Thúc đẩy đầu tư trực tiếp của việt nam vào châu phi đến năm 2015

6739 “ V ► I.V ThS DHKTQD TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN ■ s daihocktqd TT THONG T1NTHVV1EN PHONG LUAN AN • TO LIEU | LUONG NGOC CHINH THUC DAY DAU TIT TRlfC TIEP CUA VIET NAM VAO CHAU PHI DEN NAM 2015 ■ ■ CHUY®N NGANH: KINH T® DOI NGOAI LUAN VAN THAC SI KINH TE • • Ngtfo'i huong dan khoa hoc: GS.TS DO dug binh IIA \OI NAM 2011 LOI CAM DOAN Toi xin cam doan noi dung cua ban luan van la ket qua nghien cuu cua rieng toi va chira xuat hien hoac duqc cong bo bat cur mot chuong trinh dao tao cap bang hoac cong trinh nao khac Tac gia Luong Ngoc Chinh MUC LUC • • LOI CAM DOAN DANH MUC CHU VIET TAT DANH MUC BANG, BIEU DO TOM TAT LUAN VAN LOI MO DAU CHUTONG 1: MOT SO VAN DE LY LUAN VE DAU TU TRUC TIEP VAO CHAU PHI 1.1 Chinh sach thu hut dau tir true tiep nude ngoai cua mot so quoc gia chau Phi 1.1.1 Chinh sach thu hut dau tu true tiep nude ngoai cua Cong hoa Nam Phi 1.1.2 Chinh sach thu hut dau tu true tiep nude ngoai cua Mozambique 1.1.3 Chinh sach thu hut dau tu true tiep nude ngoai cua Algieri 10 1.2 Thuan loi va khd khan dau tir true tiep vao chau Phi 14 1.2.1 Thuan loi dau tu true tiep vao chau Phi 14 1.2.2 Khd khan dau tu true tiep vao chau Phi 17 1.3 Kinh nghiem ciia cac quoc gia dau tu1 vao chau Phi 19 1.3.1 Kinh nghiem cua Trung Quoc vao chau Phi 19 1.3.2 Kinh nghiem cua Nhat Ban dau tu true tiep vao chau Phi 22 1.3.3 Kinh nghiem cua An Do dau tu true tiep vao chau Phi 26 1.3.4 Bai hoc rut cho Viet Nam 28 CHUONG 2: THUC TRANG DAU TU TRUC TIEP CUA VIET NAM VAO CHAU PHI 31 r r a r 2.1 Co1 che, chinh sach khuyen khich dau tir true tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi 31 2.1.1 Ve cor che, chinh sach 31 2.1.2 Ve hanh lang phap ly 32 2.2 Thue trang dau tir true tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi 36 2.2.1 Dau tu true tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi qua cac nam 36 2.2.2 Dau tu true tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi theo linh vuc 37 2.2.3 Dau tu true tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi theo hinh thuc 43 2.2.4 So sanh dau tu true tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi vdi dau tu true tiep nude ngoai cua Viet Nam 44 2.3 Danh gia hoat dong dau tu’ true tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi 45 2.3.1 Ket qua dat duoc 45 2.3.2 Han che 47 2.3.3 Nguyen nhan 51 CHUONG 3: PHUONG HUONG VA GIAI PHAP THUC DAY DAU TU TRUC TIEP CUA VIET NAM VAO CHAUPHI DENNAM 2015 55 3.1 Trien vong va phuong huong dau tu’true tiep cua VietNam vao chau Phi den nam 2015 55 3.1.1 Trien vong dau tu true tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi den nam 2015 55 3.1.2 Phuong huong dau tu true tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi den nam 2015.57 3.1.3 Muc tieu dau tu true tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi den nam 2015 57 3.2 Giai phap thuc day dau tu1 true tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi den nam 2015 58 3.2.1 Nhom giai phap ve chien luuc, chinh sach cua Nha nude .58 3.2.2 Nhom giai phap xuat phat tu phia doanh nghiep 67 3.3 Kien nghi nhung dieu kien de thuc hien giai phap 76 3.3.1 Doi vdi Chinh phu va cac co quan quan ly nha nude 76 3.3.2 Doi vdi cac doanh nghiep 78 KET LUAN 80 DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 81 DANH MUC CHU' VIET TAT Ten STT r r Nghia day du tieng Anh Nghia tieng Viet viet tat ADB Asian Development Bank EU Euro FAO FDI Foreign direct investment GDP Gross domestic product ODA To chuc nong luong Lien hiep quoc Dau tu truc tiep nubc ngoai Tong san pham quoc noi Official Development Assistance Lien minh chau Au Food and Agriculture Organization Ngan hang phat trien chau A Vien tro phat trien chinh thuc Petrovietnam exploration Tong cong ty tham khai thac dau production corporation Viet Nam - , , Cong dong phat trien mien Nam PVEP Southern African SADC Development Community chau Phi Do la My 10 USD United States dollar 11 VRG Vietnam rubber group Tap doan cong nghiep cao su Viet Nam 12 WB World Banhk Ngan hang The gibi DANH MUC BANG, BIEU DO I BANG Bang 2.1: Dau tu true tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi giai doan 2008 - 2010 36 Bang 2.2: Tong so du an dau tu true tiep sang chau Phi cua Viet Nam giai doan 2008 - 2010 36 Bang 2.3: Dau tu true tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi theo linh