Các biện pháp đầu tư liên quan đến thương mại trong wto và giải pháp đối với việt nam

MUC LUC • • Noi dung Trang Danh muc chir viet tat Danh muc cac bang Danh muc cac bieu, hinh Loimo’dau Chuong 1: Tong quan ve cac bien phap dau tir lien quan den thiroug mai (TRIMs) 1.1 Sir hinh thanh, phat trien cua WTO va cac quy dinh ve bien phap r x dau tur lien quan den thucmg mai 1.1.1.Su hinh va phat trien cua WTO x x r 1.1.2 Cac quy dinh cua WTO ve dau tu lien quan den thucmg mai 1.2 Hiep dinh TRIMs x x r 1.2.1 Khai quat ve cac bien phap dau tu lien quan den thucmg mai 1.2.2 Su ddi va noi dung cua Hiep dinh TRIMs 11 1.3 Tac dong cua TRIMs 20 1.3.1 Tac dong den nen kinh te nude cua cac vien WTO r 21 r r x 1.3.2 Tac dong den dau tu va thucmg mai quoc te 26 1.4 Tinh hinh thuc hien TRIMs tai mot so nude dang phat trien va r bai hoc kinh nghiem ddi vdi Viet Nam 31 1.4.1 Tinh hinh ap dung TRIMs d mot so nude dang phat trien 31 1.4.2 Bai hoc kinh nghiem vdi Viet Nam 39 Chuong 2: Thue trang ap dung TRIMs tai Viet nam X X 2.1 su tucmg thich cua cac quy dinh phap ly ve dau tu nude ngoai cua Viet Nam vdi Hiep dinh TRIMs va lo trinh cat giam cac bien x r phap dau tu lien quan den thuong mai 43 2.1.1 Su can thiet phai ap dung TRIMs tai Viet Nam 43 2.1.2 sir tuong thi'ch cua cac quy dinh phap ly ve dau tu niroc ngoai tai Viet Nam so voi Hiep dinh TRIMs r \ 44 r 2.1.3 Io trinh cat giam cac bien phap dau tir lien quan den thuong mai qua trinh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te cua Viet Nam 51 2.2 Thue te ap dung TRIMs tai Viet Nam 53 2.2.1 Noi dung cua chuong trinh noi dia hoa 55 2.2.2 Tinh hinh trien khai chuong trinh noi dia hoa 66 2.3 Danh gia tac dong cua viec thuc hien TRIMs Viet Nam 72 2.3.1 Tac dong tich cue va nhung mat hop ly ap dung TRIMs 72 2.3.2 Nhung bat lpi va bat cap ap dung TRIMs 78 2.3.3 Tac dong cua viec ap dung TRIMs den nang luc canh tranh cua doanh nghiep Viet Nam 82 2.3.4 Nguyen nhan cua nhung han che 89 Chinmg 3: Dinh huong va giai phap chu yeu doi vol viec thuc hien Hiep dinh TRIMs o’ Viet Nam qua trinh tham gia WTO 3.1 Dinh huong thuc hien Hiep dinh TRIMs tai Viet Nam A 3.1.1 Dinh huong ve dieu chinh chinh sach a 93 r 3.1.2 Dinh huong ve chien lupc doanh nghiep r 92 A < 95 a 3.2 Mot so giai phap chu yeu nham thuc hien Hiep dinh TRIMs tai Viet Nam qua trinh tham gia WTO 96 3.2.1 Cac giai phap lien quan den dau vao cua cac nganh cong nghiep 3.2.2 Cac giai phap lien quan den phat trien cac nganh cong nghiep phu tro 101 3.2.3 Cac giai phap tac dong den dieu kien cua cau 104 r r 3.2.4 Cac giai phap lien quan den quan ly vT mo va chien lupc cua doanh nghiep 106 Ketluan 113 Tai lieu tham khao 115 Phu Iuc 122 • • DANH MUC CHtT CAI VIET TAT Chir Nghia day du viet tat Tieng Anh Tieng Viet AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area Khu vuc thucmg mai tu ASEAN APEC Asia - Pacific Economic Coorperation Dien dan kinh te Chau A Thai Binh Duomg ASEAN Association of South East Asian Hiep hoi cac quoc gia Dong Nam A Nations BOT Built - Operating - Transfer Xay dung - Kinh doanh - Chuyen giao BT Built - Transfer Xay dung - Chuyen giao BTA Bilateral Trade