Một số biện pháp chủ yếu nhằm xây dựng chiến lược kinh doanh của doanh nghiệp xây dựng công trình giao thông ở nước ta hiện nay

TRUING DAI HOC KINH I< QUOC DAN Bui Van Pliiic MOT SO BIEN PHAP CHU YEU NHAM XAY DUNG CHIEN LU0C KINH DOANH CUA DOANH NGHIEP XAY DUNG CONG TRINH GIAO THONG d NUdC TA HIEN NAY LUAN AN THAC Si KHOA HOC KINH IE HA NOI - 1996 TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN IJui Van Phuc MQT SO BIEN PHAP CHU YEU NhAm XAY DQNG CHIEN LJQC KINH DOANH CUA DOANH NGHIEP XAY DUNG CONG TRINH GIAO THONG NUdC TA HIEN NAY Cliuyen nganh Kinh te - Quan ly - Ke lioach hoa kinh te quoc dan Ma so : 5-02-05 LUAN AN THAC SI KHOA HOC KINH Tfs NGUdl HUCJNG DAN KHOA HOC NGUYEN THANH DO - P G S.P T S KHOA HOC KINH TE TRUdNG.DAI HOC KINH T| QUOC DAN PHAN M(J DAU Sir can thiet phai nghien ciifu de tai: Neu kinh t£ nude ta dang qua trinh chuyen tu co ch£ ke hoach hoa tAp trung sang co che thi trudng co sir dieu tie! cua Nha nude theo dinh hirdng XHCN Trong co chemdi, cac doanh nghipp Nha nude (DNNN) noi cluing, doanh nghiCp xAy dung cong trinh giao thong (DNXDCTGT) noi rieng khong dope Nha nude bao cAp nhu trudc dAy ma phai ddi mat vdi nhirng thu thach kliAc ngliiet cua thi trirong , chAp nliAn canh tranli, tu buon chai moi trudng kinli doanh dAy plitrc tap va luon bie'n dOng Trong mAy nam chuye’n doi co che vua qua, hon mot nua thug sd IrOn 12.000 DNNN da phai sap nhAp hoac giai the’ vi khong tim kie'rn dupe thi trudng ky IhuAt cong nghe lac hAu, nang luc tai cliinli yeii kern Nhung doanh nghipp (DN) tru lai dupe thi mpt bp phAn dang ke' gap nliieu khd khan Jung lung, chua thoat khoi tinh Irang "an dong", san xuAt kinli doanh cAin chung Dieu co the9 khang dinh dAy la co che thi trudng, de' tdn tai va pliat tridn, cac DN khong the' chi quan tAm den nhirng nhiem vu, ke hoach kinli doanh lliudng xuyen mA dieu quan hon la phai xAy dung, tliuc liien chien lupc kinli doanh (CLKD) phu hop vdi xu hirdng bie'n ddng cua moi trudng kinli doanh, buy ddng va ket hop tdi iru cac nguon luc de9 dat dtrpc nhung niuc ticu pliat trie’ll da xac dinh Kinli ngliiem cua nipt sd DNNN thanli dat d nude ta thdi gian qua cung nhu d nliiPu nude cd nPn kinli te thi trudng pliat trie'n nhu My, Phap, NIiAl Ddc cho fliAy "Nhung edng ty cd vAn dung quan ly chien lupc (xAy dung va (hire hien CLKD) dat dupe ket qua lot hon nliieu so vdi cac ket qua ma ho dat duo< trudc va so vdi cac cong ly khong vAn dung quan ly chien lupc" (Chien hrp< va sach lupc kinli doanh - Garry D.Smith, Danny R.Arnold, Bopby G.Bizzell) Cho deh nay, nliieu DNNN d nude ta da y I hue dupe su cAn thiet ciia vic< xAy dung va there liipn CLKD ; Nha nude vdi tu each la cliii sd huu ciia cac DN cung da quy dinh tai LuAt DNNN tracli nhiem "XAy dung CLKD "ciia cac DN nhu nidi nhiem vu ind dAu cho qua trinh quan ly SXKD Tuy nhien nude ta hien nay, viec nghien ciru cac va'n dd ly luftn va phuong pliap luan xay dung CLKD cua DNNN ndi chung va cac DN thuOc cac nganh kinh te ky thuflt kliac ( cong ngliiep, xay dung, thuong mai , dicli vu) rftt nidi me , nOi dung, hinh there, quy trinh va phuong pliap xay dung CLKD cung cliua duqc Nha nude quy dinh, hudng dan cu the7 Do vay, viec nghien ciru van de xay dung CLKD cua DN NN van dung vao DN XDCTGT lam ccf so cho viec xay dung CLKD cua cac DN thuc su la mot doi hoi bdc xue thuc tidn quan ly cac DNNN hien Muc dicli nghien cum De tai nghien ciru gop plidn lam ro mot so van de ly luan va phuong pliap luan elm yeii vd xay dung CLKD cua DNXD ndn kinh te' thi trudng va budc dau van dung vao viec xay