vuc giai doan 2008 - 2010 38 Bang 2.4: Bang Dau tu true tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi theo hinh thuc 43 Bang 2.5: So sanh dau tu true tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi vdi dau tu true tiep nude ngoai cua Viet Nam giai doan 2008 - 2010 44 II BIEU DO Bieu do2.1: Dau tu true tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi theo linh vuc giai doan 2008 - 2010 38 LOI MO DAU Tinh cap thiet cua de tai nghien cuu Phat trien quan he thuong mai vdi chau Phi, co hoat dong dau tu r a true tiep cua Viet Nam sang chau luc la yeu cau cua viec chu dong hoi nhap r \ r r a sau rong vao nen kinh te the giai va la dieu kien, thdi co de Viet Nam tiep tuc khang dinh va phat huy uy tin cua minh vdi chau Phi va se tao nhung dieu kien mdi, van hoi mdi cho nen kinh te Viet Nam phat trien nhanh han, sdm thuc hien cong su nghiep cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nhu mucn tieu cua Dang da dat Xuat phat tir ly tren, de tai “Thuc day dau tic true tiep cua t r Viet Nam vao chau Phi den nam 2015” dugc lira chon de nghien cuu Muc tieu nghien cuu - Phan tich thuc trang dau tu true tiep nude ngoai cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi giai doan 2008 - 2010, tu danh gia uu diem, han che va nguyen nhan cua dau tu true tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi; < a * •> i r \ r - De xuat cac quan diem va giai phap de thuc day hoat dong dau tu true tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi den nam 2015 Doi tuong va pham vi nghien cuu - Doi tuong nghien cuu: Ly luan va thuc tien ve dau tu true tiep nude ngoai cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi - Nghien cuu hoat dong dau tu true tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi - Thdi gian: giai doan 2008 - 2010 va kien nghi den nam 2015 Phuong phap nghien cuu De tai su dung phuong phap vat bien chung, ket hop vdi thu thap, xu ly thong tin so lieu va phan tich, danh gia thuc trang dau tu true tiep vao chau Phi cua Viet Nam dua tren qua trinh thu thap va xu ly thong tin Ket cau de tai nghien cuu # a a r a r Ngoai phan md dau, ket luan, danh muc tai lieu tham khao, de tai dugc ket cau nhu sau: Chuang 1: Mot so van de ly luan ve dau tu true tiep vao chau Phi Chuong 2: Thuc trang dau tu true tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi Chuong 3: Giai phap thuc day dau tu true tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi den nam 2015 11 CHU ONG 1: MOT SO VAN DE LY LUAN VE DAU TU* TRUC TIEP VAO CHAU PHI r r x r 1.1 Chinh sach thu hut dau tu- true tiep nude ngoai cua mot so quoc gia chau Phi r a 1.1.1 Chinh sach thu hut dau tir true tiep nude ngoai cua Cong hda Nam Phi 1.1.1.1 Chinh sach mtf rong ngoai giao Nam Phi chu quan he vdi cac nude chau Phi, tranh thu cac nude Ion, dac biet la My, Nhat Ban, EU, Nga, Trung Quoc, An Do nham thu hut von, dau tu, khoa hoc ky thuat va md rong kinh te doi ngoai 1.1.1.2 Moi truong dau tir De tao thuan lgi cho cac quoc gia dau tu, Cong hda Nam Phi da cd nhieu chinh sach uu dai va moi truong dau tu lanh manh Vdi nhung chinh sach uru dai tir phia Nam Phi cong vdi viec chu dong dau tu, tan dung nguon nguyen lieu gia re, cac quoc gia dau tu se cd nhieu ccr hoi va tiem nang phat trien tai thi truong 1.1.2 Chinh sach thu hut dau tu’ true tiep nude ngoai cua Mozambique 1.1.2.1 Chinh sach mo’ rong ngoai giao Trong nhung nam gan day, vdi nen kinh te dang dan on dinh va phat trien, Mozambique dang trd mot nhung quoc gia tai Chau Phi thu hut dau tu > r \ r a nude ngoai nhieu nhat Nen kinh te cua Mozambique phu thuoc nhieu vao cac linh vuc xuat khau dien, dich vu cang, dudng giao thong qua canh cho cac nude lang gieng Nham thu hut dau tu true tiep nude ngoai, chinh sach ngoai giao cua Mozambique giai doan la chu truong tang cudng quan he hop tac vdi cac quoc gia 1.1.2.2 Moi trudng dau tir Tu nam 2008, Mozambique tiep tuc ndi long cac bien phap uu dai dau tu nham tao moi trudng dau tu thuan lgi cho cac doanh nghiep nude ngoai Ngoai ra, Mozambique da va dang chu trgng den phat trien ket cau tang nham tao 67 Chinh phu dat hang cac dai su va tham tan thuong mai tai nudc ngoai giup tim kiem thong tin ve nganh va linh vuc ma minh du dinh dau tu, cung nhu chinh sach cua Chinh phu cac quoc gia chau Phi doi vdi nhung hoat dong dau tu linh vuc Co the noi, viec ngan ngua rui ro that bai thieu thong tin tiep can thi trudng chau Phi de dau