a treatise on chemistry 1

A TEEATISE ON CHEMISTRY. BV E E. EOSCO1 F.E.S. AND C. SCHOELBMMEE F.R.& t&OTOSOM OS CBIKUrtRI IB VICIOBIA UKREBBVtY, TSE OWENS COtAEOE, KAHCBIEtSB. VOLUME I. THE NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS, •' Chymitt, alias AlcJiemia, el Spagirica, est ars corpora vet mixia, vet eompotUa, vet aggregate eltm in primipia sua nsolmidi, aid at prindpiis in (alia com- binandi."~&t*BL, 1728. WITH IU0STBMIOHS, AHD K POSTBAIT OF DALTON EN08AV8D BT C. R. JBEH?, NEW EDITION. MAOMILLAN AND CO, 1881. t The Right of Trmwlatim and Reproduction «» Rmrvcd.] PREFACE. IT has been the aim of the authors, in writing the present treatise, to place before the reader a fairly com- plete, and yet a clear and succinct, statement of the facts of Modern Chemistry, whilst at the same tiir>». entering so far into a discussion of Chemical Theory as the size of the work and the present transition state of the science permit. Speckl attention has been paid to the accurate description of the more important processes in technical chemistry, and to the careful representation of the most approved forms of apparatus employed. As an instance of this, the authors may refer to the chapter on the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid. For valuable information on these points they are indebted to many friends both in this country and on the Continent. The volume commences with a short historical sketch of the rise and progress of chemical science, and a few words relative to the history of each element and its more important compounds prefaces the systematic dis- cussion of their chemical properties. For this portion of their work, the authors wish here to acknowledge their indebtedness to Hermann Kopp's classical works on the History of Chemistry. v«i PREFACE. In the part of the volume devoted to the description of the non-metallic elements, care has been taken to select the mo3t recent and exact experimental data, and to give references in all important instances, as it is mainly by consulting the original memoirs that a student can obtain a full grasp of his subject Much attention has likewise been given to the repre- sentation of apparatus adapted for lecture-room experi- ment, and the numerous new illustrations required for this purpose have all been taken from photographs of apparatus actually in use, The fine portrait which adorns the title-page is a copy,' by the skilful hands of Mr. Jeens, of a daguerreotype taken shortly before Dalton's death. MANCHESTER July, 1ST?. CONTENTS. MOB HISTORICAL IHTBODUOTION' 3 GENKBAL Paraoirus OF THE SOIBKCE 41 Laws of Chemical Combination ' , 69 Gases and Vapours , 74 The Continuity of Iiqtiid and Gaseous States 78 Wie Kinetic Theory of Gasea 80 Diffusion of Gases 84 Chemical Nomenclature ,.,,, 87 THE NON-JLBTALMO EIEMBNTS 96 Hydrogen 96 Chlorine 110 Chlorine and Hydrogen 124 Bromine 142 Bromine and Hydrogen 148 Chlorine and Bromino 151 Iodine 151 Iodine and Hydrogen 158 Iodine and Chlorine 168 Fluorine 186 Fluorine and Hydrogen 187 Oxygen 171 Oxygen ud Hydrogen 202 Oxygen end Chlorine 262 Oxygon and Bromino . 278 Oxygen and Iodine 280 Salfthnr 284 Sulphur and Hydrogen 294 Snlphnr and Chlorine 301 Sulphur and Bromine , . 804 Sulphur and Iodine 304 Sulphur and Fluorine 305 Sntphnr and Oxygen 305 CUoridcs and Bromides of Sulphuric AcM 345 Selenium 864 Selenium and Hydrogen 35/ CONTBNT& P«08 Selenium and Chloride 368 8eleniam and Brominn 860 Selenium and Iodine . 300 Selenium and Fluorine 360 Selenium and Oxygen 361 Selenium and Sulphur , . . 864 Tellurium. .' • .366 Tellurium and Hydrogen 307 Tellurium and Chlorine 308 Tellurium and Bromine 360 Tellurium and Iodine 369 Tellurium and Fluorine 870 Tellurium and Oscygeu 370 Tellurium and Sulphur , 373 HitwgM* 878 Nitrogen and Hydrogpu 377 Nitrogen and the Elouituta of the Cblorine Group . . . .895 Nitrogen and Oxygon 899 Compounds of Nitrogen with Solpto and Selenium . ,430 The Atmosphere . . , • .434 Phosphorus • .437 Phosphorus and Hydrogen • . . . . 474 • Phosphorus and Chlorine 480 Phosphorus and Bromine 484 Phosphom and Iodine . . • 486 Phosphorus and Fluorino .486 Oxides and Oxyaclds of Iixwphoins 487 Phosphorus and Sulphnr fiO9 Phosphorus and Nitrogen 613 Arsenic 617 Arsenic and Hydrogen . 619 Arsenic and Chlorine • . . 821 Arsenic and Bromine 622 Arsenic and Iodise . 628 Arsenic and Fluorine 623 Oxides and Oxyaoids of Arwnio 623 Arsenic and Sulphur • . . .631 Arsenio and Selenium 634 Areenio and Phosphorus 634 Boron 641 Boron and Chlorino 644 Boron and Bromine 646 Boron and Fluorine 646 Oxides and Oxyacids of Boron 648 Boron nnd Sulphur 634 Boron and Nitrogen 554 Silicon or 3ilicium 659 Silicon and Hydrogen S58 SiKeon and Chlorino : . . 559 Silicoa and Bromine . . . . • . • . . • . .662 CONTENTS. xi PAOB Slliwnand louino 56$ Silicon and Flnotino 664 Silicon and Oxygen 666 Silicon and Sulphur BU Silicon and Nitrngan • . . . . 