dung CLKD cua DNXDCTGT nude ta Pliani vi, doi tirong nghien cum Trong khuOn khd dd tai chung tOi tap trung vao van dd xay dung CLKD - giai doan md dau qua trinh quan ly cliie'n luqc cua doanh ngliiep nha nude ( DNNN ) ndi chung va DNXDCTGT ndi rieng o nude ta hien nay; Noi dung cua cac giai doan tie'p sau chi duqc dd cap mdc du de7 dam bao tinh he thong cua van dd nghien ci'ru Doi tuong nghien ciru la cac DNXDCTGT cap TOng cong ty (TCT) la'y vi du thuc te tai Tong cOng ty xay dung Trudng Son ( TCTXDT.S ) - Bq Qud'c pliong (BQP ) va mOt so' Tong cong ty xay dung cOng trinh giao thOng( TCTXDCTGT) thuOc BO giao thOng -van tai ( GTVT ) Phiromg pliap nghien ciru Dd tai nghien ciru sir dung phuong pliap vat liien chung va cac phuong phap cu the’ kliac nhu : Didu tra phan tich kinh te', tie'p can he thong , mO hinh boa va xac sua't thong ke phuc vu muc dicli nghien ci'ru Nhirng dong gop cua luan van Dd tai duqc nghien cuu vdi mong muOn dong gop vao viec : - He thdng boa mOt s6 va'n dd ly luan vd CLKD cua DN - Tong quan kinh nghidm cua mOt sd DN nude ngoai vd xay dung CLKD - Danh gia thuc trang cOng tac xay dung ke' hoach SXKD, xay dung CLKD cac DNXD nude ta thdi gian qua - Kie'n nghi mOt sO' hien pliap nham xay dung CLKD ciia DNXDCTGT - Bude dau van dung xay dung CLKD cua mot TCTXDCTGT Viet Nani Ket can luan vim Ngoai Idi md dau va ph^n ket luan, nOi dung luan van gom chirong : - Chito'ng I : Nhung van de co ban vd ly luan va phuong pliap luan CLKD cua DN - Clnamg : Phan tich thuc trang xay dung CLKD cua cac, DN XD noi chung, DNXDCTGT noi rieng nude ta thdi gian qua - Chifo'ng : MOt sO hien pliap chu yOii nliam xay dung CLKD cua cac DNXDCTGT nude ta luoc kinh doanh cua doanh ngliiep I - Kliai luan chung ve CLKD cua doanh ngliiep : / -Mot so each tiep can ve CLKD : LI - Sir du nhap vao ITnh vuc kinh doanh cua thuftt ngu chien liroc ( CL ) 1.1.1 - Tliuat ngir chie'n luoc ( each goi tat cua cliie'n luoc quan sir ) co ngudn gdc nghe tliuat quan sir tir xa xua nlnrng cho tdi van co nhung quan niem kliac Mot nhung xua't ban pham tir dien Larouse coi " cliie'n luoc la nghe tliuat chi buy cac phuong tien dd gianli chie'n thang ", Nha ly luan quan sir ndi liehg lich sir quan sir can dai Clawzevit cung cho rang : " Chie'n luoc quan sir la nghe tliuat chi huy d vi tri iru the'", Hoc gia Dao Duy Anh, tir die'n tie'ng Viet coi " cliien luoc la cac ke hoach dat de’ gianli thang loi trOn mOt hay nhidu mat trail " Cac nha ly luan quan su Viet Nam va cac nha ly luan quan sir thuOc trudng pliai XO Viet trudc day grin nhu co chung mot quan niem vd cliien luoc cho rang : " chie'n luoc la bO phan hop chu dao ( cao nha't ) cua nghe tliuat quan sir bao gom ly luan thuc tidn cliuan bi dat nude va luc Itrong vu trang de dam bao gianli chie'n thang chie'n tranli La lmh vuc thuc lien, chie'n luoc giai quydt cac vail dd : xac dinli ddi tirong tac chie'n, muc lieu nliiem vu chie'n luoc cua lire lirqng vu trang va cac ngudn lire c&n tliie't cho viec thuc hien cac muc tieu, nliiem vu nhung didu kiOn cu the’ cua cliien tranli " ( Tir dien I liuftt ngtr quAn sir cua Vien han lAm quAn sir Lien XO va Tir didn bach khoa tieng Viet )• Tir nhirng quan niem tren , co the coi CLQS "ve thitc chat la nghe thuat chi huy de gianh chien thdng dau tranh vu trang " vdi nhirng dqc trimg co ban la : - CLQS la bd phAn chu dao , la he thdng xuong cot co tAm quan quydt dinh , chi phOi ca ve ly luAn vA thuc tidn cua lTnh vuc quAn sir - CLQS la nghe thuAt td cliirc, phdi hop tdi tru de' pliat huy sire manh tdng hop cua cac lire luong