tu, phan ldn phu thuoc vao tinh hieu qua cua hoat dong xuc tien thuong mai tai chau Phi r 3.2.2 Nhom giaiphap xuatphat turphia doanh nghiep \ 3.2.2.I Nang cao nang luc dau tu cua cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam Chu the cua tien trinh hoi nhap va canh tranh la nha nudc va doanh nghiep Trong do, doanh nghiep nudc truc tiep canh tranh vdi doanh nghiep nudc ngoai tren thi trudng va ngoai nudc Co the thay ro bon diem yeu cua doanh nghiep Viet Nam: (1) so luong doanh nghiep it; (2) quy mo nho, thieu von; (3) cong nghe san xuat kinh doanh nhin chung lac hau; va (4) kha nang quan tri doanh nghiep cdn yeu kem Nhung han che co nguyen nhan khach quan cua mot nen kinh te dang phat trien d trinh thap, dang qua trinh chuyen doi Chinh nhung yeu to da han che kha nang cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam dau tu truc tiep nudc ngoai noi chung va dau tu truc tiep vao chau Phi noi rieng Do do, nang cao nang luc dau tu truc tiep nudc ngoai cua cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam la mot nhung giai phap dung dan de thuc day dau tu truc tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi den nam 2015 Dai da so cac doanh nghiep deu thua nhan la dang no luc tri viec chiem giu vung chac thi phan nudc roi mdi nghi den dau tu truc tiep vao chau Phi Da so cac doanh nghiep tin rang muc canh tranh giua cac san pham la gay gat va cang cao Su khac nghiet cua kinh te thi trudng hien nay, cung su gop mat hoat dong cua nhieu dai gia kinh te the gidi da khien thi trudng nudc ta duoc xem nhu la mo hinh thu nho cua hoat dong kinh te quoc te, vi the cac doanh nghiep phai xac dinh duoc chien luoc mat hang va chien luoc thi trudng dung dan Viec lua chon dung chien luoc thi trudng, chien luoc mat hang de doi 68 moi cong nghe san xuat, cong nghe quan ly; ap dung cac tieu chuan ISO, hoan thien phuong thuc kinh doanh; tao ban sac rieng cua doanh nghiep minh la co so de thu hut khach hang, phat trien thi truong, xay dung thuong hieu Phai tang cudng lien ket hop tac theo chieu doc va chieu ngang; xac lap quan he ban hang va nhanh chong hinh he thong phan phoi Oan nhan thuc rang canh tranh va hop tac luon song hanh hoat dong cua doanh nghiep co che thi trudng Do chinh la nhung nguyen tac can thuc hien de co the nang cao nang luc dau tu cua cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam vao thi trudng chau Phi Ngoai ra, cac doanh nghiep can manh dan bo von dau tu thu hut chat xam ve lam viec cho minh Mot chien luoc dau tu va phat trien nguon nhan luc dung dan se khien cho cac doanh nghiep manh hon canh tranh nuoc va nuoc ngoai nhd vao suc sang tao cua ngudi Doanh nghiep cua ta quy mo nho, von it cang can phai tang cudng lien ket va hop tac Vi vay, cac doanh nghiep phai chon cho duoc nhung ngudi quan tri doanh nghiep co ban linh va Ar a nang luc thuc su Doi ngu quan ly doanh nghiep can co kien thuc ve van hoa, ngudi va phong tuc tap quan cua cac quoc gia chau Phi ma doanh nghiep den dau tu de viec dieu hanh du an duoc thuan loi va hieu qua Dieu se gop Ar a phan nang cao nang luc dau tu truc tiep cua cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam, qua •> a r thuc day dau tu truc tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi Ngoai ra, cac doanh nghiep can dinh huong va xay dung chien luoc kinh doanh lau dai tren co so danh gia chinh xac thi trudng muc tieu va tri uy tin cung nhu thuong hieu cua cac doanh nghiep tren thi trudng; tap trung vao khac phuc tam ly buon ban nho le Doi voi cac doanh nghiep san xuat can phai xay dung nhung he thong san xuat mang chuan muc quoc te Tap trung phat trien va lam chu cong nghe rieng co cua minh, San sang nam bat thdi co va chu dong doi voi thach thuc Lam duoc nhu vay hieu qua kinh doanh se duoc bao dam va tren co so hieu qua kinh doanh ma tang kha nang tich tu von va huy dong von tren thi truong chung khoan Tu doanh nghiep se lon len, manh hon, suc canh 69 tranh se dupe tang cubng, tung bubc hinh nhieu cong ty, tap doan kinh te lon Kien toan to choc va co che hoat dong cua cac hiep hoi nganh hang, bao dam hiep hoi thuc su la cau noi giua doanh nghiep va cac co quan nha nuoc, ho tro co hieu qua cho doanh nghiep viec mb rong thi truong, thiet lap quan he ban hang, xuc tien dau tu va dao tao nguon nhan luc 3.2.2.2 Tim kiem va khai thac cac thi truong trien vong vong va kha de tinh cho cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam