Phát triển mối quan hệ giữa việt nam và fao trong công cuộc đổi mới và hội nhập của nông nghiệp việt nam

SO CIAO DUC VA DAO TAO c ■' I C KINH TE QUOC DAN r-J r: “ T » A? ? $ | fe U A 11 LUAN AN HA NOI-1998 — BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN Vu Ngoc Tien PHAT TRIEN MOI QUAN HE■ GltfA VIET NAM VA FAO ■ TRONG CONG CUOC DOI MCJl PHAT TRIEN VA HOI CUA NONG NGHIEP VIET NAM ■ NHAP ■ ■ ■ LUAN AN THAC SI QUAN TRIo KINH DOANH QUOC TE ■ chuyen nganh Quan tri kinh doanh quoc te TRUNG TAM TL.TT THUVIEN PHONG ’ UAN AN - LUAN VAN —— - ■■ ■ ■ Huong dan khoa hoc GS PTS To Xuan Dan Mb ■ Ha Noi 1998 MUC LUC Muc luc i Bang cac chir viet tat sir dung Iuan van iv Phan mo dau v Chirong I FAO - Kha nang va vai tro quan he kinh te quoc te .1 1.1 Mot so net chung v6 t6 chiic quoc t£ 1.1.1 Tfnh tat yeu cua su hinh cac To chiic quoc te 1.1.2 Vai net lich sir 1.1.3 Dinh nghia To chiic quoc te 1.1.4 PhSn loai To chiic quoc te 1.1.5 Mot so nhan dinh ve vai tro cua cac to chiic quoc te 1.1.6 Lien hop quoc - cac co quan chuyen mon cua no 1.2 To chiic Nong nghiep va luong thirc cua Lien hop quoc (FAO) va vai tro cua no 11 1.2.1 Lich sir hinh FAO 11 1.2.2 Nhung iru the dac biet cua FAO 13 1.2.3 Nhung cai each cua FAO 16 1.2.3.1 Tfnh ta't yeu cua nhung cai each 16 1.2.3.2 Noi dung nhung cai each 17 1.2.3.3 Nhung tac dong den hoat dong cua FAO Viet nam 18 1.2.4 FAO co cS'u dieu phoi chung cua Lien hop quoc tai Viet nam 19 Chuong II Doi tac Viet nam va tro giiip ky thuat cua FAO 23 2.1 Boi canh kinh t£ xa hoi Viet nam tir FAO bat dau hoat dong Viet nam den 23 2.1.1 Nhung van de chung ve moi trubng 23 2.1.2 Moi trudng chfnh sach, kinh te, xa hoi nude va quoc te tac dong cua no doi vdi su phat trien kinh te xa hoi 25 2.1.2 j Giai doan 1978-1988 25 2.1.2.2 Giai doan 1989- 27 ii 2.1.2.3 Nhirng thach thuc moi doi hoi cap thiet nhung giai phap thfch hop nham tiep tuc phat trien ben vimg 30 2.2 Doi tac Viet nam quan he vdi FAO 2.2.1 Quan diem, muc tieu va ke hoach phat trien quoc gia qua cac thdi ky th 1978 den 31 2.2.2 Nhirng dinh che va the che Viet nam quan he doi tac voi FAO ’ ’ 38 2.2.2.1 Nghi dinh87/CP 40 2.2.2.2 Khuon khochien hrqc quoc gia 42 2.3 Tong quan va cac xu hudng cua trq giup ky thuit cua FAO 20 nam qua 44 2.3.1 Tong quan 44 2.3.2 Cac xu hudng cua vien trq ky thuat FAO thuc hien 47 2.3.2.1 Xu hudng theo khu vuc hay nganh 47 2.3.2.2 Xu hudng theo nguon tai chfnh 50 2.3.2.3 Xu hudng theo hoat dong chuyen mon 53 2.3.2.4 Xu hudng theo vung dia ly 57 Chuong III Thanh cong va van de quan he Viet nam va FAO Nhurng kien nghi va giai phap 59 3.1 Y nghTa, tarn quan cua trq giup ky thuat cua FAO 59 3.2 Nhirng bai hoc 62 Bai hoc 63 Bai hoc 66 Bai hoc 68 3.3 Nhung kien nghi va giai phap 71 Kien nghi 72 Kien nghi 74 Kien nghi 78 Ket luan 80 Tai lieu tham khao 83 Tieng Viet 83 Tieng Anh va Phap 84 iii BANG CIH VIET TAT ADB - Asian Development Bank - Ng&n hang phat trien chau A FAO - Food Agriculture Organization - To chiic Nong nghiep va Luong thuc IFAD - International Funds for Agriculture Development - QuT Phat trien nong nghiep quoc t£ IMF - International Monetery Funds - QuT Tien t6 quoc te ILO - International Labour Oganization - To chiic Lao dong quoc X& TA - Technical Asistance - Tro giiip ky thuat TCP - Technical Cooperation Programme - Chuong trinh hop tac ky thuat UNDAF - United Nations Development Asistance Framework - Khuon kho Vien tro Phat trien cua Lien hop quoc UNFPA - United Nations Funds for Population Activities - QuT cho cac hoat dong dAn so cua Lien hop quoc UNICEF - United Nations Children Funds - QuT nhi dong cua Lien hop quoc UNIDO - United Nations for Industry Development Oganization - Td chiic phat trien cong nghiep Lien hop quoc UNDCP - United Nations for Drug Control Programme - Chuong trinh Kiem soat ma Lien hop quoc UNDP - United Nations Development Programme - Chuong trinh phat trien Lien hop quoc WB - World Bank - Ngan hang the gidi WFP - World Food Programme - Chuong trinh luong thuc the gidi Phan ma dau 1- Tinh cap thiet cua de tai nghien cufu FAO la mot to chile chuydn mon Ion nha't he thong Lien hop quoc duqc lap 16 thang 10 nam 1945 vdi khau hieu "FIAT PANIS" Hay de cho ta't ca moi ngubi deu co banh my FAO co chdc nang va nhiem vu nang cao mile song va dinh duong, cai thien nang sua't nong nghiep, va tao nhung dieu kien song tot hon cho dan cu nong thon La mot vien gia dinh Lien Hop Quoc, FAO bat ddu trq giup Viet Nam til 1978, mot nude co truyen thong nong nghiep, vdi 80% dan so song nong thon Viec nhin nhan sau sac hon su hop tac quan he Viet NamFAO la mot van de cap thiet vi: FAO la mot co quan chuyen mon Ion nha't cua LHQ, mot nhung co quan quoc te co hoat dong sdm