a treatise on chemistry 2i

TREATISE ON CHEMISTRY. H. E. ROSCOE F.R.S. AMB G. SCHORLEEMER F.R.S. PB0FE330U3 Or CUEMCTIK IK OWENS COLLEGE, MANCHESTER VOLUME IL—METALS. PART 1. ' Chymia, alias Jlchemia el Spagirka, esl ars corpora vel mfcta, vcl eompotita, xcl aggregate cliam i» principia sun nsolundi, aut tv jnincipiis in lalia cam- bidi."—STAUI,, 1723. BDITIO.V. MAC3OLLAN AND CO. 1879. Tkt Mglil"/ TntHilntmt nilrf fff/irocfiiclfon it LONOOH: R. CLAY, SONS, AKD TAVLOIt, BREAO 5TRKET HH.L, B.C. CONTENTS. nor. THE METALS 3 METAI.UC ALLOTS 6 AMALGAMS 9 GEHEHAL PEOPKRTIES OF TUB METALS 11 Specific Gravity 11 Melting-point 12 Crystalline Form 12 Fracture ,, 13 Conductive Power for Heat and Electricity 13 Atomic Heat 14 Molecular Heat of Compounds 20 CLASSIFICATION OF METALS 22 Qunntivnlonco of the Metals 27 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF TUB OXIDES AND HYDROXIDES 30 GENKUAL PROPERTIES OF TUB ACIOK 32 CoNsrmrcw OF SALTS 34 SOLUBILITY OF SALTS 48 GENEKAL PnoreitriKs OF SAM* 48 ilETALS OF THE ALKALI GltOVP 54 POTASSIUM 65 Potassium and Hydrogen 61 Potassium and Oxygon 62 Salts of Potassium 66 Potassium and Sulphur 97 Potassium and Nitrogen 100 Detection and Estimation of Potassium 101 SOBIDM 102 Sodium and Hydrogen 107 Sodium and Oxygen 107 Salts of Sodium 110 The Alkali Manufacture 132 Sodium and Sulphur 35+ Sodium and Nitrogon 154 Detection and Estimation of Sodium 155 CONTENTS. LITHIUM 157 Lithium and Oxygen 160 Salts of Lithium 161 Detection and Estimation of Lithium 163 ItUBlDlDM 164 Salts of Rubidium - 168 Detection and Estimation of Rubidium 169 CJKSIUSJ 169 Sails of Ctesium 171 Detection and Estimation of Ctsium 171 .AMMONIUM SALTS 173 Ammonium and Sulphur 184 Osy •ammonium Compounds 185 METALS or THE ALKALIXE EARTH* 187 Cactusi 187 Calcium and Oxygen . • 189 Salts of Calcium 191 Itarmfacturo of Bleaching Powder 194 Mortars and Cements 209 Calcium and Sulphur. . 21° Detection nml Estimation of Calcium* 211 STBOKTIWI 213 Strontium, and Oxygen . . 214 Salts of Strontium 215 Detection and Estimation of Strontium 217 Bamra . .218 Barium anil Oxygen 220 Salts of Barium 222 Barium and Sulphur 227 Detection and Estimation of Barium 229 CF TIIE IUGXESIUU GBOIT 231 BERYLllBM 281 Beryllium and Oxygen 233 Salts of Beryllium '. .234 Detection and Estimation of Beryllium .235 233 Magnesium and Oxyger. 240 Salts of irognesiym 241 llaguesium and Sulphur 248 Magnesium and Nitrogen 248 Detection and Estimation of Magnesium 249 Zucc 250 Smelting of Zinc . . . .253 Zinc and Oxygen 258 Salts of Zinc 2fi9 Detection and Estimation of Zinc 264 CONTEXTS I»AOB CADMHTM 285 Salts of Cadmium 207 Detection and Estimation of Cadmium 269 MCTAI.S OF TIIK LEAD Gitori* 270 Li;.\n 270 Smelting of Lead 272 Load and Oxygen 281 Salts of Lead 285 Poisonous Action of Lead Balls 294 Action of Lead upon Water 295 Lead and Snlphur 208 Detection and Estimation of Lead . 298 Tu.u.unM 300 Thallium and Oxygen 301 Thnllious Compounds 303 Thullic Compounds 806 Detection and Estimation of Thallium 307 METAIS OP THE COPPER GROUP 309 Corm 309 Smelting of Copper 310 Klcctro typing Processes 324 Copper and Hydrogen 327 Copper and Oxygon 323 Salts of Copper 831 Cuprous Salts 331 Cuprio Salts 334 Copper and Sulphur 343 Copper and Nitrogen 344 Copper and Phosphorus 344 Copper and Arsonic 345 Detection and Estimation of Copper 315 SILVER 347 Metallurgy of Silver 347 Silvering and Plating 301 Alloys of Silver 365 Silver and Oxygen 3R7 Salts of Silver • 389 Silver and Snlphur 380 Action of Light on Silver Salts 830 Detection and Estimation of Silver SS4 MERCUBY 3S7 Alloys of Mercury 394 Mercury and Oxygen 396 Salts of Mercury 397 Mercurons Salts TO Mercuric Salts 412 viii CONTENTS nag Moreury and Sulphur 409 Mercury and Nitrogen 412 Mercnrous Ammonium Compounds .413 Mercuric Ammonium Compounds 413 Mercury ami Phosphorus 416 Detection and Estimation of Mercury 416 METALS OF TUP. CEIUUM GROW 418 YmiTO 424 Suits of Yttrium • 424 Detection aud Estimation of Yttrium 425 IJNTHANWI 425 Salts of Lanthanum 428 Detection and Estimation of Lanthanum 427 CBBKM 427 Cerium and Oxygen . . 