Agreement Hiep dinh thuong mai song phuomg Viet Nam - Hoa ky BTO Built - Transfer - Operating Xay dung - Chuyen giao - Kinh doanh CEPT Common Effective Preferential Tariffs chung CFR Cost and Freight Gia va cudc phi CIF Cost Insurance Freight Gia, bao hiem va cac khoan phi CKD Complete Knocked Down Cum linh kien rong trung gian Bieu thue quan uu dai co hieu luc - rj CN Cong nghiep CNH Cong nghiep hoa DNNN Doanh nghiep nha nude DSB Dispute Settlement Body Co quan giai quyet tranh chap EC European Community Cong dong Chau Au FDI Foreign Direct Investment Dau tu true tiep nude ngoai GATS General Agrement on Trade and Hiep dinh chung ve Thuong mai dich vu Services GATT General Agrement on Trade and Hiep dinh chung ve Thue quan va Tariffs thuong mai HDH Hien dai hoa IKD Incomplete Knocked Down Cum linh kien rong chi tiet IMF International Moneytary Fund Quy tien te quoc te KD Kinh doanh METI Ministry of Economy Trade and Bo Kinh te Thuong mai va Cong Industry nghiep MFN The Most Favored Nation Toi hue quoc MNCs Multi National Coorperations Cong ty da quoc gia NICs Newly Industrialring Countries Cac nunc cong nghiep moi NT National Treatment Doi xu quoc gia ODA Offical Development Assistant Von ho trp phat trien chinh thuc PPI Private Participation in Von tu nhan dung cho phat trien co so Infratructure tang Restrictive Busines Practices Cac hoat dong co tinh han che thuong RBPs mai R&D Research & Development Nghien curu va ung dung SCMs Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Tro cap va cac bien phap doi khang SKD Seperate Knocked Down Cum linh kien tong hoan chinh SNG Cong dong cac quoc gia doc lap Trade Related Investment Cac bien phap dau tu lien quan den Measures thuong mai TRIPs Trade - Related Aspects of Intellectual Properties Cac khia canh thuong mai cua quyen so huu tri tue UNDP United Nations Development Chuong trinh phat trien cua Lien hiep Program quoc USD United State Dolla WTO World Trade Organization Don vi tien te cua My To chuc thuong mai The gidi TRIMs r DANH MUC CAC BANG Trang Bang 1.1 Cac bien phap dau tu lien quan den thuong mai chu yeu 10 Bang 1.2 Cac bien phap bi cam ap dung theo Hiep dinh TRIMs 16 Bang 1.3 Tac dong cua TRIMs doi voi nganh xe hoi 27 Bang 1.4 Viec ap dung TRIMs va yeu cau gia han thbi gian xoa bo cua r mot so nude 33 Bang 1.5 Lo trinh thuc hien ty le noi dia hoa doi voi oto o Malaysia 35 Bang 1.6 Ty le noi dia hoa dat dupe doi voi mot so loai oto tai Malaysia 36 Bang 1.7 Ty le noi dia hoa doi voi mot so nganh cua Thai Lan Bang 1.8 Thue nhap khau doi voi linh kien oto khach tai Indonesia Bang 2.1 Tom tat mot so quy dinh phap ly cua Viet Nam chua phu hop Z 36 Z 37 voi Hiep dinh TRIMs r Bang 2.2 45 x o r Tom tat nhung sua doi co ban ve co che, chinh sach lien quan den Hiep dinh TRIMs b Viet Nam Bang 2.3 52 Cac yeu cau ve noi dia hoa dupe ap dung nhu la dieu kien de > r r dupe cap giay phep dau tu t > 56 r r r Bang 2.4 Yeu cau ty le noi dia hoa doi voi nganh san xuat, lap rap oto 59 Bang 2.5 Thue suat thue nhap khau uu dai doi voi oto va phu tung oto 60 z Bang 2.6 z z z r Thue suat thue nhap khau uu dai noi dia hoa doi voi san