nha't Viet Nam vb nong nghiep theo nghia rong va phat trien nong thon Day la mot linh vuc co tfnh song cua nen kinh te Viet Nam suot qua trinh chuyen doi, kinh te Viet Nam phai la'y nong nghiep lam co sb va 80% dan so song nhb vao nong nghiep 20 nam hoat dong b Viet Nam, FAO da giup hoach dinh cac chfnh sach, chuyen giao cong nghe, thong tin, dao tao can bo khoa hoc ky thuat cung nhu quan ly linh vuc nbng nghiep va phat trien nong thon theo nghia rong (bao gom ca lam nghiep, thuy san), tao dieu kien cho nganh nong nghiep Viet Nam giao luu va hoi nhap vdi the gidi Nhung hoat dong da gop phan tac dong tfch cue den viec hinh mot tu duy, mot moi trudng cho nen kinh th nong nghiep cua Viet Nam phat trien theo cor che thi trudng Day co le la mot dong gop cd tac dong chua the danh gia het duqc cua FAO vao cong cuoc phat trien kinh th b Viet Nam thbi gian qua Boi canh quoc th va Viet nam dang co nhung thay doi manh vb cha't FAO luon dieu chinh minh de trq giup tot nha't theo dung ton chi muc dich ma cac sang lap vien da de ttr hon 50 nam Ban than FAO cung khong nam V ngoai nhung qui luat van dong Nhirng boi canh quoc te tac dong true tiep den FAO cung lam to chtrc chuyen mon Ion nhA't cua Lien Hop Quoc phai thfch ung de ton tai va di len tnrdc nhirng doi hoi mdi cua thdi dai Hai ben doi tac quan he hop tac phat trien Vidt Nam va FAO la hai yeu to luon vAn dong phat trien, moi quan he giua hai yeu to dong cung luon vAn dong FAO luon phai nghien cun boi canh quoc te, nude cua Viet nam, nhu cAu cua Viet nam tung boi canh; ngupc lai Viet nam phai hieu ro duqc kha nang cua FAO tren the gidi va doi vdi Viet nam Co nhu vAy quan he moi duqc dAy manh ♦ Viet Nam vita ldn dau to chuc d cAp quoc gia viec kiem diem 20 nam hop tac voi Lien Hop Quoc noi chung co FAO hai 11 va 12 thang nam 1997, tai Ha Noi Nhung cong va han che dong thdi nhirng bai hoc rut chi duqc danh gia chu yeu d muc vi mo chung cho tdt ca cac co quan Lien hop quoc co mat tai Viet nam Do vAy, nhung danh gia rieng ve dong gop cua FAO, vdi nhirng dac diem rieng cua nd chua duqc dat vdi dung tAm cd y nghla cua nd ♦ Khac vdi Qui cua Lidn Hop Quoc nhu UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF, UNDCP hay cac dinh che tai chfnh qudc te IMF, WB, ADB, FAO hoat dong chuydn mon , khong hoat dong ITnh vuc cung cAp tai chfnh cho phat trien tire la dua vao nhirng nguon tai chfnh Idn Nhung cung khong cd nghla la cac hoat dong cua FAO theo hudng "phuc vu cho dau tu phat trien" khong cd nhung nguon tai chfnh quan hd trq ♦ FAO chi giup tao nhirng tien de ky thuat can thiet cho phat trien thdng qua trq giup ky thuAt (technical assistance) Vai tro va dong gop cua FAO phai duqc xem xet dudi goc chu khong the dua tren so tai chfnh dong gop Mac du nhieu nam, chuong trinh cua FAO d Viet Nam ldn hon bA't ctr nude nao d chAu A ca ve so luqng du an lAn so tien dAu tu (trong tai khoa nam 1996-1997 so du an TCP va so tien FAO danh cho Viet Nam ldn horn cac so tuong ling danh cho Trung Qudc, vi mot nude lorn hon ta rat nhieu ldn) Dau sao, so dong gop tai chfnh cua FAO khong the so sanh dupe vdi dong tidn dau tu true tiep nucrc ngoai FDI cang tang sau lu£t dau tu nude ngoai dupe ban hanh va nhung khoan tin dung khong 16 den hang ty la cua Ngan hang the gidi, IMF hay ADB dupe cam ket danh cho Viet Nam thdi gian gan day Tren thuc te FAO rht hay bi nham lan vdi Chuong trinh luong thuc the gidi WFP Vi le do, cd noi, cd luc vai tro cua FAO chua dupe hieu, nhin nhan thau dao tham chi sai lech hoac danh gia tha'p, dac biet nong nghiep Viet Nam vupt qua dupe ngudng tu tuc luong thuc, xuht khau gao Dieu dan den nhung dinh hudng hay hoat dong chua sat thuc, khong dung vdi kha nang cua FAO va nhu cdu cua Chfnh phu vide su dung vien tro ky thuat cua FAO d Viet Nam • Hieu qua va tac dong cua hop tac FAO-Viet Nam, thong qua tro giup ky thuat, thuc chat dupe the hien thong qua quan he true tiep, cu the vdi mot co quan doi tac ky thuat cua Viet Nam, dieu phoi chung cua cac co quan chfnh phu trung uong, hay moi trudng hoat dong cua su tro giup Nhung quan diem lich su va thuc te hien hanh vd vai tro cua FAO, nhung co ca'u t6 chiic cua cac co quan doi tac b cac cap cua Viet nam lieu da thuc su tao dieu kien viec tiep tuc phat trien moi quan he san co, khai thac toi da cac kha nang cua FAO? Muc dfch cua de tai : • Nghien ciiu hieu ro hon vai tro cua FAO vdi tu each la mot t6 chiic quoc th, co quan chuyen mon cua Lien Hop Quoc quan he kinh th quoc th nham dam bao mot nen an ninh luong thuc ben vfrng cho cac quoc gia, tii xem xet danh gia vai tro cua FAO d Viet Nam • nam Hop tac Viet Nam-FAO, nhung thuc th tro giup ky thuat khong hoan lai Viet Nam da gop phan tao mot moi trudng