determine if your current system will run new applications Competent end users need to understand the basic principles of how microcomputers are put together Desktop System Units Media Center System Units Notebook System Units Netbook System Units Tablet PC System Units Handheld Computer System Units 6-5 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 6-6 Computing Essentials 2013 The System Unit © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved The System Unit System Chassis System board Motherboard Microprocessor Memory Socket Bus lines Expansion slots 6-7 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 6-8 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 11/11/2015 The System Unit Data and instructions are The System Unit Numbering system: A way of representing represented electronically Two-state system or Binary System numbers Decimal numbering system Uses 10 symbols (0-9) Off/on electrical states Characters represented by 0’s (off) and 1’s (on) Bits Bytes Words Binary numbering system Uses only two symbols (1 and 0) to represent all possible numbers In both systems, the position of the digits determines the power to which the base number (such as 10 or 2) is raised 6-9 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 6-10 Computing Essentials 2013 The System Unit The System Unit 6-11 Computing Essentials 2013 11 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 10 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 6-12 Computing Essentials 2013 12 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 11/11/2015 The System Unit Binary coding schemes The System Unit ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Exchange EBCDIC - Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code Unicode - handles languages with large numbers of characters Main board or motherboard Controls communications Components connect to the system board Data path Traffic monitor 6-13 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 6-14 Computing Essentials 2013 The System Unit Sockets The System Unit Slots Provide a connection point for specialized cards or circuit boards Bus lines Provide pathways that support communication among the various electronic components Connection point for chips Chips Tiny circuit boards etched onto squares of silicon Silicon chip, semiconductor, or integrated circuit Mounted on carrier packages 6-15 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 6-16 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 11/11/2015 The System Unit The System Unit Central processing unit (CPU): circuitry and components Central Processing Unit (CPU) packaged together and attached to the motherboard Contained on the microprocessor chip Brains of the computer Does the vast majority of processing for a computer Consists of a number of Also called a processor; called a microprocessor when talking about PCs components Dual-core CPU: Contain the processing components Control unit Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) Registers where variables are stored (cores) of two separate processors on a single CPU Quad-core CPU: Contains cores Typically designed for desktop PCs, portable PCs, or servers 6-17 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Often made by Intel or AMD Computing Essentials 2013 6-18 18 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved The System Unit The System Unit CPU clock speed: One measurement of processing speed Chip capacities expressed in word size Word Measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz) Higher CPU clock speed = more instructions processed per second The number of bits that can be processed at one time 64-bit standard Alternate measure of processing speed is the number of instructions a CPU can process per second Clock Speed Megaflops, gigaflops, teraflops Processing speed The number of times the CPU fetches and processes data or instructions in a second Other factors (CPU architecture, memory, bus speed, etc.) also affect the overall processing speed of a computer Benchmark tests: Can be used to evaluate overall processing speed 6-19 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 6-20 Computing Essentials 2013 20 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 11/11/2015 The System Unit The System Unit Word size: The amount of data that a CPU Multi-Core Chip can manipulate at one time Two separate and independent CPUs Parallel Processing Windows and Mac OS X Typically 32 or 64 bits Cache memory: Special group of very fast memory chips located on or close to the CPU Level is fastest, then Level 2, then Level More cache memory typically means faster processing Usually internal cache today 6-22 6-21 Computing Essentials 2013 21 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved The System Unit Coprocessors The System Unit Holding area for data, instructions, and Designed to improve specific computing operations Graphics coprocessors / Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) information Chips connected to the system board RAM Smart cards Random Access Memory Credit card with an embedded chip ROM Specialty processors in cars RFID tags Read Only Memory Flash Information chips Embedded in merchandise to track their location 6-23 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 6-24 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 11/11/2015 The System Unit The System Unit Random Access Memory (RAM) chips hold Storage is usually too large to be expressed in bytes or words Instead we use: Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes programs and data that are currently being accessed Volatile Cache memory or RAM cache (210 bytes) Additional RAM can be added using an Megabyte (MB) = 1024 x 1024 bytes or one million bytes expansion module called a DIMM (220 bytes) Other types of RAM Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes or one trillion bytes (230 bytes) Terabyte (TB) = 1024 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes (240 bytes) Computing Essentials 2013 DRAM SDRAM DDR Direct