xuat, lap rap san pham xe may hoan chinh Bang 2.7 62 Thue suat thue nhap khau uu dai doi voi san xuat, lap rap phu tung xe may Z Bang 2.8 63 Z Z Z Thue suat thue nhap khau uu dai noi dia hoa doi voi san xuat, Z Bang 2.9 Z lap rap san pham, phu tung cac nganh dien tu va co dien 65 Tinh hinh noi dia hoa san xuat, lap rap xe gan may 69 DANH MUC CAC BIEU, HINH Danh muc cac bieu Trang Bieu 1.1 Tac dong cua TRIMs den nen kinh te 22 Danh muc cac hinh Hinh 3.1 Muc ap dung cac bien phap lien quan den TRIMs 94 TRUONG DA ■ I HO ■ C KINH TE QUOC DAN TRAN QUANG THANG CAC BIEN PHAP DAU TU LIEN QUAN DEN THUONG MAI ■ ■ TRONG WTO VA GIAI PHAP DOI VOI VIET ■ NAM Chuyen ngonh : Kinh te do! ngooi TOM TAT LUAN VAN THAC SY KINH TE * < Nguoi huong dan khoa hoc: PGS.TS Do Due Blnh HO noi - 2006 i A_ *7 X LOI M0 DAU Tinh cap thiet cua die tai Vdi muc tieu mo rong va phat trien tu hoa dau tu va thuong mai r quoc te, WTO thiet lap cac qui dinh dieu chinh hoat dong dau tu nudc ngoai, r _ r x y mot nhung qui dinh quan nhat la Hiep dinh TRIMs1 Hiep dinh qui dinh ro cac bien phap dau tu lien quan den thuong mai bi cam su dung doi vdi cac nudc vien WTO vi bi coi la vi pham nguyen tac “dai ngo quoc gia” Viet Nam da co mot qua trinh ap dung TRIMs2 vdi cac muc tieu co ban la vua thu hut duoc dau tu truc tiep nudc ngoai, vua day manh phat trien san xuat nudc Viec thuc hien hai muc tieu tren da dat duoc '' ' ' • « •' mot so ket qua nhat dinh nhu dau tu nudc ngoai tang cao nhieu nam; nhieu nganh cong nghiep non tre nudc duoc bao ho da tao san pham co kha nang canh tranh tren thi trudng nudc va quoc te; khuyen khich, dinh hudng dau tu nudc ngoai vao nhung nganh cong nghiep then chot; kich thich cac nganh cong nghiep phu tro phat trien; tang cudng tiep can va tiep nhan chuyen giao cong nghe, ky thuat va kinh nghiem quan ly cua cac doi tac nudc ngoai Tuy nhien, viec Viet Nam chuan bi tro thanh vien chinh thuc cua WTO dat nhung thach thuc ldn, viec ap dung cac bien phap dau tu lien quan den thuong mai (TRIMs) la rat han che va hau nhu bi xoa bo Dieu giup tao dung mot “san choi” binh dang cho cac nha dau tu va ngoai nudc Song, cac doanh nghiep nudc cung gap khong it kho khan phai canh tranh vdi cac doanh nghiep dau tu nudc ngoai co loi the hon ve nhieu mat nhu von, cong nghe, ky thuat, kinh nghiem quan ly Cho nen, cac doanh “Hiep dinh TRIMs” la mot 16 Hiep dinh da phuong cua WTO ma thuc hien Hiep dinh bat bupc cac vien WTO phai loai bo cac bi?n phap dau tu- lien quan den thuong mai “TRIMs” la tu viet tat cho cum tu cac bien phap dau tu lien quan den thuong mai 114 dau tu lien quan den thuong mai Day la nhung cong cu bao ho rat quan doi voi cac nuoc dang phat trien Phan tich, danh gia thuc trang ap dung TRIMs, cac tac dong va hieu qua cua viec ap dung TRIMs den nen kinh te d Viet Nam thoi gian qua r ■> z Tren co sd phan tich xu the phat trien ket hop voi nghien cuu cac mo hinh phu hop, luan van da de xuat cac dinh huong ve dieu chinh chinh sach va chien luoc doanh nghiep nham thuc hien Hiep dinh TRIMs Tu dinh huong da duoc xay dung, mot nhom cac giai phap dau tu r a lien quan den thuong mai dieu kien thuc hien