ve chfnh sach, phap ly, quan ly, cong nghe ky thuat, ve quan he quoc th nhung linh vuc chuyen vii mon cua FAO, tao tien de, co hoi cho cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam phat trien Nhung cong va nhung dieu chua lam dupc nhin nhan th phia FAO va Chrnh phu Viet Nam Cac bai hoc rut su dung trp giup ky thuat cua FAO De nhung khuy&n nghi cho su hoan thien quan he Viet Nam va FAO Doi tuong va pham vi nghien cuu Doi tuong nghien cuu la phia Viet nam doi tac vdi FAO, mot to chuc quoc te, co quan chuyen mon cua he thong Lien hop quoc dang hoat dong o Viet nam hnh vuc nong nghiep va luong thuc Thuc chai doi tuong nghien cuu the hien o cap hoach dinh va cap thuc hien cac hoat dong quan he FAO Viet nam, tac dong cua quan he doi vdi cong cuoc doi moi va hoi nhap cua Viet nam va nguoc lai Muon lam ro dieu pham vi nghien cuu cua de tai tap trung vao quan he doi tac giua Viet nam va FAO, ben vien tro va ben nhan vien tro suot 20 nam qua va nhung thay doi cua boi canh quoc te va nuoc dang dan deh nhung thay doi cua thng ben (dinh che, the che) va th thay doi quan he doi tac giua hai ben Phai lam gi de phat trien moi quan he Phuong phap nghien cuu De tai da su dung cac phuong phap nghien cuu vat lich su, phan tich, so sanh de lam bat moi quan he 20 nam giua a va Viet nam F O Dong gop cua de tai • Lam ro hon nhan thuc o cac cap ve FAO, mot to chuc chuyen mon cua Lien hop quoc, ve ban cha't cua tro giup ky thuat cua FAO boi canh mdi cua quan he quoc te viii va da dang hoa quan he quoc te cua Viet nam hien N&ng cao them nhan thiic ve chfnh phia Viet nam quan he doi tac vdi FAO • Lam ro nhung tuu va khiem khuyet quan he doi tac, hay cua the che va tac nghiep hoach dinh va thuc hien tro giup ky thuat cua FAO cho Viet nam • Rut cac bai hoc va de xuat mot so giai phap nham phat trien hon nua quan he Viet nam-FAO cho thdi gian tori Ket cau cua luan van Ten d6 tai: Phat trien moi quan he giua Viet nam va FAO cong cuoc d6i moi phat trien va hoi nhap cua nong nghiep Viet nam De tai gom chuong Chuong 1: FAO - Kha nang va vai tro quan he kinh te quoc te Chuong 2: Doi tac Viet nam va Tro giup ky thuat cua FAO Thanh cong va van de quan he Viet nam-FAO - Nhung kien nghi va giai phap Chuong 3: 0380 ix Kien nghi 1: Tang cuong cac hinh thuc hop tac, trao doi cu the giura FAO va cac co quan doi tac Viet nam hoach dinh chien luqc, chinh sach, cung nhu cac the thuc doi tac nhUm tao dieu kien cho cac linh vuc hoat dong chuyen mon cua FAO phuc vu tot hon cong cuoc doi mdi va phat trien kinh te Thuc td, khong don gian la mdi quan he true tiep giu'a chinh phu Viet nam va FAO Bdi vi, nhieu nha tai trq khac (WB, ADB, IFAD, Agence Francais de Developement AFD, NGos ) cung cung cap TA cho chfnh phu linh vuc nong nghiep va phat trien nong thon Day la mdi quan he cue rat dong va co cac chieu hudng tac dong khac nhau, nen hqp tac, trao doi cang trd nen can thiet de co thong tin cap nhat va de xua't cac hanh dong chfnh xac, kip thdi Hinh 16 Trudc va giai doan dau cua doi mdi, cd rat ft nha tai trq linh vuc cua FAO, cac nhu cau TA tap trung vao mot sd co quan, nen nhu cdu didu phoi don gian, khdng kho khan gl dd lam viec dd Nay, nhu cdu cua chfnh phu ve TA linh vuc hoat dong cua FAO ldn hon nhidu, dac biet la nong 72 nghiep dang dupe quan tam cang nhidu hem (da nghien cuu ky b chuong II) Nhieu nha tai trq lorn khac co xu hudng tap trung su ho trq cua minh vao cac co quan trung uong co quyen luc nhat, nhung linh vuc dd gay chu y cua qua trinh doi mod phat trien kinh te Dd la mot thuc td dung vi cac co quan dd dang phai duong dau vdi nhieu van de mdi va can duqc giup Tuy nhien, tinh trang dd gay nhidu hoat ddng chong cheo, tham chi canh tranh nhau, lam tap trung qua nhieu nd luc vao mot sd ft bo d trung uong (Bo Ke hoach va Dau tu, Bo Nong nghiep va Phat trien nong thon.) Nhom hd trq quoc te (International Support Group) da to chuc phien hqp chfnh thuc ldn thii theo sang kien cua Bo Nong nghiep va PTNT bao gom dai dien cua cong dong cac nha tai trq cho linh vuc nong nghiep dang cd gang khac phuc tinh trang Trong bdi canh nay, cd mot xu hudng dd nhan thay, cac co quan trung uong huu quan Viet Nam dd coi thudng TA cua FAO va nghieng ve phfa cac nha tai trq mdi cd sd luqng tai chfnh ldn hon Can nhan manh lai b day nhung uu the dac biet va tinh trung lap cua FAO ma chung ta da nghien cuu b chuong Day la yeu td thubng bi bo qua xem xet vai tro cua FAO, dac biet la linh vuc "mot" nha't hien nay, tu va'n ve chfnh sach Tam ly cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa ra't dd gap vdi cac tu va'n chien luqc, chfnh sach cua cac nha tai trq ldn nhu WB, ADB vi ho cung mong muon nhung chien luqc phat trien nong