a treatise on chemistry 2ii

TREATISE ON CHEMISTRY. 11V H. E. ROSCOE F.R.S. AND C. SCHORLEMMER F.RS. ruorasom OF CHEMISTRY I.N UWKKS COLUXIH. VAWUISTER. VOLUME II.—METALS. PART 11. " Chymia, alim Ahhania U Spogirtea, csl ars top am velmij-lo. rrt a»»fmla, iv/ ata cliam m principia ma nsolrcndi, ««( ej: /mx/jMU m W?i'« row* rfi'."—STAIII., 178S. MACMILLAX AND CO. 1880. o/ Tnitulttliott ami ScpnduM« it Saencd uixvas: U CMY, SOSK. AXD TAVM.R. BRUg STRKET BIU. t.C. PREFACE TO VOL. II. THE aim which the Authors have set before themselves in treating of the Metals and their Compounds is the same as that which they proposed in the discussion of the Non-Metallic Elements. Owing, however, to the large number of the Metals and their Salts, the description of these latter could not, within practicable limits, be made so complete as is possible in the case of the Nau-Metallic Compounds. Hence the Authors, whilst giving the characteristic properties of each metal, have been obliged to restrict their notice to those compounds which possess the greatest interest either of a theoretical or practical kind. Due attention has been paid to the more important technical processes connected with Metallurgy, and uo pains have been spared to assist the description of such processes by Drawings of the most modern forms of apparatus and plant. As an illustration of this the Authors would refer to the Chapter on the Soda and Glass Manufactures in Part I., and to tha Metalluigy of Iron in Part II. VI PBBJFACE TO VOL. II. At the end of the volume will be found short Chapters ou the Classification of the Elements; on Spectrum Analysis, so far as the detection of terrestrial matter is concerned; and ou the Condensation of the so-called Permanent Gases, a result which has been achieved since the publication of the .Firefc Volume. MANCHESTER September 1879. CONTENTS. MKTAU OF THE htox Own • • • • * 1 Atangsnese and Oxygen 5 Maiiganoifcs Compound* <I Manganic Compounds 10 Manganese Dioxide and the Mimgamtra .13 Mangtmic MA, I'mnangauic Acid, awl tlieir Sails . . . .IS Manganese and SulyUur 21 Uetfctiuli aud Eatiiuation of Manganese 'M IKON 27 Metallurgy ol Iron 34 Ores of Iron 35 Iron Smelting 42 (1.) Tlic Direct Seduction of Ihlltabh Iron from llio On» . . 41 (11) Tlie Manufacture of Cast-Iron 45 (HI.) Production of Wrought- iron from Cast-lrou . . . . .59 (IV.) Steel . <55 lion aud Hjilrojyii S4 Iron and Oxyg'i 84 Ferrous Suite 91 Ferric Salts 8S Iron Bud Cyanogen 101 Ferrocyaiiogen Compounds 105 yeriipyauogra Compounds 109 FenorynnWesandFerriryumiles of Iron Ill Kitro-l'rassidcsorKttro-Fcrrifyanidcs . \\» Iron TUiocjauuto 117 Iron imd Sulpliur 117 Iron and Nitrogen 120 Iron and Phosphorus ' . . 121 Iron mid Arsenic 122 Pvtcction and Estimation of Iron l'j:s viii CONTENTS, HUM COBAW • . . 126 Cobalt and Oxygen 188 Cobaltous Salts 129 Cobaltio Salts 138 Ammoniacal Cobalt Compounds or Cobnltamine Salts. . . . 185 Cobaltieyanides 140 Cobalt and Sulphur 140 Cobalt and Phosphorus 141 .Cobalt and Arsonic 141 Detection and Estimation of Cobalt 142 NICKBL 14S Alloys of Nickel " 146 Nickel and Oxygen 140 Salts of Nickel 150 Nickel and Sulphur 163 Nickel and Phosphorus Mi Nickel and Arsenic 154 Dotation and Estimation of Nickel 151 MF.TAIS OF Tile CHROMIUM GUOUP 157 CmtoMnm 15? Chromium and Oxygen 169 Chromons Componnds 169 Chromic Compounds ISO Chromic Salts 108 Chromium Trioxido 108 The Cliromntcs liO Chromyl Chloride and the