426 Salts of Cerium . . in Cerons Salts 428 Carte Salts 480 Detection and Estimation of Cerium 431 RlDVMlCM 481 Salts of Didyniium 482 Detection aud Estimation of Didymium . . . . • .482 TEKBUTM 43S ERBIUM 434 METALS OF TUB ALUMINIUM GKOCP 43S Aluminium 436 Alloys of Aluminium 441 Aluminium awl Oxygen 442 AluBiUMtes 446 Salts of Aluminium 44ft Alums 450 Ultramarine .* 458 Detection and Estimation of Aluminium 460 Gbsa, Porcelain, and .Earthenware 461 Composition of Glass 482 Manufacture of Glass 471 Opaque and Coloured Glass 481 Pottery, Porcelain, and Earthenware 490 IKDIVSI 499 Salts of Indium SOO Detection and Estimation of Indium 501 GAIUCM 602 Ssdts of Gallium . . 604 ERRATA IN VOL. II., PART I. Pago 17, lino 28 firom top, for " Wolfram " read " Tungsten." „ 23,,, 28 „ „ /or "glaeimim"read"bBryUimn," (twice). „ 23, „ 3 „ „ for "Tuntlmninm" read "'Lauthimum." „ 26,,, 19 „ „ for "with" read ••into. 11 „ 26, „ 22 „ „ far "silver"reorf •'mercury." „ 27, sinco line 11, <•! mq. was written the vapour density of lead clilomlu has been determined and found to agree wilh the formula PbCI,. The argument therefore docs not apply to this particular compound. 23, line 26 from top, for " Cyv" read - f e Cl" / t< 1 > thlth" 28, 29, 34 88, 88, , «. , 65, 70, 70, 73, , 81. 91, 102*. 102, 103, 109, 110, 116, 121, 121, 121, 121, 144, 144, 172, 202, 222, 222, 231, 237, 307, 340, 341) 370, 392, 436, 604, I I 1 1 I 1 I II II 1* II >f II II II Jl II II II II Jl If II II II 12 „ 13 •• 19 „ 18 „ 12 „ 6 „ 13 " 12 , 13 , 12 , 8 , 2 21 , u , 12 , 9 . 12 , 6 „ * > 2 , 3 , 14 , 7 , 14 . 15 , 16 , 15 , 8 , 1 , 6 , 17 , 1 , 7 , 6 , , f yv ee /w t< 1 > etrachlorethnno"nM(J"TetvacUorctliBnB. >> for " tetraclilorethanc," read " tctrachlorctUcnc." for " H8O 4 ," read « K£O 4 .* for « NaSO," read " KnaSO " after equation, add " + H.O." /"l5b8"rf"lO5„ /, bottom, after " SC\ V " for " +," read •' " „ for" one-fifth," read " one-sixtli." top, after " PcrMorate," insert "KttO 4 . B „ for "Graecas," read" Graccas." bottom for " pcrcinitato," read "precipitate." top, for ••%$<>,'' read "2H.O." „ for ••74-71," read "74-41." bottom, for "22-2»," mad "22-99. 11 „ for " compound sare " read " componnils !ir«." „ for "KA." read-' NttjO „ for " mouutaiti limoatoiic, read "keM{wT (triassi«l beds." „ for " potassium,'' read "sodium." top, for "NajPO," read - „ for "H.O," raid "4^ bottom, fer •'S^TSOs," read "SNalTO,." „ far " Di-hydregtn Sodiitm," rend •' ffydroy* Di~Sadium." /, for "28, W, oiid 8t," read "30, 31, nnd J2." for " dioxide," read "monoxfdo." „ for "d," read "9-2." • top, for » JfgCl," read " MgCl," „ for ••TI,<SO 4 > :1 ? + H,O," rtad j*"2KH"rf»2NH" + 7H a O." „ j,, bottom, for "xpSw," ftad " xmaix." top, for "260," read "450°." bottom, for - 14 »31," read " 14-1932 (Jlallet)." for "corpora," read'"corpora," r "combnies," rtad "combines." or CHEMISTRY. VOL, it. [...]... the alkali-metals are amalgamated Amalgams are also produced by the addition of mercury to a solution of a metallic salt; thus if this metal be added to a solution of silver nitrate, the amalgam separates out in splendid crystals—the Arbor Diancc of the ancients Another mode of obtaining an amalgam is to place the metal in a solution of mercuric nitrate, or together with mercury and a dilute acid; and... processes can be adopted Crystals of metals which fuse readily can be obtained by solidification after fusion Bismuth, antimony, lead, and tin may thus be crystallized, and in a similar way sodium and potassium; in the latter cases air must of course be excluded Metals which are easily volatilized, such as zinc, cadmium, and potassium, may be obtained in crystals by condensation