nghiep, nong thon b qui mo edn nhung khoan vay ldn (phat trien o at cong nghiep nong thon, lap cac vung nguyen lieu ldn, chan nuoi cong nghiep tap trung vdi qui mo ldn ) dd thuc hien thuan lqi chuong trinh du an cua ho FAO lai nghieng ve phat trien nong ho, giup ho hinh nhung td chuc cua chfnh minh, vdi mdi trudng chfnh sach, co che' phu hqp hd trq phat huy noi luc cua cac te bao kinh td' nong thon Phat huy noi luc, khau hieu ma Dang cong san va chfnh phu Viet nam phat dong phai duqc bat dau th gdc- quydn lqi cua nong dan Vai tro quyet dinh cua chfnh phu giai doan hidn do'i vdi viec didu phoi cac nguon vien trq can phai duqc tang cudng hon bao gib het Kinh nghiem cua nhieu nudc dang phat trien khac cho tha'y chfnh phu cd vai tro ra't manh viec khuyen nghi cac nha tai trq phoi hqp vdi Muon lam nhu vay, cong tac nghien cuu ky cac nha tai trq khac nhau, dd cd FAO, phai duqc thd che hoa tren nhirng co sb manh Chfnh phu mot sd nudc chau Phi, nhu Bb bien nga, thubng cd nhirng ydu cau ra't dtrt khoat FAO tham gia thuc hien nhirng du an cu the cac ngan hang phat trien tai trq Ho tham chi ydu cdu FAO lam cd va'n chfnh dam phan cac khoan tai trq ldn cua cac dinh che' tai chfnh cho khu vuc nong nghiep 73 Day la de tai cdn dupc tim hieu sau them nham lam cho co che hoat dong cua chfnh phu tan dung dupe moi lpi thd cua cac nguon tai trp khac nhau, tranh dirpc o mile cao nhat anh hudng cua nha tai trp theo kieu "anh khong nghe tdi, tdi khong cap tien cho cac chuong trinh phat trien cua anh" Dong thdi phai tan dung dupc tdi da cac lpi the cua cac nguon TA cho cong cuoc phat trien chung Mot sai 1dm nho ve chfnh sach va each ddu tu phat trien thi hau qua se rat nghiem ve sau De nghi cac budc thuc hien: - Trong khuon kho cac ke hoach phat trien cua chfnh phu, edn xac dinh cac uu tien va cac linh vuc quan tam - Xac dinh ro nhu cau (ca nhu cau giup chfnh phu xac dinh cac uu tien) va hinh thuc TA thfch hop doi vdi cac uu tien - Van dd dat boi canh mdi edn phai xac dinh lai mot cac ro rang, tat ca cac cap cua he thdng cac co quan doi tac vdi FAO: Tam quan cua quan he doi tac vdi FAO, nhung uu the cua nd, tfnh chat cua quan he doi tac vdi FAO cd dac thu rieng linh vuc hoat dong chuyen mon cua nd Ben canh viec tfch cue tham gia vao cac hoat dong dieu phoi chung, cuoc hop hang thang giua Dai dien FAO tai Ha Noi va dai dien cua Bo ke hoach va dau tu-Vu vu kinh te doi ngoai phu trach cac quan he da phuong vita dupc an dinh gan day, dang gop phdn tang cudng hieu biet lSn thong qua cac thong tin cap nhat cua hai phfa: => nhu cau cua phfa Viet nam timg giai doan; => thdng nhat ve cac uu tien; thdng tin ve cac de nghi cua chfnh phu doi vdi cac nha tai trp khac; => kha nang dap ling cac yeu cau cua chfnh phu t£r phfa FAO; => thdng nhat phuong an hanh dong Kien nghi 2: Thanh lap mot uy ban FAO cua Vietnam- de ho trp cho cong tac dieu phoi cua Bo ke hoach dau tu Ly do: 74 ♦ Hoat dong dieu phoi TA cua FAO th phfa Bo ke hoach va dau tu hien la qua tai Tren thuc te, can bo chuyen trach ve FAO vu kinh te doi ngoai cua Bo phai quan tam den nhung chi tiet nhd cua cac du an, phai tham gia hau het cac phien hop danh gia cac du an, cudc hop hang thang vdi van phong FAO Ha noi De dap trng kip vdi yeu cau, giai phap cd the la phan cap quan ly mot so trach nhiem ft co tfnh chidn lucre hon cho co quan khac; hoac tang them nguon nhan luc hoac kdt hop ca hai each ♦ Cac hoat dong cua FAO khdng chi gidi han d cac du an TA nhu nhieu ngudi chung ta van quan niem 20 nam qua Khi boi canh kinh te cua Viet nam thay ddi, Vidt nam doi mdi, FAO cung cd nhung cai each cua minh cho phu hop vdi boi canh Do dd phuong thuc tro giup cua FAO cho cac nudc vien cung ducrc da dang hoa Vd hinh thiic cac du an, ben canh cac du an TCP, qui uy thac, UNDP/FAO, chuong trinh thudng xuyen, Tong giam doc FAO mdi dua Chuong trinh dac biet ve An ninh luong thuc tir nam 1994 cho cac nudc cd thu nhap dau ngudi thap, Viet nam cd danh sach cac nudc dupe coi co thu nhap dau ngudi thap Tieu du an Telefood (10.000US$/du an) cung vira dupe thong bao cho cac nudc vien dau nam 1998 Cac kha nang chuyen mon khac cua FAO cung dang dupe tang cudng: FAO quan he vdi WTO va kha nang giup cac nudc vien FAO hoa nhap vao WTO linh vuc ndng san; nhung khuon kho, hiep dinh hpp tac giua FAO vdi cac ngan hang phat trien khu vuc, vdi cac to chiic ca nhan, vdi cac nudc cd kha nang tai chfnh; cac didn dan quoc te, khu vuc, cac hoi nghi chuyen de dinh ky; he thdng bao dong nhanh toan cau ve an ninh luong thuc; he thdng su dung chuyen gia gidi da ve huu, chuyen gia hpp tac Nam-Nam giua cac nudc dang phat trien (Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries), he thdng cac hoc bong tir