Chlorochrotnates iff The Constitution of the Chromates, ChlorochromalcM, atid similar Compounds 179 Chromium and Sulphur 180 Chromium and Nitrogen 180 Chromium and Phosphorus 181 Detection and Estimation of Chromium 181 MOLYBDENUM 148 Oxides and Chlorides of Molybdenum 185 Oxychlorides of Molybdenum 189 Molybdenum Trioxide and Molybdic Acid 191 The Molybdates "3 Molybdenum and Sulphur IDS Molybdenum and Phosphorus 109 Detection and Estimation of Molybdenum 200 TimosTRS 201 Tungsten and Chlorine 202 Tungsten and Bromine 2*0 CONTENTS ix 1AOE Tungsten and Iodine 207 Tungsten nud FJiiorino 207 Tungsten aiid Oxygen 207 Tuugstto Acids ami tlio Tungstato 209 Compounds of Tungstates with Tungsten Dioxide 213 Tungatoalicio Acids 214 Tungsten and Sulphur 215 Tungsten and Nitrogen 216 Tungsten and l'lwsphoma -216 Detection and Estimation of Tungsten 216 URANIUM 217 Uranium and Oxygen 220 Uranous Compounds 220 ITranoso-lTranic Compounds 222 Unuiie Compounds 223 The tFranatea 228 Uranium Telroxido and the Pertironntirs 227 Uranium and Sulphur 227 Detection and Estimation of Uranium 228 METALS OP raa Tisi Citotrr 230 Tisr 280 Alleys of Tin 237 Tin and Oxygen 241 Stannoun Compounds 241 Stannic Compounds 243 Tin and Sulphur 250 Tin and Phosphorus 252 Detection aud Estimation of Tin 253 255 Titanium and Oxygen 25S Titonio Acid and the Titunates 259 The Salts of Titanium 260 Titanium and Sulphur 264 Titanium and Nitrogen 264 Detection and Estimation of Titaainm 265 ZiKco.viux 267 Zirconates 269 Salts of Zirconium 269 Zirconium and Sulphur 271 Detection and Estimation of Zirconium 271 Tnonttm '. . 272 The Salts of Thorium 274 Detection and Estimation of Thorium 275 CONTENTS. PAOE HETALS OK THE ANTIMONV Gnoui- 2V7 VAHAiwm 277 Vanadium and Oxygen 282 Vanadic Acids and the Vamditat 28i The Lower Oxides of Vanadium and their C<HII|H>UU<1H . . . 280 Hy]w>vanadio or Dihmodyl Compounds 291 Vanadituu and Chlorine . 203 Vanadium aurl Broiuioo 28fi Vanadium and Fluorine • . 296 Vanadium and Sulphur 297 Vanadium and Nitrogen 208 Detection ami Estimation of Vanadium 293 301 Autimouy Alloys 307 Antimony and Hydrogen 309 Antimony <md Oxygen 310 Anthnonions Acid and the Antimouitcs 312 Antimonioiia and Hyjionntiiaonio Compounds . . . 312 Antimony Pentoxide and Antiinonic Acids 313 The Antimonatcs and Metantimoutttcs SI 4 Antimony and Chloriiio 316 Antiiuony and Bromine 319 Antimony and Iodine 319 Antimony and Flnoriuo 819 Antimony and Sulphur 320 Antimony ami Selenium 325 Medicinal Vacs of Antimony 320 Detection and .Estimation of Antimony 327 Bixmnii 330 Bismuth and Oxygen 333 Bismuth Trioxide and flic Bismuth Salts 336 Bismuth Pentoxide nml Bismulhic Acid 341 Bismuth and Sulphur 341 Disnmtli, Selenium, Ti-lhiriunu Ac 342 Detection and Estimation of liismutli 343 TAKTAU-M 344 Tantainm and Oxygen 349 Tnutal:<tes , 350 Huloid Compounds of Tantalum 351 Tantalum and Snlpliiir 352 Tantalum and Nitrogen 353 Detection and Estimation of Tantalum 352 353 Niobium and Oxygen 353 Kiobatcs 354 CONTENTS. xi PAGE Haloid Compounds of Niobium 3SS Ni«>t>inm nnd Snlplmr 357 Kiobinm aud Hitrogen 357 Detection and Estimation of Niobium 357 JIKTAIS OF THE GOLD GROUP 359 Ot»l.n .859 Gold and Oxygru 876 AttrousSalts 379 Auric Salts 882 Anmtea 385 Gold nnd Sulphur 385 Golil and Phosphorus 3S« Detection aud Estimation of Gold .386 PI.ATINWM • 388 Platinum and Oxygen 400 The Ptatiiious Suite 401 PItttinic Salts 40* Hatinonitrites *07 Ammoniacnl Platinum