phuong tien co the’ huy dOng - CLQS luOn tinh de'n she manh vA thu doan cua ddi phuong vdi nhung dieu kien cu the’ cua chien tranh 1.1.2- Su du nhAp vAo lTnh vuc SXKD XuAt phat tu lTnh vuc quAn su, thuAt ngu chien liroc da lan toa vA du nhAp vAo hAu het cac lTnh vuc chinh tri, kinh td, van hoa xa hoi Su giao tlioa vd ngOn ngu, hoc thuAt giua thuat ngu chidn luqc vdi cac khai niem, pham tru cua cac lTnh vuc nAy da tao nhung thuAt ngu mdi ngon ngG khoa hoc cua cac lTnh vuc NgAy ngudi ta cd the9 gap d moi noi cac khai niem Chidn luqc kinli td - xa hOi " , " Chidn luqc dAn sd ", " Chien luqc phat tridn ben vung mOi trudng ", " Chien luqc ngoai giao Chien luqc khoa hoc - cOng nghe ", vv Trong lTnh vuc kinh td, rAt nliieu khai niem mdi cung duqc hinli lhAnh tir sir kdt hop nhu tren o pham vi vT mO co the gap cac khai niem " Chidn hrqc pliat tridn ngAnh ","Chidn luqc cOng nghiep hoa liudng vd xuAt khAu ", " Chidn luqc cOng nghiep boa hudng vd thay thd nhAp khAu" pham vi vi mO, thuAt ngu "chidn luqc" cung cd su ket hop vdi cac khai niem, pham tru quan ly doanh nghiep hinh thAnli cac thuAt ngu "chidn luqc pliat tridn" ,"chidn luqc kinh doanh","quan ly chidn luqc" Su xuAt liidn cac thuAt ngu noi tren khOng don tliudn 1A su vay muon khai niem mA bAt nguon tir sir edn thidt plian anil thuc tidn quan ly cua cac doanh nghiep co chd thi trudng Do 1A vi tir sau thd chidn , xu hudng quoc td hoa cac quan he kinh td cung vdi su khan hidm ngAy cAng gia tang ciia cac nguon tAi nguydn sir phat tridn nhu vu bao cua khoa hoc ky thuAt, su thay doi ciia lieu dung xa hOi lam cho moi trudng kinh doanh ngAy cAng trd nOn pliirc tap vA bidn ddi khOn luong Doi mat vdi mOt moi trudng nhu vfly, cac nha doanh nghidp khdng thd chi tap trung moi nd lire vao vide hoan thidn cac ky thuat quan ly va thuc liidn cac kd hoach ngrin han co tinh chat chidn thuat ma edn edn phai phan tich , nam bat cac xu thd" bidn ddng cua mdi trirdng , tim nhirng nhan td" then chdt , khai Iliac the manh , han chd" mat ydu , danh gia dung cac doi thi’i canh tranh dd dd va thirc hidn nhtrng chidn luoc dung dan thi mdi co kha natig ndm bat co hdi , tranh duoc nguy co , va cam bay cua thi trudng , dam bao sir phat tridn on dinh , bdn virng cua doanh nghidp Lich sir kinh td" duong dai da chdng minh, nhung doanh nghidp khdng cd chidn luoc kinh doanh hoac chidn luoc kinh doanh sai lam thi chac chan phai nhan lay sir that bai ; Nhung doanh nghidp co thuc liidn quan ly chidn luoc ( xay dung duoc cac chidn luoc phu hop va td chuc thuc hidn thang loi cac chidn luoc ) thi gat hai duoc kdt qua tdt hon nhidu so vdi trudc va so vdi cac doi thii khdng ap dung quan 1^ chidn luoc Tu nhung nam 50 cua thd ky nay, cac edng ty My va Tay Au van dang say sua nhung tlianh tun ky thuat quan ly tirng dan dat sir phat tridn ndn kinh td cua ho thdi ky trudc thi ddn nhung nam 1960, cac edng ty ciia Nhat ban da tap trung vao vide phat buy nhan td ngudi , gan vdn dd marketing vdi xam nhap thi trudng mdi,sir dung tidt kidm va co liidu qua cac nguon tai chinh Kdt qua la cac'doanh nghidp My sa vao tinh trang lung tung bi dong triroc nhung bidn dong cua mdi trudng, toe tang trudng giam sut, cac doanh nghidp Nhat ban co kha nang phan irng nhanh,thich nghi vdi didu kidn bidn ddng, dat tdc dd tang trudng cao va on dinh,vuot trdn cac dong nghidp Au My va chidm vi tri di'rng dau thd" gidi vao nhirng nam 1970 Nhom chuydn gia kinh td cua edng ty tu van n6i tidng Boston Consulting Group nhan xet " Chidn luoc marketing, chidn luoc ngudi va chidn luoc tai chinh chd khdng phai la