nhidu trudng dai hoc tren the gidi FAO t6 chiic cho cac nudc dang phat trien, cac mang thdng tin khoa hoc FAO to chiic (ve gia ca cua cac ndng san chfnh tren thi trudng the gidi, ve El Nino, El Nina, AGRIS ), cac an pham Day la nhung van dd ma chuong da cd gang neu nhung khdng bao gid het To chiic FAO cung nhu moi to chiic quoc te khac luon phat trien ♦ Vi the cua Viet nam da bat dau thay doi khu vuc cung nhu tren the gidi Nhung chua co co quan chfnh phu nao nghien ciiu FAO toan dien, tong hpp dd nhin nhan va cd ddi sach chu dong tfch cue Nhin chung cac co quan chfnh phu ddi tac vdi FAO thudng ddi tac theo kieu "su vu", ra't rieng re, lam ngudi a'y biet, "cd tien mdi lam, khdng cd thi thdi" Quan niem nang ve nhan, chua cd the che' cu thd de lam nghia vu, dong gop cho sir nghiep quo'c te', nhu cung ca'p so lieu thong ke hang nam (tong cue thong ke la co quan nha't dupe phep cung ca'p nhung khong lam khdng cd kinh phf), tham dir cac didn dan quo'c te' cd tfnh cha't dai dien 75 (khong tai tro chi phi thi khong di, hay ch dai dien ca'p tha'p khong tuong xifrig ), nhirng kha nang dong gop cua Viet nam cho cac hoat dong cua FAO trp giup cac nude khac chua dupc nghien cuu khai thac co lpi cho ca Viet nam va cac nudc nhan trp giup Do dd, cong cuoc doi mdi can phai nghien cuu ky FAO dang doi mdi thi mdi tan dung dupc mdi quan he Khong thd yeu cau FAO nhirng dieu nam ngoai chuc nang cua nd, cung khong the tan dung het dupc uu the cua FAO neu khong biet nd ky cang Dong thdi thdng qua FAO, Vidt nam cd nhieu co hoi de tiep tuc nang cao vi tri qudc te cua minh ♦ Sau hai muoi nam hop tac phat trien vdi FAO, ndn kinh te nong nghiep Viet nam da cd nhirng budc tien vupt bac ca ve so luong va cha't luong Nhirng tien bo ve so luong thudng dd nhan tha'y, nhung cha't luong chua dupc danh gia dung muc de dieu phoi, sir dung vien trp dupc tdt hon, hieu qua hon Trong nhirng nam 80, vien trp khong hoan lai cua FAO dupc dieu phoi theo kieu "dan deu" hay "mdi ngudi hudng mot ti" Dieu dung vao thdi diem dd, vi d khu vuc nao, co quan nao, vien nao cung edn trp giup De'n giai doan phat trien nhu hien nay, nhu ciiu phat tridn cao them mot na'c nira doi hoi su ket hop cua nhieu chuyen mon khac Nhieu du an TA doi hoi nhung chuyen mon tdng hop, lien nganh, sir ket hop cua cac chuyen gia nhieu chuyen mon khac soan thao du an, tham dinh du an, thuc hien du an va danh gia ket qua cua du an Cach thuc hinh cac y dd du an lien nganh khong the theo ldi cu, thudng la mot co quan phu trach nhirng chuyen mon hep de xua't, thuc hien ma can cd sir can nhac, nghien cuu quan he lien nganh trudc quyet dinh du an va co quan true tiep thuc hien du an va cac co quan c£n phoi hop qua trinh thuc hien dam bao hieu qua cao nha't cua du an ♦ Nghi dinh 87/CP da de cap de'n mot uy ban cua chfnh phu ve ODA nhung chua hinh mot each ro net Phuong each thuc hien Trong hinh 7, ba bo doi tac chfnh vdi FAO: Bo Ke hoach va dau tu, Bo Ngoai giao va bo Tai chfnh ddu cd co quan ca'p dudi thay mat cac cong viec doi tac thudng xuyen Them vao dd tai cac vu ky thuat ma chu yeu la Bo Nong nghiep va phat trien nbng thon cung cd dai dien cua minh doi tac hang voi FAO dd la Vu hop tac qudc te Thuc chat mdi co quan dai dien dd chi cd chuyen vien cao ca'p true tiep lam viec vdi FAO Doi ngu cac NPD da dupc FAO dao tao hien dang cong tac rai rac b cac vu vien thuoc bo Nong nghiep va phat trien nong thon 76 De nghi phdn cua uy ban FAO Viet nam: - Chu tich: Thu trudng phu trach doi ngoai Bo Ke hoach va dau tu - giam doc dieu hanh uy ban Vu vu kinh te doi ngoai, Bo ke hoach va dau tu - chuyen vien chuyen trach ve FAO cua bo: Tai chfnh, Ngoai giao, Ke hoach va ddu tu, Nong nghiep va phat trien nong thon - Tim chuyen vien da hoc qua cac lop dao tao NPD cua FAO, da co kinh nghiem thuc te thuc hien du an FAO, co ngoai ngu, la giam doc Giam doc va cac chuyen vien cua bo la kiem nhiem, Pho giam doc thudng true -Tuy didu kien se co them nhung can bo da duqc FAO dao tao tham gia lam Dieu phoi vien chuyen nghiep cho cac du an FAO (NPC National Project Coordinator) thuc hien cac didu hanh hang cua du an FAO dudi sir chi dao cua NPD la thu trubng cua co quan chu quan De nghi chuc nang nhiem vu: - Dau mdi ve cac luong thong tin giua FAO va Viet nam - Nghien ciru co ban FAO, cac chirc nang, vai tro, cac kha nang tai chfnh bdi canh cai each phat trien cua FAO - Kien nghi ve cac uu tien, cac de nghi dir an hay cac hoat dong khac hop tac vdi FAO - Tu vdn cho ta't ca cac co quan nha nudc va tu nhan ve FAO, va cac thu tuc cua FAO nhu: each lap du an, each thuc hien du an, cac viec edn lam sau ket thuc du an, quan ly tai chfnh cac du an - Tu va'n cho FAO cac va'n dd cua Viet nam lien quan