Coin pounds iOS (I.) Platosnmmouiutu Compounds 409 (IJ.) PJiitosemiOiammoniiim Compounds 410 (HI.) Pktomoiiodiammouimu Compounds 411 (IV.) Platotiiammoiiiurn Coni]ioiinds 411 (V.) IMntinammouium Compotmda 413 (VI.) Pli«tinsemidinminoniuni Compounds 413 (VII.) Platinmonoilinimnonium Compounds 414 (VIII.) PlfttimliamniODium Compounds 414 (IX.) Diplatinanuiiouium Compounds 415 (X.) Dipliitodiammoaimn Compoituils 41S (Xf.) Diptatindiammoninm Clilorido 41S (XII.) DiplatintctKutiiuninoninm Compouuds 418 Platinocyanittcs 417 Platinotbiocyanittnt 419 l'lntinithiocyaimtis 419 Plntinum anil the Klnneuts of the SulpUur Group 420 Piatiuunmnd tlie Elements of the Phosphorus Oroup . . .421 Detection and Kslimatioii of Plnfiiiiim 421 422 Palla-tiura and Hydrogen . 425 Palladium and Oxygen 426 Palladions Salts 427 PalMie Salts - . . .42.1 Auimonweal Pnlbdinm Cuiiipuiimli 4S9 Palladiuin and Suljihur . . ' 431 Detection aud Estimation »f Palladium 431 CONTENTS MOB UllOMUM 432 UlioJluln and OxygeU 433 Rhodium Salts 431 Ammoniacal Rhodium Compounds 436 Rhodium and Sulphur 437 Detection and Estimation of Rhodium 43? IuiDlim . 437 Indium and Oxygen 441 Salts of Indium 443 Iridious Salts 413 Iridie Salts 445 Iridiomtrites 448 Aromoniacal Iridiam Compounds US lridieyanidos 447 Iridiuin and Snlphnr 448 Detection and Estimation of Iridiam 448 RDTHEHIUH . 449 Ruthenium and Oxygon 4S! Rutbenions Suits 453 Ruthenie Salts 454 Ammoniacal Compounds of Ruthenium 454 Rutheniocyanides 453 Ruthenium and Sulphur 456 Detection and Estimation of Ruthenium 456 OsMltm 456 Oxides and Salts of Osmium 458 Osmiamic Acid and its Salts 4(1 Ammoniucal Osmium Compounds 4ti Osiniocyaniilcs 462 Osmium and Sulphur. . 463 Detection and Estimation of Osmium 463 " SPECTRUM ANALWIS 465 Construction and Use of the Spectroscope 470 Spectra of Gases • 474 Flnine-Spectra 47S Spark-Spectra 475 Variation observed in Spectra 475 Spectra of Metals and Non-Metab .477 Spectra of Compounds 479 Application of the Spectroscope to Chemical Analysis . . . 480 Mapping Spectra . 487 Spectra of tho Electric Spark 489 Photographing Spectra 490 Absorption Spectra . . 491 Composition of the Solar Atmosphere 4% [...]... hard, almost black prisms, soluble in water It is obtained by passing a current of carbon dioxide through water containing barium inanganate in suspension, or by the action of barium chloride on silver permanganate Silver Permanganate, AgMuO4, separates out in large regular crystals when warm solutions of nitrate of silver and potassium permanganate are mixed It dissolves in 190 parts of water at 15°, and... and has a specific gravity of 4*82 The most celebrated localities for this mineral are Ilmenau in Thuringia, near Flatten in Bohemia, near Mahrisch-Traban in Moravia, on tlie Lahn, and in France, Spain, and North America It occnra in the United States, abundantly at Vermont in Massachusetts, and in Bed Island Bay at San Francisco; and also in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia It is likewise found in Devonshire... rhombohedrons, but nianganocalcite, (MuCaMg)COg, is isomovphous with arragonite The hydrated manganese carbonate is obtained as a white precipitate by mixing a solution of the chloride or sulphate of manganese with carbonate of soda In the moist state it soon becomes brown coloured on exposure to the air; it dissolves in 8,000 parts of pure water, and readily in water containing carbonic acid 319 Manganese and... several