phuong pliap quan ly da lam cho Nhat ban trd tlianh ngud dan dau thd" gidi " Cung thdi gian do, My va Tay Au kip nhan didu gi da lam cho ho tliua cudc va tai My, van dd " tu tudng chidn luoc " quan ly da duoc khdi xudng nghidn ctru Thdi ky dau, tu tudng chidn luoc don gian, clni ydu tap trung vao vide phan tich cac didm manh, didm ydu cua doanh nghidp dd dd cac chidn luoc kinh doanh Vao nlurng nam 1960, mOt sd" ky thuat phan tich chidn liroc duoc dd xudt trdn co sd van dung cac md hinli toan hoc vao quan ly Co the’ d^n mOt sO’ mo hinh phAn tich nhu : Mo hinh BCG ( Boston Consulting Group ) , mO hinh A.O Little, md hinh Mc.Kinsey, vv Tie’p deh nhung nam 1970, cung vdi sir len ngdi cua NliAt ban, tir tirong chie’n liroc noi bat la van de chat lirong, cong nghe, san xuAt vdi mo hinh dung thdi diem J AT ( KliOng dir trtt, khOng phe pham, kliOng chain tie ) Den nhung nam 1980, van de phAn tich mOi trudng duoc hoan chinh them vdi phuong pliap xac dinh vi tri canh tranli chie’n luoc cua Porter Nhtrng-nam tiep sau do, tu tudng cliien luoc tiep tuc duoc nAng cao, yen to thdi gian duoc coi trong, van de di6u chinh cliien liroc gan lien vdi su nang dong sang tao, linli boat qua trinh thuc hien chien luoc duoc nghien ciru b6 sung Cho den nay, van nhung quan niem kliac nhung van de cliien luoc cua doanh ngliiep thuc sir da tro thanli mOt he thong ly thuye’t ve quan ly doanh ngliiep Do vAy, tir nhung nam 1970 tro lai day, My va Tay Au dOu quan tarn den van de " cliien luoc pliat trie’n""Quan ly chie'n luoc " cua doanh ngliiep Theo tuAn bao " Bussiness Week " : " Quan ly chien luoc da tro thanli tarn va su dot pha chinh yOu cong tac quan ly cua cac cong ty Hoa ky " " Phan Idn cac hang , ke’ ca cac cOng ty khong 16 nhu General Electric, IBM, Sell Oil hien cung dang van dung mOt hinh (hire quan ly cliien luoc nao Theo tie’ll sy Pho Ba Long , ngudi bien soan cuOn " Doanh ngliiep nho va quan ly theo "Chuong trinh huAn luyen cac nha kinh doanh nho " ( Small Business and Management ) cua trudng Dai hoc tong hop George Town - My , ca vdi cac doanh ngliiep nho , trudc tien cung can pliai xac dinli muc tieu nliiem vu , soan thao duoc chien luoc kinh doanh va sau mdi la cac ke lioacli hanh dOng Tit thitc tidn va nhitng kinh nghiem licit sit neu ti en, co the ndi : nay, xay ditng vd thitc hanh chien luoc kinh doanh thuc sit dd trd thanli mot nhiem vu hang dau , mot noi dung quan trong quan ly doanh ngliiep , dd vd dang dito'c dp dung rong rdi d hau het cac nude cd nen kinh te thi truo'ng pliat trien 1.2- Mdt sO’ each tiep can pham tru chie’n luoc 1.2.1- Chie’n luoc pliat trien va cliien luoc kinh doanh Mac du da trai qua gAn mOt nua the ky nghien ciru ap dung nhung den vAn ton tai nhung quan niem khac ve chie’n luoc cua doanh ngliiep MOt s6 nha kinh te’ dong nha’t chie’n luoc vdi chie’n luoc pliat trien cua doanh nghiOp Tieu bidh cho quan niem la cac nha kinh te ciia BCG, theo chidn lucre phat tridn la chidn ltrcrc chung cua doanh nghiep bao gdm cac bd phAn chidn luqc" thd eflip " la chidn luqc marketing, chidn luqc nguoi va chidi luoc tai chinh Vua chidn luqc NhAt ban Kenichi Ohmae, giam ddc cOng ty tir vAii n6i tidnp Me Kinsey lai khong sir dung thuat ngu chidn liroc phat trid’n ma dong nhAt chidn luoc" vdi" chidn luoc kinh doanh va cho lAng, chidn luoc kinh doanh cii; doanh nghiep bao gom ca vAn dd chidn luoc tai chinh , chidn luoc ngirdi Mdi doanh nghidp vAy khong nhung phai gan lidn phat tridn san xuAi kinh doanh vdi phat tridn xa hoi, ngirdi pham vi quan ly ciia minh ma tim thAy lqi ich, dOng