den FAO: cac co quan, chuyen gia nudc tham gia vao cac hoat dong cua FAO - Didu phoi td chuc cac hoat dong khuon kho FAO vdi cac nudc khac: Cac hoc bong, tham quan thuc tap cua dir an FAO thuoc cac nudc khac den Viet nam Cung each hoat dong cua uy ban Tren thuc te chuyen vien thuoc bo van thubng xuyen lien he lam viec vdi FAO Ha noi, cung tham gia cac cuoc hop chfnh thuc cua cac dir an cua FAO b cac co quan chu quan va can thiet ban bac thong nha't quyet dinh cac van dd thuoc chdc nang cua cac bo lien quan den FAO - Pho phu trach thudng true se thuoc bien che' cua Vu kinh te do'i ngoai, Bo ke hoach va ddu tu, lam cong tac nghien cuu co ban, lien he thubng xuyen vdi 77 FAO khu vuc d Bangkok hay Tru sd FAO d Rome, Italy, vdi Dai sii quan ta tai Rome quan he vdi FAO can thiet To chuc cac cuoc hop dinh ky cho giam doc vdi FAO Ha noi theo kien nghi - Cac chuyen vien cua cac bo vin hoat dong theo chuc nang cua ho d cac bo, nhung thudng xuyen trao doi thdng tin vdi Giam doc va giam doc thudng true - Mdi thang cd cuoc hop de thdng nhat ke hoach nghien cuu, hanh dong va cac cuoc hop dot xuat khac cd mot vien thay can trieu tap sau trao doi vdi Giam doc - Doi ngu cac NPC chuyen nghiep lua chon mot sd ngudi cd kinh nghiem d cac bo ky thuat la ddi tac thudng xuyen cua FAO Sd luong se thuoc vao sd luong cac du an dang tridn khai Ho se duoc cac co quan chu quan cd du an tra luong Ho cung se dong gop vao nghien cuu va phat trien cac du lieu lien quan den FAO Day la phuong each de giai quydt nhung van de neu bai hoc Kien nghi Xay dung mot co sb du lieu dupe may tinh hoa ve FAO noi chung va cac hoat dong cua FAO b Viet nam Ly do: ♦ Bai hoc da dupe nhu b tren cac du an FAO (tai lieu du an, cac bao cao ky thuat ve hoat dong cua du an, cac bao cao tdng ket, cac bao cao cua cac ldp huan luyen nudc cung nhu ngoai nudc) chua he dupe thdng nhat luu tru Cac bai hoc dupe due kdt cac du an khac khdng dupe tong ket chung cho moi ngudi, moi nganh su dung ♦ Cac tai lieu thong tin chfnh thuc ve FAO, ve quan he giua FAO vdi Viet nam deu dupe chuyen qua nhidu dudng khac nen luu tru khong tap trung Ve mat chfnh thiic FAO thudng chuyen cac van ban chfnh thuc ve quan he hai ben cho Bo trudng Ngoai giao va Vu cac to chiic quoc te, Bo ngoai giao la dau mdi dieu phoi nhung thudng khdng cd du quyen han yeu cdu cac co quan ngang bo khac thuc hien Vf du nhu cac Questionnaires thudng ky Viet nam phai thuc hien nhu mot nghia vu cua vien Ban chfnh cua Questionnaire dupe chuydn qua Bo ngoai giao nhung Tdng cue thdng ke la co quan chfnh thiic cua nha nudc thuc hien nghia vu thudng khong thuc hien, FAO khdng biet keu Cung nhu vay ddi vdi cac 78 ldi mdi chfnh thuc di dir cac hoi nghi, dien dan chuyen mon mang tfnh dai dien cua cac nirdc vien ♦ Cac san pham thdng tin (bang, dia, microfilm,an pham ) cua FAO hien dupc giri cho ra't nhieu noi (Thu vien khoa hoc ky thuat trung uong, thu vien pho' HCM, thu vien quo'c gia, cac trudng dai hoc, vien nghien ciru nong nghidp, thu vien FAO Ha Noi ) nhung khong co mot dau mo'i tong ket, thd'ng ke, gidi thieu cho cac ban doc biet dd khai thac Khong cd mot noi nao cd mot du lieu day du ve FAO de phuc vu nghien cun nghiem tuc ve FAO Thuc cha't nghien cun vd FAO khong dupc coi cung vi khong quan tam den tu lieu, khong cd tu lidu TA la mot qua trinh hoc hoi, nhung chung ta chua lo de'n noi de'n chon sach Cach thuc hien: Hien cac nha tai trp dang giup dd Bo ke hoach va dau tu lap mot He thd'ng thdng tin cd ke hoach cho quan ly vien trp goi tat la AMIS Co so du lieu cua FAO can dupc qui ve mot mo'i Tuy nhien, Trung tam thdng tin cua Bo Nong nghiep va phat tridn nbng thon la mot co so da dupc FAO giup dd ve co so vat cha't va dao tao can bo la mot cong tac vien quan trong viec Co so du lieu can mot phan mem manh, huu hieu de cap liru trfr cac tai lieu ve FAO Va vi vay khong can nhieu nhan vien, bo may cong kenh Vai tro cua co so du lieu FAO La co va'n cho uy ban FAO Viet nam Khong cd du lieu cong tac nghien ciiu cua uy ban FAO tro nen khong thuc hien dupc hay vo nghia Nhung kie'n nghi ra't can su ring ho va dong gop them cua cac co quan chuc nang mdi cd the thuc hien dupc Tuy nhien nhung kien nghi hoan toan cd tfnh kha thi, khong keo theo nhirng t6 chtrc cong kenh, dong thdi mang lai nhirng cung each lam viec mdi khoa hoc va cd hieu qua hon viec tang cudng quan he vdi FAO Chung ta cd hinh 7a vd quan he FAO vdi cac co quan chfnh phu, dupc ve nhu sau: 79 Hinh 7a SO DO TONG THE QUAN HE FAO VA CAC CO QUAN CHINH PHU TRONG SU DUNG VA QUAN LY VIEN TRO Ket luan FAO la mot to chiic quoc te 1cm - co quan chuyen mon Ion nha't cua he thong Lien hop quoc No co ly de hinh thanh, ton tai va phat trien mot boi canh quo'c