RDRAM one quadrillion bytes Return 6-26 6-25 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved The System Unit cache memory The System Unit Read-only memory (ROM) high speed RAM stores most frequently used instructions sits between CPU and Main memory Information stored by the manufacturer Non-volatile and cannot be changed CPU can read, or retrieve data and programs in ROM but the computer cannot change ROM Contain special instructions Start the computer Access memory Handle keyboard input Return 6-27 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 6-28 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 11/11/2015 The System Unit Flash memory offers a combination of the The System Unit For adding devices Plug and play ExpressCard slots features of RAM and ROM Like RAM, it can be updated Like ROM, it is non-volatile Contains startup information PCMCIA slots Notebooks and handheld devices Amount of RAM Type of keyboard, mouse, and secondary storage devices connected Return 6-29 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 6-30 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved The System Unit The System Unit Allows you to view your favorite TV shows while Advanced graphics cards Sound cards Network interface cards (NIC) Wireless network cards TV tuner cards running other applications such as Excel Video can be captured to a file, added to a Web page, attached to an email, or added to a presentation Inexpensive and easy to install 6-31 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 6-32 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 11/11/2015 The System Unit The System Unit Set of specific hardware and software standards developed by Intel, Microsoft, and others Creating devices that are able to configure Also known as a bus Connect parts of the CPU to each other Pathway for bits Bus width Number of bits that can travel at once themselves when installed Two basic categories System buses Expansion buses 6-34 6-33 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Computing Essentials 2013 The System Unit © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved The System Unit Connects the CPU to other components on the system board, including expansion slots Principal types Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Universal Serial Bus (USB) Connects external USB devices onto the USB bus FireWire Audio and video equipment Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) PCI Express (PCIe) Single dedicated path for each connected device 6-35 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 6-36 Computing Essentials 2013 36 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 11/11/2015 The System Unit The System Unit Socket for connecting external devices Ports can connect directly to the system board VGA and DVI or they can connect to cards that are inserted into slots on the system board Three Types USB Analog and digital monitors Keyboards, mice, printers, storage devices FireWire Standard Ports Specialized Ports Legacy Ports High speed Ethernet High speed networking Return 6-37 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 6-38 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved The System Unit Sony/Philips Digital Interconnect Format The System Unit Old types of ports mostly replaced by faster, (S/PDIF) more flexible ports such as USB Optical audio connections High end audio and home theatre High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) High definition video and audio Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) Serial Parallel Keyboard and mouse Infrared Data Association (IrDA) Game Connect musical instruments Return Return 6-39 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 6-40 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 10 11/11/2015 The System Unit Used to connect external devices to the system The System Unit Computers require direct current (DC) DC power provided by converting alternating current unit via the ports One end of the cable is attached to the device and the other end has a connector that is attached to a matching connector on the port (AC) from wall outlets or batteries Desktop computers use power supply units Notebooks and handhelds use AC adapters 6-41 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 6-42 Computing Essentials 2013 The System Unit Computer technicians repair and install The System Unit computer components and systems Employers look for: Certification Communication skills © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Wearable computers Send and receive email while jogging Maintain your personal schedule book Remember the names of people at a party Continued education is required Computer technicians can expect to earn an hourly wage of $13.50 to $22.50 6-43 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 6-44 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 11 11/11/2015 The System Unit Describe the six basic types of system units Discuss electronic data and instructions The System Unit Discuss microprocessors including the two basic components, words, clock speed, multicore chips, and specialty processors including numeric representation and character encoding Define computer memory including RAM, cache, DIMM, virtual memory, ROM, and flash memory Describe system boards including sockets, chips, carrier packages, slots, and bus lines 6-45 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 6-46 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved The System Unit Define expansion slots and cards and discuss The System Unit Define ports including standard, specialized, five commonly used expansion cards What is Plug and Play? What are PCMCIA slots and ExpressCard slots? and legacy ports Give examples of each Describe power supply including power supply units and AC adapters Describe bus lines including bus width, system bus, expansion bus, and three types of buses 6-47 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 6-48 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved 12