Hiep dinh TRIMs da duoc z de xuat la: nang cao chat luong dau vao, phat trien cac nganh cong nghiep a r •» a a r e r phu tro, tang cau va cac giai phap lien quan den quan ly vi mo va chien luoc cua doanh nghiep Cac giai phap tao nang luc canh tranh cho cac doanh z nghiep Viet Nam cung nhu nang cao nang luc canh tranh quoc gia phu hop voi Hiep dinh TRIMs 115 DANH MUC • TAI LIEU • THAM KHAO Tieng Viet Bao Dau tu, so 3/12/2003 (Trang tin dien tu http://www vir.com vn) Bo Ke hoach va Dau tu, 2001, “Thong bao ve cac bien phap dau tu lien quan den thuong mai” va “Chuong trinh hanh dong thuc hien Hiep dinh TRIMs”, Tai lieu phuc vu dam phan gia nhap WTO cua Viet Nam, Ha Noi, Viet Nam Bo Ke hoach va Dau tu, 2003, “Cap nhat thong bao va chuong trinh hanh dong thuc hien Hiep dinh TRIMs phuc vu dam phan gia nhap WTO”, Tai lieu phuc vu dam phan gia nhap WTO cua Viet Nam, Ha Noi, Viet Nam Bo Ke hoach va Dau tu, Trang tin dien tu http://www.mpi.gov.vn Bo Ngoai giao (Vu Kinh te da phuong), 2000, To chuc thuong mai the gioi WTO, Nha xuat ban Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi, Viet Nam Bo Tai chinh, 2000, cac to chuc kinh te - 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Related Investment Measures, G/TRIMs/W, G/TRIMs/M, G/TRIMs/D Phu luc 1: Co1 cau cac Hiep dinh cua WTO Hiep dinh lap To chirc thiro’g mai the gioi (WTO) Hang hoa Dich vu Cac quy dinh va nguyen tac chung Cac quy dinh chi tiet bo sung Cam ket tiep can thi truong Co che giai quyet tranh chap Minh bach hoa Hiep dinh chung ve thue quan va thuong mai hang hoa (GATT) 12 hiep dinh da phuong: - Hiep dinh nong nghiep (AOA) - Hiep dinh ve kiem dich dong thuc vat (SPS) - Hiep dinh ve thuong mai hang det va may mac (ATC) - Hiep dinh ve hang rao ky thuat thuong mai (TBT) - Hiep dinh ve Cac bien phap dau tu lien quan den thuong mai (TRIMs) - Hiep dinh ve chong pha gia ( Anti-dumping) - Hiep dinh dinh gia hai quan (AVC) - Hiep dinh ve giam dinh hang hoa trudc xuong tau (PSI) - Hiep dinh ve quy tac xuat xu (Rules of Origin) - Hiep dinh ve giay phep nhap khau (Import Licensing) - Hiep dinh ve tro cap va cac bien phap doi khang (SCM) - Hiep dinh ve cac bien phap tu ve (AOS) Lich trinh cam ket cua cac nudc Hiep dinh chung ve thuong mai dich vu (GATS) Cac phu luc cua GATS va cac quyet dinh cap Bo trudng; cac phu luc gom co: - Phu luc ve mien tru MFN - Phu luc ve di chuyen cua tu nhien nhan va cua dich vu - Phu luc ve dich vu van tai hang khong - Phu luc ve dich vu tai chinh - Phu luc ve van tai bien - Phu luc ve vien thong co ban Cac cam ket cua tung nudc ve cac linh vuc dich vu cu the, ve ap dung MFN, NT va mo cira thi trudng cac linh vuc Giai quyet tranh chap Xem xet chinh sach thtrong mai Quyen sd hfru tri tue Hiep dinh ve cac khia canh lien quan den thuong mai cua quyen so huu tri tue (TRIPs) Phu luc 2: Danh muc hang hoa nhap khau theo giay phep thoi ky 2001-2005 TT Mat hang Thoi han ap dung Hang can kiem soat nhap khau theo quy dinh cua \ r r 2001 -2005 r dieu uoc quoc te ma Viet Nam ky ket hoac tham e z gia, Bo Thuong mai se cong bo cho tung thoi ky e r Xi mang pooc - lang, den va trang Den 31/12/2002 z Kinh tam