te nhu chung ta da nghien ciiu d tren Muon hieu no chung ta can nghien ciiu de tha'y thuc cha't vai tro va kha nang cua no tung bd'i canh va dac biet la boi canh ciia Viet nam Hieu dupe nd xu hudng luon phat trien thi mdi cd nhirng quyet sach dung din, phu hop cd lpi cho Viet nam va thuan lpi cho FAO Vita tin dung su giup cua FAO cho cong cuoc phat trien kinh te xa hoi ciia da't nudc vira gop phan cang tang theo nhip tang trudng kinh te de xay dung FAO vi loi fch chung cua nhin loai, dd lai cd nhan dan Viet nam Chung ta mdi tong ket d ca'p vi md moi quan he hpp tac Viet nam-Lien hpp quo'c dd cd FAO Cd cung mot hinh thiic tai trp nhu cac co quan lien hpp quo'c khac - trp giup ky thuat va khong hoan lai, FAO la mot co quan da thuc su cd nhung dong gop nha't dinh cho cong cuoc han gan vet thuong chien tranh, khoi phuc kinh te, doi mdi va phat trien kinh td' xa hoi Viet nam suo't 20 nam qua Tuy nhien, nhirng danh gia vi mo chua lot ta het dupe thuc chat cua TA cua FAO Ludn van da chi ra: - FAO chua dupe hieu thau dao, thong nha't vdi tu each la mot to chiic quo'c te, co quan chuyen mon ldn nha't cua Lien hpp quo'c d cac cap khac he thong doi tac Viet nam - Tam quan trong, y nghia cua trp giup ky thuat chua dupe quan triet tir hoach dinh chfnh sach, dieu phoi vien trp cho den lap chuong trinh hpp tac, hinh thanh, thuc hien, danh gia chuong trinh va cac du an - Vi vay co ca'u, the che' doi tac cua Viet nam quan he vdi FAO can phai dupe soat lai dong thdi nghien ciiu dieu chinh cho phu hpp vdi boi canh nirdc va quo'c te mdi, vdi vi the' mdi cua Viet nam tren trudng quo'c te Trong nhieu trudng hpp, nhung nhan thiic, viec lam quan he vdi FAO chua dupe nghien ciiu dung miic Chfnh vi vay, do'i tac vdi mot td chiic quo'c te vdi nhung kien thiic, cong nghe chu yeu cua nen kinh te thi trudng, chung ta lai xua't phat tdr nhung quan diem, kien thiic, thdi quen co huu cua ndn kinh te tap trung 80 Luan van da rut bai hoc: Bai hoc 1: He thong quan ly TA cua FAO the hien nhufng tu tuong cua kinh te tap trung hon la nhung phuong each nhbm trq giup nen kinh te thi trubng Bai hoc 2: Cac chien luqc phat trien nong nghiep, nong thon chua duoc hoach dinh mot each rd net, chua thong nhat cao b cac cap lanh dao khac nhau, tham chi co nhung linh vuc vbn chua co dubng hubng phat trien nhbm khai thac tot TA Do co rat nhieu kha nang chi phi co hoi cua cac du an TA khong hoan lai khong duqc tinh toi Bai hoc Khau quyet dinh rat nhieu ket qua cua TA la b cap thuc hien, cac giam doc du an quoc gia va co quan cua ho Nhung ho chua duqc quan tarn dung muc b cac cap quan ly TA Chua thuc su co mot the che cho su quan tam de phat huy ket qua cua du an TA Sau phan tfch bai hoc, luSn van da manh dan neu kien nghi nham kh£c phuc cac khiem khuyet va phat trien quan he Viet nam va FAO: Kien nghi Tang cubng cac hinh thuc hqp tac, trao doi cu the giua FAO va cac co quan doi tac Viet nam hoach dinh chien luqc, chinh sach, cung nhu cac the thuc doi tac nhbm tao dieu kien cho cac linh vuc hoat dong chuyen mon cua FAO phuc vu tot hon cong cuoc doi mdi va phat trien kinh te 81 Kien nghi Thanh lap mot uy ban FAO ciia Vietnam- de hd tro cho cong tac dieu phoi cua Bo ke hoach dau tu Kien nghi Xay dung mot co so dir lieu duoc may tinh hoa ve FAO noi chung va cac hoat dong ciia FAO Viet nam Sir tac dong, hieu qua cua TA FAO thuc hidn cdn phai co mot de tai cap qudc gia nghien ciiu ca bd sau va be rong hang tram du an FAO thuc hien, mdi co hy vong thay duqc toan canh va rut nhung bai hoc sat thuc hon Phat trien quan he FAO Viet nam thdi gian tdi phu thuoc rat nhieu vao quan diem phat trien va mile uu tien cua nong nghiep d nudc ta Muon ban giup, chung ta phai hieu sau sac hon het nong nghiep va xa hoi nong thon Viet nam can gi de phat trien FAO luon thay doi theo yeu cdu ciia cac nudc vien noi chung dd khang dinh vai tro cua minh Thang vira qua, FAO da gui questionnair e tdi chinh phu cac nudc vien de nghi cac nudc cho biet quan diem cua minh ve vai tro va phuong each hoat dong cua FAO de tiep tuc doi mdi Nhu vay, muon quan he tot vdi FAO, Viet nam cung can phai nang cao trach nhiem qudc te cua minh Trong pham vi de tai bang mot so bang chung cd gidi han nhung dien hinh, tac gia da dua nhan dinh vd nhirng van de co ban danh gia va phat trien quan he FAO-Viet nam Tac gia rat mong nhan duqc cac y kien dong gop, xay dung va chi nhung khiem khuyet 82 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Tieng Viet Lich sir kinh te quoc dan - tap II (Viet nam) - Bo mon lich sir kinh te quoc dan, Dai hoc kinh te quoc dan - Nha xua't ban giao due - 4/1994 Giao trinh kinh te va kinh doanh quoc te - Khoa kinh te va kinh doanh quoc te - Dai hoc kinh td