tham nhap boi canh cac thi truong Hoa Ky, EU canh tranh cang gay gat, nhieu rao can nhu han ngach, kiem dich, chong ban pha gia Nhieu quoc gia b chau Phi vira trai qua noi chien, moi bat dau di vao phat trien kinh te nen cai gi cung thieu, cai gi cung ban dupe co loi nhuan, thi truong hoang so Dieu kien de nha dau tu di vao cac thi truong cua chau Phi cung rat de dang, boi cac nuoc khoi Lien hiep chau Phi cho phep giao luu hang hoa ma khong tinh thue nen thi truong rat rong lbn Nhung mat hang nhu xe may, dien tu, dien lanh, thuc uong, hang may mac, may nong nghiep, boc tach hat dieu, hat ngo cua Viet Nam, dupe cac chuyen gia nhan dinh, se rat de dang tieu thu b thi truong cac nuoc chau Phi - noi co r r t r 50% dan so song dubi muc ngheo kho - ho thieu hang hoa va khong doi hoi cao ve chat luong Cac chuyen gia cung luu y doanh nghiep muon xuat khau vao chau Phi nen tan dung quy che 4.600 mat hang xuat xu tu EU va Hoa Ky co thue bang Mot dieu quan nua kinh doanh b chau Phi la phai “tay sb, mat thay”, co dai dien tai cho va doanh nghiep phai true tiep di tiep thi, quang ba san pham Tuy nhien, che bao ho hang noi dia cua mot so quoc gia thuoc chau Phi, chang han Nigeria, la rat cao, gay kho cho san pham nhap khau 70 Tu nhung phan tich va danh gia d tren cho thay, thi truong chau Phi la mot thi trudng rat tiem nang doi vdi cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam Neu biet tan dung nhung uu the va co hoi dau tu thi cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam hoan toan cd the chiem linh thi trudng chau Phi, qua gop phan thuc day dau tu true tiep cua Viet Nam vao chau Phi r r r 3.2.2.3 Hoach dinh chien luoc marketing quoc te Dau tu true tiep nudc ngoai la hinh thuc tham nhap thi trudng d bac cao Thong thuong cac doanh nghiep thuong thuc hien xuat khau san pham, marketing san pham tai thi trudng chau Phi trudc cho thi truong quen vdi san pham cua minh roi mdi tien hanh dau tu hay neu co tiem luc hon thi vua dau tu vua tien hanh marketing san pham tai thi trudng chau Phi Hau het cac doanh nghiep deu cho rang canh tranh khong chi ve gia ma ve dich vu va gia tri gia tang cua san pham thong qua chat luong kieu dang hang hda Giai phap tot nhat la cac doanh nghiep tu bao ve minh bang each dang ky quyen bao > r r r r ho ve nhan hieu, kieu dang cong nghiep xu the hoi nhap kinh te quoc te Marketing quoc te la chien luoc hoan toan phu hop vdi muc dich ngan han cua cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam, tao nen tang vung chac cho cac doanh nghiep tien den dau tu true tiep vao chau Phi Ben canh viec da dang hda thi trudng thi doanh nghiep can phai tap trung vao thi trudng diem, thi trudng cd ty le thi phan cao - nhung noi ma dupc dinh huong la thi trudng tieu thu san pham lau dai, cd kha nang ldn de trd noi Viet Nam dau tu sang Dong thdi chu vao chuyen mon hda ve mot san ma minh cd loi the nhat tren co sd phu hop vdi tap quan, dieu kien xa hoi cua tung thi trudng Neu doanh nghiep cd chien luoc dau tu lau dai tai thi trudng chau Phi thi nen xem xet tuong lai gan thiet lap van phong dai dien, tham chi hop tac vdi mot sd doanh nghiep de md trung tam thuong mai tai chau Phi thuoc sd 71 hau cua doanh nghiep Viet Nam, nham chu dong hon viec dua hang hoa sang chau Phi Ngoai ra, cac doanh nghiep phai khong ngung nang cao nhan thuc ve vai tro quang cao qua trinh quang ba thuong hieu va san pham tai thi truong chau Phi va xay dung cac quy tai chinh cho hoat dong quang cao, khuyen mai Cac chuong trinh quang cao, khuyen mai can co tam, diem va khong nen phan tan nham dat hieu qua cao dieu kien luon bi han hep ve tai chinh so voi cac doanh nghiep nuoc ngoai khac Ben canh do, cac doanh nghiep dau tu truc tiep vao chau Phi can phai lap mot bo phan chuyen biet ve marketing co cau to chuc cua minh x ? r r Doanh nghiep can chu y den dac diem cua tung thi truong thuoc cac quoc gia chau Phi ma co chinh sach kinh doanh phu hop Mot mat can phai giu uy tin kinh doanh, mat khac can kheo leo tranh thu khoang cua luat dieu kien co the, de san pham chung ta nhanh chong chiem giu thi truong Co den 63% doanh nghiep mot khao sat duoc thuc hien gan day dong y rang bao ve thuong hieu va hoach dinh chien luoc marketing tai nuoc ngoai la can thiet, dieu cang khang dinh them rang hoach dinh va van dung chien luoc marketing quoc te cua doanh nghiep Viet Nam giai doan hien co y nghia cuc ky quan trong viec tiep can thi truong nuoc