xay dung Den 31/12/2001 Mot so chung loai thep xay dung Den 31/12/2001 Dau thuc vat tinh che dang ldng Den 31/12/2001 Duong tinh luyen, duong tho 2001 -2005 e z z Xe hai banh, ba banh gan may nguyen chiec moi Den 31/12/2002 100% va bo linh kien lap rap khong co dang ky ty le noi dia hoa; may, khung xe hai banh, ba banh z gan may cac loai, tru loai di theo bo linh da dang ky ty le noi dia hoa Phuong tien van chuyen hanh khach tu cho ngoi DSn 31/12/2002 tro xuong, loi moi 100% (bao gom ca loai vua cho hanh khach, vua cho hang, co khoang cho hang va khoang cho khach chung mot ca bin Nguon: Trich Phu luc so kem theo Thong tu so 11/ 2001/TT-BTM 18/4/2001cua Bo Thuong mai huong dan thuc hien Quyet dinh so 46/2001/QD-Ttg 4/4/2001cua Thu tuong Chinh phu ve quan ly xuat nhap khau hang hoa thoi ky 2001-2005 Phu luc 3: Cac mat hang thuoc dien ap dung bien phap han che dinh ltro'ng a Viet Nam 1998 1999 2000 2001 Xang dau Xang dau Xang dau Xang dau Xang dau Duong Duong Duong Duong Duong Phan bon Phan bon Sat thep Sat thep Xi mang Sat thep Sat thep Ximang/ Ximang/ Xe may clinke clinke Kinh Xe may Xi mang/ Xi mang/ clinke clinke Kinh Kinh Xe may Oto Xe may Xe may Oto Dau thuc vat 2002 2003 T -Xang dau Duong Giay Oto Oto Giay Giay Giay Dau thuc vat Quat dien Gach op lat Su ve sinh Nude co ga Xe dap Dau thuc vat Nhua Tui dong goi nhua y ,— J (Ghi chu:doi vai mat hang duong, co bien phap cam nhap khau, co co che cap giay phep nhung tren thuc te khong cap phep) Nguon: Cai cach chinh sach thuang mai va ca cau bao ho tai Viet Nam, Tai lieu Du an nghien cuu chung Bo Tai chinh Viet Nam - Ngan hang phat trien Chau A (2004) 2-5 r r Phu luc 4: Cac loai hinh lap rap va san xuat xe mo to hai banh Loai hinh CKD Noi dung Toan bo cac chi tiet va cum chi tiet nhap khau duoc phan nhom sau day: Nhom - Dong ca: Cum dong co, hop so, bo phat dien hoan chinh, chua lip rap vao khung Che hoa khi, bau loc khi, ong giam am de rod Nhom - Khung xe: Khung xe, giam xoc trudc - sau, cang xe va toan bo cac chi tiet nhom lien ket bang bulong, dai oc, vit deu de rod Son hoan chinh Nhom - Bo truyen xich va banh xe: Vanh, banh, nan hoa, sam lop, he thong phanh, cac banh xich tai, xich tai de roi Nhom - Bo phan dieu khien: Tay lai, tay phanh, tay ga, cum cong tac va toan bo cac chi tiet nhom lien ket bang bulong, dai oc, vit deu de roi Nhom - He thong dien: He thong dien, cac den pha, den hau, den tin hieu deu de roi Nhom - Vo op va trang biphu: Toan bo phan vo op va trang bi phu de roi CKD Khac voi loai hinh CKD1 la toan bo chi tiet dong co, hop so, bo phat dien dang roi Trong truong hpp dong co, hop so, bo phat dien dang lap san dupe phep nhap khau can cu theo giay phep dau tu san xuat va lap rap xe md to hai banh, thi phai su dung cac chi tiet san xuat nuoc co gia tri 5% cua tong gia tri xe nguyen chiec IKD Khac voi loai hinh CKD2 la co mot so chi tiet thuoc nhom va nhom dupe san xuat nuoc cac chi tiet san xuat nuoc phai co gia tri 10% (neu dong co, hop so, bo phat dien dang roi) hoac 15% (neu dong co, hop so, bo phat dien dupe phep nhap khau dang lap san) cua tong gia tri xe nguyen chiec IKD2 Khac vdi loai hinh CKD2 