lire cho sir phat tridn on dinh bdn vung cua minh tir cac vAh dd xa hdi, nguoi Vi vay cd the coi chien luge - hay chien luge phat trien ciia doanh nghiep la chien luge tong the, hudng toi su phat trien todn dieu ciia doanh nghiep, co chien luge kinh doanh la bo phgn clui veil lam cU sd cho cac bo plign chien luge phat trien cac nguon luc vat chat va ngudi dong thdi cd quan he tuo'ng tdc huu cot vdi cac bo phgn dd Duong nhidn, chidn luqc kinh doanh cung vAn bao gom cac vAn dd vAt chAt va ngirdi nhung chung chi dirqc dd cAp nhu la nhung giai phap chinh sach de thuc hidn chidn luqc kinh doanh 1.2.2- Chidn luqc kinh doanh ciia doanh nghidp Hidn thdi, chua co mdt khai nidm chuAn cho thuAt ngu CLKD Cac nha kinh td vAn md ta thuAt ngu theo nhung khia canh khac Alain thretart cudn Chidn luqc ciia cong ty" cho rang : Chidn luqc la nghd thuAt ma doanh nghidp dung dd chdng lai canh tranh va gianh thang lqi Porter cho rang Chidn luqc la nghd thuAt tao lap cac lqi thd canh tranh ", Ciing hirdng tidp cAn , K.Ohmae cho rang : " Muc dich ciia CLKD la mang lai nlnrng didu kidn thuAn lqi nhAt cho mdt pliia, danh gia chinh xac thdi didm I An cong hay rut lui, xac dinh dung dAn ranli gidi ciia su thoa hidp " Ong nhAn manh " Khong co doi thu canh tranh thi khong cAn co chidn luqc muc dich nhAt cua chidn luqc la dam bao gianh thang lqi bdn vung den vdi doi thu canh tranh" 140 Thidt bi thi cdng c'au - Bua ddng coc 35X35 1 - Can cdu 40 Ta'n 1 - Thidt bi khoan 1 Thidt bi lam mat dudng - Lu rung , lu ldp , lu tron 16 6 32 - Tram trdn 80 - 100 m3/h 1 - May t bd tdng AC 1 Thidt bi lam ndn - May ui >=100CV 16 10 10 40 - May xue l-l,5m3/g'au 16 4 30 - May cap m3 16 2 28 - Xe tu dd > Ta'n 40 16 70 - Xe tu dd -7 Tail 40 18 70 - Xe chuydn dung kliac 20 4 35 Tdng kinh phi dau tur dir kid'll mua sam cac thiet bi tren khoang 170 ty ddng Tdng sd' trdn 300 dau thidt bi chinh can mua sam them, chua kd cac thiet bi co cdng sud't nho hon va sd' trang thidt bi cac doanh nghidp vidn tu mua sam them - Vd phuong thuc va nhip dd dau tu : Vide cfau tu mua sam cdc trang thie't bi co thd thuc hidn theo cac phuong thuc : + Vay vdn ngdn hang thuong mai va ngoai nudc + Su dung vdn ung cua cac cdng trinh thang thdu + Mua tra chain cac hang nudc ngoai + Su dung thidt bi cua cdc dd'i tac lidn doanh ung thau + Huy ddng vdn tu cd cua ban than Tdng cdng ty 141 3.1.2 - D'ftu tu cho dao tao va dao tao lai can bd ky thuat va cdng nhan : - Tidp tuc tri dho tao trung ca'p ky thuat c'au dudng tai trudng Tung hoc cau dudng va day nghd cua T6ng cdng ty vdi luc luong 50 hoc vidn mdi nam ddng thdi hop ddng vdi trudng dai hoc giao thdng md khoa dao tao ky su c'au dudng khoa 1996 - 2000 cho 50 sinh vidn Lidn kdt giri dao tao sau dai hoc vh trdn dai hoc cac chuydn nganh ky thuat xay dung , ky thuat c'au dudng mdi nam khoang 50 ngudi Mat khac , Tdng cdng ty cung da hdt sue tranh thu sir giup ciia cac co so day nghd thudc cac Bd Qudc phong, Bd Giao thdng van tai, Bd xay dung; gui dao tao lai , thp , cdng nhan xay dung vv Vdi luc luong 200 ngudi/nam, td chuc day nghd cho chieii si nghia vu binh quan 500 ngudi/nam Cung vdi vide tu dao tao, Tdng cdng ty cung tranh thu bd sung can bd nhan vidn ky thuat cua Bd Qudc phong , co chinh sach thu hut true tidp sd sinh vien ciia cac trudng dai hoc cao dang, trung hoc cac nganh tdt nghidp trudng phu hop nhu cau sir dung de bd sung vao ddi ngu lao ddng cua minh pha'n da'u den nam 2000 vdi sd lao ddng rong bidn che 5000 ngudi phai co : 8-9 % tdt nghidp dai hoc trd ldn( klioan 400 - 450 ky su ) 10 - 12 % tdt