ngoai de co the tham nhap va tien hanh dau tu truc tiep, co thi truong chau Phi 3.2.2.4 Huy dong va tich tu von de mo rong tai dau tu, tang sue canh tranh tren thuong truong quoc te Nang luc cua doanh nghiep Viet Nam ve von khong manh, ben canh kinh nghiem quan ly han che nen viec canh tranh doi voi cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh cung linh vuc tai nuoc tiep nhan dau tu la rat khoc liet Mot khao sat cho thay co 30% doanh nghiep chua chuan bi von de san sang dau tu truc tiep \ r \ r x vao chau Phi Hau het cac du an dau tu truc tiep nuoc ngoai cua Viet Nam deu la nhung du an moi bat tay vao thuc hien, nen can phai tap trung mot luong von 72 lon dau tu vao cor so vat chat, trang thiet bi Hoat dong san xuat kinh doanh chi r r \ r \ r a e moi bat dau nen so von thu hoi tu hoat dong dau tu cdn han che, loi nhuan chuyen ve nuoc chua nhieu Thuc te cho thay, mot so du an chi ton tai duoc mot thdi gian ngan su thieu hut von, tham chi thieu von da khien cho hoat dong san xuat kinh doanh bi tri tre, gian doan, buoc nha dau tu phai ngimg thuc hien du an Mat khac, xuat phat diem cua kinh te Viet Nam thap, von nuoc chua du nen chung ta khong cd nhu cau va khong khuyen khich dem von di cho khac r a •> a Do do, doanh nghiep can tang cudng tich tu von de md rong tai dau tu, tang sue canh tranh tren thuong trudng quoc te; van dung moi hinh thuc huy dong von dau tu bang nhieu phuong thuc, cd viec thuc hien cong khai hoa tai r A A chinh de dan duoc niem yet tren thi trudng chung khoan, nham chu dong r r r a viec tim kiem nguon von, khai thac thi trudng; tim each tiep can va tan dung su ho tro ve von cua cac to chuc quoc te danh cho cac hoat dong dau tu true tiep r r vao chau Phi doi voi cac doanh nghiep thuoc khu vuc kinh te tu nhan A A 3.2.2.5 Lua chon nhieu hinh thuc dau tu thich hop Cd nhieu hinh thuc dau tu true tiep nuoc ngoai, nhien khong phai hinh thuc nao cung phu hop voi doanh nghiep Viet Nam ap dung vao thi trudng chau Phi Do vay, cac doanh nghiep can can trong viec lua chon hinh thuc dau tu thich hop de dem lai hieu qua cao nhat Hien tai, dau tu theo hinh thuc lien doanh la su lua chon nhieu nhat doi voi cac doanh nghiep, tiep theo la hinh thuc hop dong hop tac kinh doanh; nhien, qua ket qua nghien cuu tu nhieu goc khac thi hinh thuc 100% von nudc ngoai du van cdn han che nhat dinh, nhung cac nha dau tu Viet Nam nen uu tien lua chon de dupe tu minh quan ly du an Hinh thuc dau tu cung thuong dupe ap dung cho cac du an vua va nho, phu hpp vdi kha nang tai chinh non tre cua cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam, nhat la doanh nghiep tu nhan Linh vuc dau tu thuong su dung hinh thuc la nhung nganh doi hoi von it, hoac rui ro thap nhu cong nghiep nhe, cong nghiep thuc pham, nong lam nghiep, du lich, dich vu (tu van dau tu, ho trp thuong mai ) Hinh thuc lien doanh phu hop voi cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam viec giam thieu rui ro tiep can thi trudng moi Kinh nghiem cua Trung Quoc, Dai Loan, Thai Lan cho thay thdi ky mdi bat dau dau tu nudc ngoai, doanh nghiep cac nudc thuong ap dung hinh thuc lien doanh hon la dau tu 100% von nham tan dung su thong thuoc thi trudng, phap luat cua ben doi tac nudc sd tai va giam chi phi dau tu Tuy nhien, thdi gian qua hinh thuc khong dat duoc hieu qua nhu mong doi xay nhieu tranh chap Hinh thuc hop dong hop tac kinh doanh thuong la ket qua cua su hop tac giua chinh phu Viet Nam vdi chinh phu nudc tiep nhan thong qua cac hiep dinh Hinh thuc budc dau da to kha hieu qua, dem lai nguon loi ldn cho Viet Nam vi r a nhan dupc nhieu uu dai tur chinh phu nudc tiep nhan Ngoai ra, cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam cung nen khai thac dau tu theo hinh thuc BOT vdi cac doi tac truyen A A thong nhu Lao va Campuchia cac du an phat trien co sd tang rr a 3.2.2.6 Tan dung quyen thuong tru tai mot so quoc gia phat trien Mot nhung mdi quan tam thudng true cua nhung doanh nhan dat d Viet Nam la lam co the canh tranh ngang tam vdi cac dong nghiep cua minh d nudc ngoai Noi each khac, neu co dupc nhung dieu kien phat trien giong a •> r nhu nhung doi tac lam an do, ho co the tu minh true tiep md rong hoat dong kinh doanh tai nhung thi trudng ldn nhu Bac My va Tay Au cung nhu dau tu vao thi trudng tiem nang nhu chau Phi Hien cd kha nhieu doanh nhan rat cong d nudc, ho mong muon tim each khuech truong cong viec kinh doanh cua minh ngang tam