from the gaseous state, whilst... term quarlation, which is still used for the separation of these metals AMALGAMS 5 Amalgams are compounds or mixtures of metals with mercury The name is first found in the writings of Thomas Aquinas; and Libavius explains the meaning of the word as follows:—" Amalgama corrupt um vocabulum esse ex Graeco liaKayita non dubitant." It is perhaps more probable that the word is derived from the Arabic, as the... The alkali metals, together with silver and thallium, are usually supposed to be monads, the metals of the alkaline earths, those of the magnesium group, together with copper and silver, being classed as a dyad group In some cases such a classification may probably be correct, in others again probably incorrect Thus it appears almost certain that beryllium, magnesium, and cadmium, which form a natural... conducting heat and electricity, metals as a rale widely outstrip the non-metallic elements, its well as all chemical compounds This property varies considerably in different metals, and also in the same metal according to its physical 14 THK METALS, condition and chemical purity The soft metals conduct best, and at higher temperatures the conduction in all metals is less perfect than at lower ones In 1833... oxidized as the metals of the alkalis Still the differences cannot be thus altogether satisfactorily accounted for, and we must conclude that a variation of the specific heat with the tempera* tare occurs xiot only in the case of carbon, boron, and silicon, but also, to a less degree, with all the other elements This indeed has already been observed in some instances Thus sulphur has an atomic heat, according... the case of carbon, silicon, and boron 13 The elements which possess a smaller atomic heat than the majority at temperatures below 100° are non-metals and have low atomic weights All the non-metals whose atomic weights are high and all the metals, without exception, follow Dulong and Petit's law below 100° Hence by help of the specific heat the atomic weights may in certain doubtful cases be controlled... modo, nisi per artificinm Esfc enim amicabilis et metallia placabilia Solvuntur Jupiter et Saturnus, Luna et Yenus ab eo." Thus it; is clear that Geber knew that, with the exception of iron, mercury combines directly with all the metals The problem of the preparation of iron amalgam was one to ' which the alchemists paid great attention as, according to Geber, it was no easy matter Libavius gives the... the case, hut that carbon exists in two thermal modifications (1) opaque, (2) transparent These thermal differences only occur at low temperatures, aud when a high temperature is reached no variation is observed From the table we see that the atomic heats of the elements vary considerably even within the limits of temperature at which each appears to be constant Thus, for instance, whilst the value... must be a tetrad, and molybdenum a pentad metal, Tungsten in like manner forms a peutachlori.de, and might therefore be considered to be a pentad but for the fact that the hexachloride is known This however leads us to class tungsten as a liexad, and as molybdenum in all its chemical characters resembles tungsten very closely, chemists have agreed also to represent molybdenum as ahexad Vanadium, again, . when the alkali-metals are amalgamated. Amalgams are also produced by the addition of mercury to a solution of a metallic salt; thus if this metal be added to a solution of silver nitrate, the amalgam. directly with all the metals. The problem of the preparation of iron amalgam was one to ' which the alchemists paid great attention as, according to Geber, it was no easy matter. Libavius gives. amalgams retain a. certain proportion of mercury. Thus silver amalgam when heated to 450° leaves a compound which still contains 12 per cent, of mercury ; and a gold amalgam treated hi the same