nghiep trung hoc ( 300 - 600 trung ca'p ) 60 - 65 % cdng nhan co tay nghe, cdng nhan ky thuat ( 3000 - 3500 ngudi ) Muc tidu cao nhat ciia vide dao tao lai ddi ngu lao ddng la tao co cdu hop ly ve chai lirpng lao ddng vdi ty 16 lao ddng qua dao tao chinh qui tang ldn, giam thieu sd lao ddng tlui cdng gian don va kha nang tidp cdn, thuc hanh thi cdng xay dung cac cdng trinh quy md ldn , ky thuat cao va hidn dai, dam bao yeu c'au ky my thuat va tien xay dungedng trinh Tdng kinh phi du kien ddu tu cho day nghd dao tao lao ddng dir kidn khoang 15 ty dong Tdng hop nhu c'au dao tao thp tir nam 1996 ddn nam 2000 nhu bi du 27 trang sau Bieu so 26 Nhu cdu dao tao can bo - nhftn vien - cong nhdn Ra TT Nganh nghd, ca'p hoc 1996 1997 1998 999 2000 trudng Co tai nam 2000 n.2 000 Dao tao tap trung - Ky sir c'au dirdng 50 - Trung ca'p c'au dudng 40 40 40 40 40 200 - Cdng nhan xay dung 50 50 50 50 50 250 - B'di dirdng ngan han cho 50 142 sd lao ddng hidn tai 80 80 80 80 80 400 - Sau dai hoc 5 5 20 - Ky su xAy dung 20 20 20 20 20 20 - Dai hoc khde 20 20 20 20 20 100 50 50 50 50 50 150 50 50 50 50 50 250 80 80 80 80 80 400 500 500 500 500 500 2500 Giri ngoai - Trung cdp kinh td' vh ky thuat - Lai xe may thi cdng - Cdng nhan ky thuat - Day nghe kem cap Huy ddng vdn dudi cac hinh thirc thich hop : - Trong co che den nam 2000, viec nha th'au thang th'au phai ndp bao lanli hpp d'Png xay dung va cac hinh thich irng trudc vdn dau tir tra chain, tinh (rang np dpng keo dai vdi lirong tien ldn cua cac chii cdng trinh Nha nude , budc cac nha th’au phai tir xoay sd dd cd dupe mot ngudn tai chinh kha di chiu dung dupe nhirng rang budc ndi tren De dam bao dupe muc tidu san lupng ddn nam 2000 nhir da neu d tren Nhu c'an von san xuat ddn nam 2000 ciia Tdng cdng (y la 600 ty ddng, dd vdn luu dong c'an khoang 150 - 400 ty ddng , vdn cd' dinh : 350 - 400 ty dong Neu tinh tir thdi didm nam 1996 thi can huy ddng nam 1996 - 2000 la 450 ty dong, : + Bd sung vdn luu ddng 200 ty ddng + Ddu tir mua sam trang thidt bi mdi : 170 ty ddng + Ddu tu cho san xudt kinh doanh da quy : 15 ty ddng + Dau tu cho dao tao lai lao ddng : 15 ly ddng + Ddu tu cho cac nhu cdu khac : 50 ty dong Dd huy ddng dupe sd vdn tidn, lidn co sd cac mdi quan lie hien lai va tuong lai Tdng cdng ty du kidn : + Huy ddng vdn tu cd (tir quy kha'u hao , quy phat tridn san xuft't ) 30 % 143 + Vay cac ngan hdng thuong mai ngoai nirdc 50 % hoac mua thie't bi tra chain + Huy ddng qua lidn doanh vdi cac dd'i tac nirdc ngoai 20 % 3.3.Chinh sach lien doanh-lien ket kinh te : Tdng cdng ty chii trudng da phuong hoa cac quan he lien doanh lien ke't vdi cac dd'i tac va ngoai nudc theo cac hinh thirc chu ydu sau: + Lidn danh vdi cac nha thdu nudc ngoai da'u thdu cac cdng trinh , du an cd vdn nirdc ngoai.Hinh thirc lien danh nham vao cac cdng trinh cd quy md Idn, ky thuat phirc tap, cdn cd vdn Idn Khi thdng thdu, ke't thuc xay dung cdng trinh thi cd the chd'm dirt quan he lien danh ;Vidc lua chon dd'i tac lien danh thuc hien theo tirng cdng trinh du an vdi nhung didu kien sau: - Ddi tac phai co nang luc tai chinh dii dap (mg ydu cdu gop vdn xay dung cdng trinh - Cd nhu cdu cao vd vide xdm nhap thi trudng xdy dirng Viet nam - Cd uu the vd ky thuat, cdng nghe sdn sang ddng gop vao lidn danh vdi nhung didu kidn cha'p nhan duoc - Trudc dd chua trung thdu mdt hoac mdt sd' tong sd cac du an ciia thudc cdng trinh Kinh nghidm ciia qua trinh thuc hidn hinh thuc lien doanh naynhung nam qua cho thay: ngoai nhung didu kidn ndi trdn cdn cd sir uu tidn lira chon cac do'i tac tir