quoc te, nhien cd mot sd yeu to gay it nhieu trd ngai han nhu viec xuat khau va tieu thu hang hoa phai le thuoc vao cac doi tac nhap khau d nudc ngoai, vi ho khong the tu minh dung nhap khau vao cac thi trudng Hoac cac thu tuc phuc tap de xin visa nhap canh vao cac quoc gia cung gay cham tre va co the lam Id mat co hoi kinh doanh, doanh nhan Viet 74 Nam can nhanh chong tham du cac su kien nhu hoi cho trien lam hay cac dot r •> r tiep thi dai de tiep can hieu qua khach hang Cac van de tuong tu nhu vay co the khac phuc duoc hoan toan, neu nhu doanh nhan biet tan dung mot huong di va co hoi dac biet ma cac dong nghiep lang gieng da biet khai thac tu kha lau Cu the, co mot so quoc gia phat trien (Canada, Australia ) cho phep cac cong dan nuoc ngoai duoc so huu quyen thuong tru thong qua hinh thuc dau tu hay kinh doanh Da co rat nhieu z z doanh nhan Trung Quoc, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia biet van dung co a > A hoi de so huu quyen thuong tru nhung nam gan day Voi tu cach do, ho da huong duoc nhung dieu kien thuan loi va nang cao uy tin de mo mang kinh doanh rat hieu qua tu hai phia, ca o thi truong nuoc ngoai lan thi truong ban xu cua ho Nhung tu cach thuong tru hoan toan khong co gi bat tien cho cong viec dieu hanh kinh doanh thuong xuyen o Viet Nam Boi le, doanh nhan co the tan huong nhung uu the thuong tru tai Canada de mo rong kinh doanh o Bac My z va Tay Au, ma van co the tiep tuc sinh song va dieu hanh co ngoi lam an tai Viet t r e e Nam Hon nua, ho co the tiep can nhung hinh thuc dau tu tai san co loi va an Z Z Z # Z toan o Bac My, de bao ve tuong lai tai chinh khoi nhung bat trac ngoai du kien z 3.2.2.7 Tang cuong lien ket va nang cao hieu qua lien ket hop tac giua cac r doanh nghiep, truoc het la giua cac doanh nghiep dau tu vao chau Phi Tang cuong lien ket giua cac doanh nghiep la mot nhung xu huong tat yeu cua nen kinh te thi truong va qua trinh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te Muc tieu bao trum cua su hop tac, gan ket kinh te giua cac doanh nghiep qua trinh dau tu nuoc ngoai la khai thac va su dung hieu qua cac nguon luc; tang cuong suc canh tranh tong the cua nen kinh te cung nhu cua tung doanh nghiep; khong ngung nang cao loi nhuan cua doanh nghiep, loi l'ch kinh te xa hoi cung nhu loi ich cua doanh nghiep va nguoi tieu dung boi canh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te va canh tranh gay gat giua cac doanh 75 nghiep Sir hop tac kinh te giua cac nganh va cac doanh nghiep khac cua mot quoc gia se gop phan lam cho nen kinh te cua quoc gia manh len, nang cao uy tin va nang luc canh tranh qua trinh dau tu nude ngoai, tao co so de ho tro qua trinh san xuat, kinh doanh theo xu the hoi nhap va toan cau hoa De lam duoc nhu vay, Nha nudc can co nhung chinh sach khuyen khich, ho tro cac doanh nghiep hop tac, giup do, tuong tro lan cung phat trien, co the la lien ket giua cac doanh nghiep thuoc cac phan kinh te khac (doanh nghiep nha nudc, doanh nghiep co von dau tu nudc ngoai, doanh nghiep thuoc phan kinh te tu nhan ), giua dia phuong vdi dia phuong khac qua trinh dau tu nudc ngoai, dac biet la dau tu sang chau Phi Co the lap mot hiep hoi hoac mot to chuc lien ket giua cac doanh nghiep dau tu nudc ngoai, co dau tu sang chau Phi, tro tieng noi chung cho cac doanh nghiep va gop phan tao tien de va co so cho hoat dong dau tu nudc ngoai phat trien, dac biet la dau tu sang thi truong tiem nang nhu chau Phi Ngoai ra, co the de xuat mot so bien phap nang cao hieu qua lien ket hop tac giua cac doanh nghiep, dac biet la cac doanh nghiep dau tu vao chau Phi nhu: mo rong linh vuc va pham vi hop tac, khong chi goi gon cac linh vuc dau tu thong thuong ma can mo rong da nganh, da linh vuc, tao the canh tranh cua cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam so vdi cac doanh nghiep quoc te khac hoat dong dau tu nudc ngoai, cu the la dau tu vao chau Phi; mo rong va phat trien cac kenh hop tac va mang tinh truc tiep, cac doanh nghiep dang cang chu dong tu minh tim kiem va to chuc hop tac dau tu, cac kenh hop tac co to chuc cang duoc quan tam kien toan, hoat dong co bai ban hon (vi du, to chuc cac doan doanh nghiep di nghien cuu thi truong nudc, nuoc ngoai ); cac dich vu ho tro kinh doanh va xuc tien dau tu, xuc tien thuong mai dang co su khoi sac ro ret, truc tiep tao dieu kien va thuc day su hop tac, lien ket giua cac doanh nghiep thuoc cac phan kinh te khac 76 