6?5 Carbon 676 Carbon and Hydrogen 60S Carbon and Chlorine. .617 Carbon and Oiygen , ,. .618 Carbon end Sulphur . 641 Carlxm »nd Nitrogen . . 666 CRTSTAUOORAPHT 70S [...]... as follows:—" By the experiments with the globe it appeared that when inflammable and common air are exploded in a proper proportion, almost all the inflammable air, and near onefifth of the common air, lose their elasticity and are condensed into dew And by this experiment, it appears that this dew is plain water, and consequently that almost all the inflammable HENBY CAVENDISH 21 air, and about one-fifth... He denied that fire had any material existence, or that earth can be considered as an element, for it "can, he says, be converted into water, but lie admitted the elementary nature of air and water, and he gave great prominence to the latter in its general distribution throughout animate and inanimate nature Van Helmont 'a acknowledgment of air as an element is the more remarkable, as he was the first... of its two elementary constituents On the contrary, he seems to have rather inclined to the opinion that the water formed was already contained in the inflammable air, notwithstanding the fact that in 17 83 the celebrated James Watt had already expressed the opinion that " water is composed of dephlogisticated and inflammable air." 1 Cavendish's general conclusions in this matter may be briefly summed... experiment and that the formation of acid was not an invariable accompaniment of the explosion On this important subject it is interesting to hear Cavendish's own words; in the Philosophical Transactions for 17 84, page 12 8, we read :— '• from the fourth experiment it appears that 423 measures of inflammable air are nearly sufficient to phlogisticate 1, 000 of common air; and that (be bulk of the air remaining... relating to the preparation of drugs Of the contemporaries of Paracelsus, Agricola (14 90 -15 55) was one of the must distinguished, and his remarkable work De He Mctallka, con1 For farther information on this suHect Kofip's classical work Dor Qcsdticlitc dcr Chhnie, or Thomson's History of Chemistry, may be consulted PARACELSUS tains a complete treatise onmetallutgy end mining, which did much to advance... fact that these two metals amalgamate so easily because they already contain a large quantity of mercury, and are therefore quickly attracted by the liquid metal Whilst Greece and Italy sank deeper and deeper into barbarism, arts and science flourished under Arabian dominion, niul the academies of Spain were thronged with students from all parts of tlie Christian world The knowledge of alchemy spread from... that an increase of weight Is observed Hence he concludes that a large quantity of air becomes fixed This discovery leads him to the conclusioa that a similar absorption of air takes place whenever a body increases in weight by combustion or calcination In order to confirm this view, he reduces litharge with charcoal, and finds that a considerable quantity of air is liberated This, he asserts, appears... which he used for ascertaining how far as air was impure or unfit for respiration, and standing in a smaller trough is a cylinder containing living plants, the action of which on air had to be ascertained On August 1st, 17 74, Priestley obtained oxygen gas by heating red precipitate by means of the sun's rays concentrated with a burning-glass, and he termed it dephlogistimted eat, because he found, it... concluded that whenever air combines with phlogiston, a contraction occurs, and, therefore, the remaining air must be heavier than common air To his astonishment hi found that this was not the case; and he inferred that a portion of the common air must have disappeared, and that common air must consist of two gases, one of which has the power of uniting with phlogiston In order to find out what had... (fhior acid air) .1 He also observed that 1 Priestley's Observations on Diffenni Kkdsof Air, vol i., p 328 JOSEPH PRIKSTLBY 17 I 18 HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION when a series of electric sparks is allowed to pass through ammoniacal gas, an increase of volume occurs, and a combustible gas is formed, whilst on heating ammonia with calx of lead phlogisticated air (nitrogen gas) is evolved Priestley's was a mind . we hear of Arnold Vjllanovanus; AlbertuB Magnus flourished in Germany. Then Thomas Aquinas, pupil of Albertus, was also an alchemist, as was.out own Roger Bacon (12 14 -12 94), who was tried at Oxford. metals amalgamate so easily because they already contain a large quantity of mercury, and are therefore quickly attracted by the liquid metal. Whilst Greece and Italy sank deeper and deeper into bar- barism,. the contemporaries of Paracelsus, Agricola (14 90 -15 55) was one of the must distinguished, and his remarkable work De He Mctallka, con- 1 For farther information on this suHect Kofip's classical