la phai co them phan khung xe va mot so chi tiet thuoc nhom hoac nhom san xuat nudc, dong thdi dong co, hop so, bo phat dien phai d dang roi Tong gia tri cac chi tiet, bo phan san xuat nudc phai dat 30% cua tong gia tri xe nguyen chiec IKD Khac vdi loai hinh IKD2 la tong gia tri cac chi tiet, bo phan san xuat nudc phai co gia tri 60% cua tong gia tri xe nguyen chiec, gia tri cua cac chi tiet thuoc ve dong co xe may phai chiem 30% gia tri cua dong co Nguon: Quyet dinh so 648/1999/QD-BKHCNMT 17/4/1999 cua Bo Khoa hoc, Cong nghe va Mdi truong Phu luc 5: Mo hinh vien kim cu’o’ng cua M Porter Quan ly vi mo, chien luffc cua w doanh nghiep • • • • quy dinh phap ly khuyen khich dau tu Quan ly vi mo cua Nha nudc Vai tro cua cac hiep hoi Nang luc canh tranh va chien luqc cua doanh nghiep CAc Cac dieu kien yr s\ zi jyr Cac dieu kien ve cau v ve yeu to san xuat • Su co mat cua cac yeu to dau vao chuyen mon hoa va chAt luong cao sAn co cho cac d ’ nghiep - Nguon nhan luc - Nguon von - Ha tang - Ha tang hanh chinh - Ha tang thong tin - Ha tang khoa hoc cong nghe - Tai nguyen thien nhien Cac nganh cong nghiep phu trff • Su tiep can cac doanh nghiep va cac nha cung cap dat tai ch§, co nAng luc nhung linh vuc lien quan Su co mat cua cum nganh thay vi cac nganh bi cach ly vdi Cau cua khach hang nudc Nhu cau khach hang nudc du bao nhu cau d noi khac Nhu cau nudc khong thudng xuyen nhung phan doan duoc chuyen mon hoa co the duoc dap ung quoc gia hay toan cau Phu luc 6: Moi truing dau tu U cac nuuc ASEAN Moi truong dau tu "cung" U cac nuuc ASEAN (Tong hup so lieu tu 2002 - 2005) STT Ten nudc San bay Cang bien Giao thong Dien luc 4,4 3,6 2,6 2,7 2,6 2,2 1,9 1,7 1,4 Binh quan 4,7 3,3 2,9 2,6 2,6 2,3 1,6 1,5 Vien thong Singapo 4,9 4,9 4,6 4,7 Brunei 3,3 3,3 3,5 Malaixia 2,7 3,2 3,1 3,1 Thai Lan 2,5 3,1 1,6 Indonexia 2,4 2,3 2,7 Philipines 2,3 2,4 2,7 1,9 Viet Nam 2,2 1,9 1,9 Lao 1,5 1,5 1,5 Mianma 1,6 1,5 1,6 1,4 chu: Xep hang theo thang diem cao nhat la Nguon: Tap chi World Economic Review (2003 - 2006) va tong hap cua tac gia Ghi ' # r Moi truong dau tu "Mem" U cac nuuc ASEAN (Tong hup so lieu tu 2002 - 2005) 10 Ghi Chat luqng lao dong 4,1 2,9 2,8 2,7 3,1 2,5 2,7 2,3 Dich vu He thong Cong nghe tai chinh Singapo 4,6 3,8 Malaixia 3 Brunei 2,6 3,3 Thai Lan 2,6 2,5 Philipines 2,8 2,6 Indonexia 2,2 2,6 Viet Nam 1,9 1,6 Mianma 1,8 1,6 Lao 1,5 1,3 1,7 Campuchia 1,4 1,3 1,2 chu: Xep hang theo thang diem cao nhat la STT Ten nuoc Binh quan 4,2 2,9 2,6 2,8 2,4 2,1 1,9 1,5 1,3 A Ngudn: Tap chi World Economic Review (2003 - 2006) va tong hap cua tac gia Phu luc 7: Moi truing phap ly o cac nuoc ASEAN (Tong hop so lieu to 2002 - 2005) minh Tinh STT Ten nudc Co che thue Hieu luc cua Binh quan bach Hanh chinh chinh sach Singapo 4,2 4,5 4,3 4,3 Malaixia 3,2 3 3,1 Brunei 3,3 2,3 2,9 Thai Lan 2,7 2,3 2,3 2,4 Philipines 2,7 2,4 2,2 2,4 Indonexia 2,3 1,9 1,8 Mianma 1,7 1,6 1,6 1,6 Viet Nam 1,8 1,4 1,5 1,6 Lao 1,5 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,1 1,1 1,2 10 Campuchia ' •> r Ghi chu: Xep hang theo thang diem cao nhat la Nguon: Tap chi World Economic Review (2003 — 2006) va tong hop cua tac gia