cac nudc Ddng Bdc a , Ddng Nam a nhu: Nam Tridu Tidn, Dai Loan, Hdng Cdng, vi ho thudng dd cha'p nhan chi phi quan ly mure tha'p lidn + Lidn doanh vdi nha thdu nudc ngoai va cac nha thdu manh nudc theo nguyen tdc cung gop vdn, chia loi va ganh vac rui ro thdng qua thanli lap Cdng ty Lien doanh Tong cdng ty se tim kidm cac ddi tac nudc ngoai cd nang luc tai chinh manh , cd y dinh lam an Idu dai d Vidt nam va plidi hqp vdi cac nha thdu nudc, dd lap thdni I ddn Cdng ty lidn doanh theo hinh thuc mien trung va midn Nam vdi nhung didu kidn nhu trdn Dd'i tac nude cdn hudng vao lien ke't vdi cac Tong cdng ty xdy dug manh nhu: Tong cdng ty xdy dung cdng trinh I midn Bdc, Tdng cdng ty xdy dung cdu Thang Long, Torig cdng ty xdy dung thuy didn Hoa Binh, Tdng cdng ty xdy dung ke't cdu tdng, cac Tong cdng ty xdy dung cdng trinh cr midn Trung va d midn Nam Cac Cdng ty lidn doanh khdng chi' tham gia ddu thdu cac dir an cdng trinh Idn ma co thd tham gia ddu thdu xdy dung cac cdng trinh co quy md vira va nho trdn cac dia ban klui vuc Cung vdi hinh thirc tren, Tong cdng ty se lidn doanh vdi cac doanh nghidp manh Bd qudc phong nhu: Tdng cdng ty xdy dung I I, Cdng ty 25/3 ciia Bd Tu lenh cdng binh dd tham gia ddu thdu, chon thdu hoac chi dinh thdu cac cdng trinh thudc khu vuc qudc phong-an ninli 144 + Lidn ket vdi cac doanh nghiep manh cac dia phirong, khu virc chii ydu da va se co cac cdng trinh dir an xAy dirng.nham dir thtiu xAy dirng cac cdng trinh quy mO vira va nho phftn bd rdng tren cac dia ban khu virc toan qudc DAy la mang thi trudng rat quan trong, phu hop vdi clni tnrong hoan chinh va nang cap he thdng giao thOng Ddng Bang, mien nui thi ciia Nha nirdc Viec phat tridn va da phirong hoa, da dang hoa cac hinh thirc lien doanh lien kdt cd y nglna dac biet quan trong didu kien nang lire tai chinh, ky thuat cOng nghe han che hd tro cho daii tliAu, giAnli thau cac cOng trinh ldn tap trung ddng thdi gifr vung vi the canh tranh ddi vdi cac cdng trinh vua vA nho d cac dia ban khu virc dd dam bao cac muc tieu vd gia tri tdng san luong ciia chidn luoc kinh doanh 3.4 Giai phap chieii liMc ve to chitc san xuat Dd tang cirdng vi the canh tranh trdn cac khu vuc thi trudng ca nude , ngoai sd doanh nghidp vidn bO tri trdn dia ban khu vuc cac Tinh nlnr hidn (18 doanh nghidp vidn) Tdng cOng ty chii truong xfty dirng thdm xi nghidp thi cdng Co gidi ddng bd nen , mat dudng vA thuc hidn bach toan ndi bd, true thudc Tdng cOng ty de tang cirdng trdn cac khu virc thi trudng chien liroc bao gdm : - I xi nghidp boat ddng chii ydu khu vuc phia Nam va TAy Nguyen - I xi nghidp hoat ddng phia Bac vA mien Trung ; Cac xi nghidp nAy duoc sir dung chii ydu tren cac cdng trinh co khdi luong Ion, thi cdng tAp trung vA co ydu cAu ky thuAt cao de lid tro cac doanh nghidp vidn tai chd thi cdng cac cdng trinh -I Xi nghidp xAy dung cAu true thudc Cdng ty 99 dii sire thi cdng cac cdu trung binh, boat ddng chii ydii phia BAc vA midn trung nham tirng budc tham gia vAo thi trudng xAy dung cac cdng trinh cdu - I Xi nghidp xAy dung dAn dung thudc Cdng ty 492 dii sire thi cdng cac cdng trinh dAn dung co quy md trung binh, boat ddng clui ydii d phia BAc va khu virc cac cdng trinh xAy dirng cdng trinh qudc phong Ddi vdi cac doanh nghidp hidn tai, co su pliAn cdng theo khu virc, mdi doanh nghidp vien phu tiach mdt sd tinh, phd nliAt dinh lam chd dirng dd’ tao dung cac mdi quan hd chat che, lAu dai vdi cac dia phuong , tim kidm co hdi kinh doanh tirng khu vuc ddng thdi sAn sAng huy ddng luc luong ciia nhidu doanh nghidp pho'i hop thi