basic oxides to form compounds which may be considered as salts of manganous acid Potassium Mimgtaiitt, KtMii50,,, is obtained as a yellow precipitate when carbon dioxide is passed into a solution of potassium manganate, K2Mn04 Calcium Manganitt, CaMn6Ou, is a blackish-brown precipitate formed when a solution of manganous ait rate is poured iuto an excess of bleaching-powder solution Manganese... formed; that when, on the other baud, an excess of manganese is fused with potash a red body is produced, and they succeeded in preparing the substance obtained by the latter reaction in the crystalline form They also showed that an absorption of oxygen takes place, and consequently they assumed that the potash-salt forms with manganese a manganate, and that the green salt contains wore base than the... regular octahedrons ; it is decomposed in contact with water with separation of manganic hydroxide Manganese Ammonium Afam, (NH,\SO4+Mn,(S04)3+24B[8O 1 Carius, Am Clum Pharm xcriii 53 MANGANESE DIOXIDE 13 This salt corresponds closely to the above-mentioned potassium compound, and is obtained in a similar way Manganic Phospliates Both manganic oxide and the dioxide dissolve in a concentrated solution... Cyanogen When a concentrated solution of acetate of manganese is wormed with solid potassium cyanide, a green precipitate is thrown down of KCN,Mn(0N)3; this gradually disappears, and in its place dark blue crystals of potassium mangano-cyanide, K4Mn(CN)0 + 3ff2O, are formed.1 The mangano-cyanide is also obtained when roanganous carbonate is heated to a temperature of from 40° to 50' with a solution... with concentrated potash solution as long as oxygen is evolved a crystalline powder of manganate separates oat on cooling, and if this be dissolved in dilute caustic potash and allowed to evaporate under the receiver of an air-pump, well-formed crystals of manganate are obtained These are almost black, and possess a metallic lustre, hut become greeu on exposure to the air.2 Sodmm Mangamte, NagMnQp is... or manganese-spar, MnCO8, which also occurs frequently as au isomorphous constituent in ferrous carbonate and other similar minerals Manganese also occurs as alabanite or sulphide of manganese, MnS; and hauerite, or manganese disulphide, MnS^ Manganese likewise forms an essential constituent of many other minerals, although only METALLIC MANGANESE! occurring in them in small quantity Thus, for instance,... MANGANESE DIOXIDE AKD THE MANGANITES 322 Manganese Dioxide, Manganese Peroxide, or Black Oxide of Manganese, MnO^ is the most important ore of manganese It occurs in rhombic crystals and in crystalline and amorphous masses, being knowa to the mineralogist as pyrolusite I t possesses a metallic lustra, an iron-black or dark steel-grey colour, and a black streak It is opaque and rather brittle, and has . 310 Anthnonions Acid and the Antimouitcs 312 Antimonioiia and Hyjionntiiaonio Compounds . . . 312 Antimony Pentoxide and Antiinonic Acids 313 The Antimonatcs and Metantimoutttcs SI 4 Antimony and. 316 Antiiuony and Bromine 319 Antimony and Iodine 319 Antimony and Flnoriuo 819 Antimony and Sulphur 320 Antimony ami Selenium 325 Medicinal Vacs of Antimony 320 Detection and .Estimation of Antimony . in ferrous carbonate and other similar minerals. Manganese also occurs as alabanite or sulphide of manganese, MnS; and hauerite, or manganese disulphide, MnS^ Manganese likewise forms an essential constituent