nhau, cac nganh nghe kinh doanh khac nhung cung co chung mot thi trudng dau tu la chau Phi; ngoai ra, can coi va nang cao nhan thuc hieu qua kinh te hup tac, lien ket giua cac doanh nghiep; hoan thien moi trudng phap ly, tao dong luc cho cac doanh nghiep cung lien ket va phat trien 3.3 Kien nghi nhu’ng dieu kien die thu’c hien giai phap 3.3.1 Doi vo’i Chinh phu va cue co' quan quan ly nha nu'6'c Dang va Nha nudc Viet Nam da xac dinh phat trien quan he thuong mai vdi chau Phi la mot nhung nhiem vu quan khong the thieu chien luoc phat trien kinh te xa hoi cua Viet Nam Tuy nhien, de co the thuc hien dupc chu truong tren, dac biet la de ho tro cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam hoat dong dau tu truc tiep sang chau Phi, Chinh phu Viet Nam can: Thu' nhat, tiep tuc tang cudng cac cuoc vieng tham va trao doi cac doan r r r lanh dao cap cao, doan cap Bo, nganh va tan dung co hoi gap go cap cao tai cac dien dan quoc te nham thuc day quan he huu nghi va hop tac giua Viet Nam vdi chau Phi Thong qua cac cuoc vieng tham va trao doi cac doan lanh dao cao cap, can day manh hop tac thuong mai cua Viet Nam vdi mot so nudc len ngang tam vdi quan he chinh tri da co, dong thdi phai phan dau ky ket dupc cac van ban X A X r t hop tac quan de tao tien de cho viec dau tu truc tiep nudc ngoai cua cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam r •> r x Thu’ hai, tiep tuc doi mdi va hoan thien chinh sach khuyen khich dau tu sang cac nudc chau Phi Hoat dong dau tu truc tiep sang chau Phi se gop phan giup Viet Nam va cac doanh nghiep nudc thay doi co cau kinh te, co cau san xuat theo hudng hien dai hon, mang lai hieu qua cao hon De day manh dau tu truc tiep vao chau Phi mot cach hieu qua, can: ■ Xay dung he thong phap luat de co the bao ve quyen loi cua cac doanh nghiep nudc qua trinh dau tu nudc ngoai, hoan thien cac quy dinh ve dau tu nude ngoai, tranh tinh trang dau tu kinh doanh khong hop phap d nude ngoai; ■ Cai each quan ly hanh ehinh ve dau tu nude ngoai theo hudng don gian hoa thu tue, phan ro traeh nhiem eua eae Bo qua trinh tham dinh du an dau tu nude ngoai, md rong quyen tu ehu eho eae doanh nghiep quyet dinh ■ dau tu, dua danh mue eae linh vue khuyen khieh dau tu; ■ Xay dung ehien luge dau tu nude ngoai, dua eae dinh hudng thi trudng dau tu eho eae doanh nghiep dua tren quan he huu nghi san eo va eae r thoa ude, ky ket eua Viet Nam vdi eae nude ehau Phi r r ■ Ban hanh eae ehinh saeh thue eo tinh khuyen khieh vdi eae doanh a r nghiep dau tu true tiep sang ehau Phi Thu ba, thue hien phan eong phoi hgp dong bo eae hoat dong eua eae Bo, ban, nganh nham thue hien eo hieu qua eae bien phap ho trg hoat dong dau tu nude ngoai noi ehung va dau tu true tiep sang ehau Phi noi rieng ■ Bo Ngoai giao: ean quan triet va giao eho eae dai su quan, eo quan lanh su khong ehi lam tot nhiem vu ehinh tri, ngoai giao ma edn lam tot ea nhiem vu kinh te, tang eudng them nhan su, dae biet la nhan su eho linh vue kinh te va kinh doanh, sdm khae phue tinh trang kiem nhiem nhu hien d eae nude ehau Phi; hoan thien eong thong tin de eung eap kip thdi, day du, eae thong tin ve luat phap, ehinh saeh, van hoa eho eae doanh nghiep Viet Nam Dai su quan phai thue su la eo quan ngoai giao eua Viet Nam d nude ngoai thay mat nha nude Viet Nam to ehue tot eae hoat dong ho trg doanh nghiep va eung nude ban giai quyet kip thdi eae vudng mae phat sinh san xuat kinh doanh, gop phan lam giam thieu rui ro va thiet hai eho eae doanh nghiep ■ Bo Thuong mai: 78 •S To chuc tot cong tac hoi cho, trien lam tai thi truong chau Phi, quang ba, khuyech truong hinh anh thuong hieu, ho tro doanh nghiep xay dung cac kho ngoai quan, thiet lap kenh phan phoi va cac showroom ban hang true tiep tai thi truong chau Phi; •S Hinh mot kenh cung cap thong tin ve thi trudng, doi tac mot each kip thoi, dam bao tin cay cho cac doanh nghiep; •S Ban hanh cac chinh sach hop ly ve quan ly va phat trien thuong mai giua Viet Nam va chau Phi, de xuat voi Chinh phu de co nhung dieu chinh thich hop ve co che, chinh sach doi vdi hoat dong thuong mai Viet Nam - chau Phi noi chung va hoat dong dau tu true tiep cua Viet Nam sang chau Phi noi rieng; V Xuc tien xay dung de an phat trien quan he thuong mai Viet Nam - chau Phi 3.3.2 Doi voi cac doanh nghiep ■ Can tich cue, kien tri hon viec tim kiem thong tin va thuc hien kinh doanh tai thi trudng chau Phi Xay dung chien lupc tham nhap thi trudng