quoc dan Moi trubng kinh doanh quoc te - Tai lieu cua Khoa kinh td va kinh doanh quoc td - Dai hoc kinh td quoc dan Khuon kho chien luqc quoc gia ve hop tac vdi cac td chirc thuoc he thong Lien hqp quoc - Cong hoa Xa hoi Chu nghia Viet nam - 6/1995 Cac nghi dinh 20/CP 4/1994 va 87/CP 8/1997 ve quan ly va sir dung ODA Tai lieu cua Hoi thao ve Chien luqc phat trien nong nghiep nong thon Viet nam - 21-22 thang nam 1997 - Nha Xua't ban nong nghiep Viet nam chang dubng tiep theo cua cai each - Ari Kokko - Mario Zejan, Trubng kinh td Stockholm - Nha xua't ban chfnh tri quo'c gia - Ha Noi 1996 Giau ngheo nong thon hien - Nguydn Van Tiem - Ban chfnh sach va quan ly, Bo nong nghiep va Cong nghiep thuc pham - Nha xua't ban nong nghiep -1993 Theo hubng rong bay: Cai each kinh td tai Viet nam - Vien phat trien Quo'c td Harvard - 6/1994 10 Nong nghiep, nong thon giai doan cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa Trung tam tu va'n dau tu hd trq phat trien nong nghiep, nong thon VACVINA (CECARDE) - Nha xua't ban chfnh tri quo'c gia - 1997 11 Mot so bai hoc rut tir nd luc hd trq qua trinh chuydn doi tir ngheo nan sang thinh vuqng - Bao cao chuyen de cua UNDP Ha Noi - 9/1997 12 Chuong trinh FAO tai Viet Nam va khu vuc - FAO Ha Noi, Viet nam 1998 13 Nhin lai nam thu hut va su dung ODA b Viet nam - Bo Ke hoach va Ddu tu - Ha Noi - 12/1997 14 Cac do'i tac hqp tac phat trien cua Viet nam - Bo Ke hoach va Dau tu UNDP 11/1997 83 Tieng Anh va Phap 15 FAO’s Development Services - FAO publication 1992 16 Social policies and development - Strategy and action plan for UNDP Vietnam 17.Introduction to International Relations - Power and Justice - Third Edition 1986 - Theodore A Couloumbis (The American Univerity and the University of Thessaloniki) and James H Wolfe (The University of Southern Mississipi) - Prentice Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632 18 Analyse des Relations Internationales - approches, concept et donnees Bahgat Korany et collaborateurs, Centre quebecquois de relations intemationales - Gaetan Morin editeur - Montreal, Quebec, Canada - 1987 19 Contending theories of International Relations - Third Edition - James E Dougherty and Robert L Pflatzgraff, Jr - Harper & Row, Publishers, New York, 1990 20 Personal identity, national identity and international relations - William Bloom - Cambridge University Press - 1990 21 FAO technical assistance and the Uruguay Round agreements - Second Edition - FAO publication - Rome 1998 22 World Investment Report 1997- United Nations publication - Switzerland 1997 23 Une direction energique pour le monde de demain: l’Avemir des Nations Unies - Brian Urquhart et Erskine Childers - Suede 1990 24 Vietnam’s agriculture of post-transition period: Opportunities and Challenges - FAO - Report - VIE/95/01T - 1998 25 Food for All - FAO publication - 1998 26.Strengthening Aid Management and Coordination in Vietnam: A framework for Technical Assistance - UNDP Report - October 1995 27.United Nations Development Assistance Framework for the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1998-2000, Hanoi Vietnam - 15 May 1998 28.Overview of Official Development Assistance in Vietnam - UNDP, Hanoi- December 1997 29 Partnership: A review of 20 years of cooperation - United Nations in Vietnam - Hanoi, Vietnam 9/1997 30 Catching Up: Capacity Development for Poverty Elimination in Vietnam Publication of UNDP/UNICEF - Hanoi October 1996 31 East Asia: from Miracle to Crisis - Lesson for Vietnam - UNDP staff paper, June 1998 84 32.Confronting New Challenges - Annual Report on the work of the organization 1995 - UN - Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Secretary General of the United Nations 33.Study on Economic Development Policy in the Transition toward a Market-oriented Economy in Vietnam (phase 2) - executive summary report - 11/1997 - MPI and JICA 34 Vietnam’s country report on social development prepared for the World Summit for Social Development, Copenhagen, 6-12 March 1995 35 Vietnam’s development partnerrs: Profiles d Cooperation Programmes MPI and UNDP - 11/1997 36 Vietnam Deepening Reform for Growth - An Economic Report Document of the World Bank - 31/10/1997 37 Reformer la FAO - l’enjeu de la Securite alimentaire mondiale - FAO Rome, 1997 38 Annual reports-Bao cao hang nam cua Dai dien FAO tai Ha Noi cac nam 1986, 1989, 1993-Tai lieu cua Co quan dai dien FAO tai Viet Nam 39 Vietnam public sector management and private sector incentives - An economic report - report No 13143-VN - 26 September 1994 - Document of the World Bank 40 FAO Project Technical Reports - Mot so bao cao ky thuat cua cac du an FAO duqc sir dung lu&n van 85