Động từ nguyên mẫu (Infinitives) và Danh động từ (Gerund) là một trong những chủ điểm ngữ pháp vô cùng quan trọng nhưng cũng thường xuyên gây nhầm lẫn trong cách sử dụng. Kiến thức này được sử dụng rất nhiều trong các kỳ thi, vậy nên, người học bắt buộc phải nắm thật chắc.Cách tổng hợp dưới dạng sơ đồ tư duy (mind map) sẽ giúp chúng ta dễ nhớ hơn
S + V + O + to infinitive - Một số V thường có O kèm: ask, advise, allow, bear, beg, cause, command, compel, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, help, instruct, intent, invite, leave, order, permit, persuade, recommend, request, remind, teach, tell, want, warn, wish My mother wants me to be a teacher John invited me to take part in his party Uniforms encourage students to be confident My father allows me to go to the theater tonight I ask my brother to help me with homework The doctor advises patients to give up smoking Hoa helps me (to) the housework My father permits me to go to the theater tonight They refused to pay extra salary Used after certain verbs: decide, promise, hope, pretend, refuse, offer, agree, see, appear, choose, expect, learn, plan, wish, need, afford, claim, expect, fail He managed to get out of the car I hope to see you again She failed to get the contract We decided TO BUY that house I can’t afford to buy that car I promise to help you S + find / think / believe + it + adj + to-V: I find it difficult to learn English vocabulary It + be + adj + to-V (thật để ): It is interesting to study English TO INFINITIVE (toV) In some structures It takes + O + time + to-V : It takes Nam two hours to that exercise Too many + N (danh từ số nhiều đếm được) + to-V: I make too many cakes to eat it all S + be + too + adj + (for somebody) + to-V: You are too young to drive a car TOO S + V + too + adv + (for somebody) + to-V: I got up too late to go to school on time Too much + N (danh từ không đếm được) + to-V: It takes too much time to that work S + V/tobe + enough + noun + (for somebody) + to-V: We have enough meat for the next week S + to be + adj + enough + (for somebody) + to-V: The water is warm enough for you to swim ENOUGH S + V + adv + enough + (for somebody) + to-V: John spoke loud enough for me to hear it To talk about a purpose, why somebody does something They went to the restaurant before to reserve a table Phủ định danh động từ hình thành cách thêm not vào trước V-ing: Ex: not making, not opening… I finish doing my homework to-V: cần làm I need to go to school today As a direct OBJECT of some verbs : finish, admit, appreciate, avoid, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, imagine, involve, keep, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, recall, recollect, report, resent, resist, risk, suggest, tolerate NEED You hate making new friends GERUND & INFINITIVE I am not good at speaking Some verbs (like, love, hate, prefer, begin, start, intend, continue, advise, allow, recommend ) can be followed by either without a meaning changing You hate to make new friends After prepositions: In, at, on, upon, below, up, under, below, above, over, along, beside, between V-ing to V-ing: I prefer driving to traveling by train (Tơi thích lái xe tàu.) PREFER (THÍCH HƠN) GERUNDS (V-ing) - DANH ĐỘNG TỪ: DANH TỪ cấu thành từ ĐỘNG TỪ thêm “ING” Swimming is good for health V-ing: cần làm (= need to be done) Your hair needs cutting (= your hair needs to be cut) to V + rather than (V): I prefer to drive rather than travel by train (Tơi thích lái xe tàu.) As the subject Listening is my best skill My favourite sport is swimming V-ing: Quên làm (ở khứ) She will never forget meeting the Queen Complement (bổ ngữ chủ ngữ) My favourite sport is swimming FORGET to-V: Quên phải làm (ở – tương lai) Don’t forget to buy flowers It's no use/ no good/ useless (vơ ích ) : It’s no use teaching her V-ing: nhớ/ quên/ tiếc việc làm (ở khứ) I paid her $2 I still remember that I still remember paying her $2 REMEMBER CAN’T HELP DOING SOMETHING: khơng thể khơng làm đó, khơng thể nín nhịn làm (thường khơng thể nhịn cười) Ex: I can't help laughing to-V: nhớ phải làm (ở – tương lai) Remember to send this letter V-ing or to-V There is no point + V-ing = It is pointless + to V AFTER SOME EXPRESSIONS V-ing: tiếc làm (ở khứ) He regrets dropping out of school early It is the biggest mistake in his life There is no point (in) + V-ing: Khơng có lý There is no point in locking the barn door now that the horse has been stolen The point of V-ing: mục đích để làm Ex: What is the point of having a car if you never use it? I can't bear listening to their singing to-V: tiếc phải làm (ở – tương lai) I regret to inform you that the train was cancelled REGRET CAN'T BEAR DOING SOMETHING = STAND DOING SOMETHING: chịu đựng làm I live only a short walk from here, so it’s not worth taking a taxi f you are a young, inexperienced driver, it is worth having comprehensive insurance It was a waste of time reading that book It was rubbish V-ing: có nghĩa là: Having a party tonight will mean working extra hard tomorrow MEAN It's (not) worth + V-ing: (không) giá trị, (khơng) xứng đáng để làm I see him passing my house everyday It is a waste of time + V-ing: It is a waste of time + V-ing I had difficulty (in) finding a new job Có thể thêm giới từ “in” sau “difficulty” Have difficulty/trouble + V-ing: gặp khó khăn việc Chỉ sử dụng “have difficulty/ trouble” cấu trúc không sử dụng dạng số nhiều “have difficulties/ troubles” I spend time reading new novels Don’t waste time day dreaming! We saw him leave the house V-ing: đề nghị: I propose waiting till the police get here Object + V-ing: cấu trúc sử dụng người nói chứng kiến phần hành động PROPOSE Object + V: cấu trúc sử dụng người nói chứng kiến tồn hành động They don’t allow us to park here They don’t allow parking here to-V: có ý định: I propose to start tomorrow V-ING: Nhấn mạnh trải nghiệm chung Thường dùng để diễn tả tình huống/hành động cụ thể để gợi ý tận hưởng (hoặc tận hưởng) SEE/ HEAR/ SMELL/ FEEL/ NOTICE/ WATCH Spend time/ Waste time + V-ing: dành thời gian/ tốn thời gian làm to-V: có ý định: I mean to work harder LIKE/ HATE/ LOVE TO-V: Nhấn mạnh nhiều tới kết hành động việc, thường liên quan tới sở thích, thói quen Object + to V:khun/ cho phép/ đề nghị làm I love going to the cinema I love to dance at the jazz club V-ing: Tiếp tục làm việc đó: He goes on talking about his accident ADVISE/ ALLOW/ PERMIT/ RECOMMEND GO ON V-ing: khuyên/ cho phép/ đề nghị làm V-ing: ngừng việc làm She stopped singing (cô ngừng hát) to-V: ngừng để làm việc khác She stopped to sing (cô ngừng để hát) STOP TRY to-V: Làm việc He goes on to talk about his accident V-ing (Thử): You should try unlocking the door with this key to-V (cố gắng làm gì): I tried to pass the exam