chau Phi thich hop tren co so loi the so sanh cua doanh nghiep; ■ Can thuc day cac cuoc gap go, trao doi true tiep vdi cac ban hang chau Phi ve nhu cau, thdi quen, tap quan tieu dung cua mdi nudc de cd chien luge dau tu phu hop; ■ Do khoang each ve dia ly nen cac doanh nghiep dau tu true tiep sang chau Phi can nghien cuu, xem xet, can nhac, lua chon viec md kho ngoai quan, showroom ban hang d nudc so tai; ■ Can nghien cuu, khao sat ky thi trudng chau Phi truoc dua cac quyet dinh dau tu Day chinh la phuong phap huu hieu nhat de cac doanh nghiep tim cac linh vuc cd nhieu co hoi dau tu; 79 ■ Cac doanh nghiep can tang cuong su lien ket vdi de dau tu true tiep vao chau Phi, dong thoi can lien he, hop tac chat che vdi Viet kieu dang sinh song, lam viec tai chau Phi Day chinh la dieu kien thuan loi de cac doanh nghiep am hieu moi truong, tap quan cung nhu phap luat, chinh sach cua nudc so tai; ■ Tim kiem cac doi tac co the manh de hop tac dau tu kinh doanh Do da so cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam dau tu nudc ngoai chi manh ve mot vai linh vuc kinh doanh nen cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam can tim cac doanh nghiep cua nudc so tai hoac cac doanh nghiep nudc ngoai dang hoat dong tai de hop tac nham bo sung nhung thieu hut ve von, cong nghe, nhan luc - Can lua chon hinh thuc dau tu phu hop, thuoc vao nang luc, the manh cua doanh nghiep 80 KET LUAN r r r Chau Phi vdi 54 quoc gia va tren 850 trieu dan, chiem khoang 1/8 dan so the gidi So vdi cac thi trudng khac, thi trudng chau Phi tuong doi de tinh, khong qua khat khe viec tiep nhan hang hoa ca ve chat luong cung nhu ve mau ma De phat trien kinh te, cac nudc thuoc khu vuc chau Phi cung dang dua cac chinh sach khuyen khich dau tu, thu hut dau tu truc tiep nudc ngoai Khi noi ve hoat dong dau tu truc tiep nudc ngoai cua cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam, rat nhieu ngudi khang dinh la viec chua the xay duoc, vi tiem luc kinh te nudc thap, nen kinh te nudc van can nhung nguon von ldn de dau tu phat trien thi lam co the noi den viec dau tu nudc ngoai r a r y r Qua that, mot thuc te can phai chap nhan la suc canh tranh cua nen kinh te Viet Nam van kem, nen de tro nha dau tu nudc ngoai manh me Viet Nam phai nang cap suc manh cua ca nen kinh te Dieu can duoc thuc hien mot thdi gian dai Doanh nghiep Viet Nam can nhan thuc rang dau tu truc tiep nudc ngoai noi chung va sang chau Phi noi rieng la mot kenh dau tu dem lai nhieu co hoi kinh doanh Dau tu truc tiep nudc ngoai cung la mot phuong thuc tham nhap thi trudng the gidi, tranh duoc hang rao bao ho cang tinh vi ma cac nudc dang ap dung hien nay; la thdi co de cac doanh nghiep mo nhieu co hoi kinh doanh mdi, co dieu kien hoc tap kinh nghiem cung nhu phuong phap quan ly tien tien cua cac nudc tren the gidi Khi thi phan nudc da nam vung thi doanh nghiep can khong hai long vdi ban than va khong thoa man vdi nhung gi minh co de manh dan dau tu truc tiep nudc ngoai Va, cung chinh la ly de de tai nghien cuu ddi 81 DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO • • Do Due Binh (2006), “Quan diem va mot so giai phap thuc day quan he thuong mai Viet Nam - Chau Phi ”, Ky yeu hoi thao khoa hoe “Quan he thuong mai Viet Nam - Chau Phi - Thuc trang va giai phap”, Dai hoe Kinh te quoe dan Do Due Binh va PGS.TS Nguyen Thuong Lang (2008), “Giao trinh kinh te quoc te”, Ha Noi Bo Thuong mai (2000), “Viet Nam huong tdi the ky 2P\ Ha Noi Trinh Cuong (2006), “Chau Phi chien luoc cua cac nudc ldn ”, Tap ehi Cong san, so thang nam 2006 Dang eong san Viet Nam (2006), “Van kien Dai hoi Dang toan quoc lan thu X” Nha xuat ban ehinh tri quoe gia, Ha Noi Dai su quan Nam Phi tai Viet Nam (2005), “Kham pha Nam Phi ”, Ha Noi Do Hai (2003), “Quan he Viet Nam - Chau Phi., Co hoi phat trien the ky XXI”, Tap ehi Tai ehinh Doanh nghiep (so 8) Hoang Xuan Hda (2003), “Quan diem cua Dang va Nha nudc Viet Nam ve hoi nhap kinh te quoc te Hoi thao thuong mai' Viet Nam tien r r r trinh hoi nhap Kinh te quoc te” Bo thuong mai va Dai hoe Ngoai thuong , Phdng Thuong mai va Cong nghiep Viet Nam (2005), “Hoi thao hop tac thuong mai — dau tu Nam Phi — Viet Nam ”, Ha Noi 10 Ngguen Van Thuong (2007), “he thho’ng mai Viet Nam - chhu Phi thuc trang va giai phap ”, Ha Noi 11 Truong Dai hoe Kinh te quoe dan (2006), “Ky yeu Hoi thao khoa hoc: “Quan he thuong mai Viet Nam - chau Phi - Thuc trang va giai phap”, Ha Noi