cdng ciic cdng trinh ldn vdi tu each la cac nhA tliAu phu Tdng cdng ty lam tdng tliAu mdi doanh nghidp khu virc ciing co su sAp xcp lai dd hinh tliAnli mdt sd Ddi duqc trang bi phuong tidn, vAt chdt cAn thiet dii sire ddc I Ap nliAn tliAu thi cdng cac hang muc cdng trinh hoac cdng trinh nho theo md hinh Ddi nliAn tliAu liacli toan ddng thdi td chirc nliidu ddi nhe chi co bd killing quan ly, va mdt sd trang thiet bi tdi thidn nhirng dupc dam bao vd vdn dd boat ddng vdi danh nghia cdng ty hoac Tdng cdng ty Cac ddi se pliat tridn sAu vao cac dia ban khu vuc nho lion cac linli, liuyen v.v tim kidm nliAn thdu xAy dung cac cdng trinh nho, IhAm chi i At nho tAt ca moi noi 145 dia ban khu vuc Cac ddi nhe chii ydii sir dung nang luc may va lao ddng bang thud muon khu vuc xdy dung Bang nhung bidn phap td chuc tren, hy vong Tdng cdng ty se co mat trdn lidu hdi cac khu vuc dia ly, tidp cdn duoc vdi cac cdng trinh, du an xdy dung giao thdng moi quy md ldn vita , nhd, vdi nliidu mire dd ky thudt cdng nghd khac nham tang cudng va phat tiie’n thi plidn cua Tdng cdng ty thi trudng xdy dung noi chung , thi trudng xdy dung cdng trinh giao thdng ndi ridng Chung tdi khdng cd tham vong xdy dung mdt chidii luoc kinh doanh hoan chinh ca vd ndi dung va hinh thirc ciia doanh nghidp xdy dung cdng trinh vdi y nghia ddy dii ciia nd ma chi mdi phac thao nhung dudng net nham xac dinh nhung muc tidu chit ydii ddn nam 2000 cac khu vuc va thi trudng chidii luoc ma d dd Tdng cdng ty cd the tham gia canh tranh vdi nhung uu thd nhdt dinh, dd xudt cac giai phap ddi vdi mdt sd vdii dd chidn liroc co tinh clid't cliudii bi nhung didu kidn dam bao cho Tdng cdng ty cd dupe vi the canh tranh dang kd’ tren cac thi trudng dd Ndii khdng cd sir dinh hudng, cliudii bi nhu vdy, Tdng cdng ty khdng the canh tranh thang Ipi cac cuoc dir thdu Nhung cho dii da cd sir cliudii bi ddy dii ma khdng cd duoc chidii lupc ddii thdu linh boat, tirng cdng trinh du an thi ciing khdng the thdng thdu Cd thd’ ndi tlianh cdng cua chidn lupc kinh doanh ddi vdi cac doanh nghidp xdy dung giao thdng ndi cluing va Tdng cdng ty xdy dung ndi ridng phu thudc mdt each quydt dinh vao vide vdn dung chidii lupcc ddii thdu ddi vdi trinh du an cdng trinh ./ MUC LUC PHAN Md DAU TRANG Su cAn thiet phai nghien chu dd tai 01 Muc dich nghien chu Pham vi doi tuong nghien chu Phuong phap nghien chu Nhung dong gop cua Luan an Ket eftu Lu&n an 03 PHAN NOI DUNG Chuong : NHUNG VAN DE CO bAn VE LY LUAN VA PHUONG PHAP LUAN CLKD CUA DNXDCTGT I Khai niem chung vv CLKD c im doanh ngliiep 03 Mot so cach tiep can ve CLKD 1.1 Su du nhap thuht ngu chien luoc vao linh vuc kinh doanh 1.2 Met sO cach tiep can pham tru chien luoc 1.3 Phan biet CLKD voi sO thuat ngu quan ly khac Noi dung chu yeu cua CLKD 12 Cac quan niPm vd nO dung CLKD 2.2 Cac md hinh CLKD II Qua trinh hoach dinh CLKD cam doanh nghiep 17 / Qua trinh chien laoc cua doanh nghiep 1.1 Qua ^1^^hihin nuoc 1.2 Quan ly chien luoc can doanh gghiPp Hoach dinh CLKD cua doanh nghiep 20 2.1 Nhung yeu chu hoach dinh CLKD 2.2 Nhung can ch xdy dung CLKD 21 2.3 Qua trinh hoadi dinh CLKD cUa doa^i nghiep 25 2.3.1 Phhnddrin clite'n ucrc a Muc dich b Thuc chat c Ndi dung phan doan 27 2.3.2 Phan tich hoan canh ndi bd doanh nghidp 27 2.3.3 Tong hop phan tich cac ydu td mdi trirdng, ndi bd 33 2.4 Hooch dinh CLKD 35 2.4.1 Xac dinh muc tidu chidn luoc 2.4.2 Xay dung cac phuong an chidn luoc 38 2.4.3 Lua chon cac phuong an chidn luoc tot nhat 38 a Nhan bidt chidn luoc hidn tai 42 b Danh gia cac phuong an da xac dinh c Lua chon phuong an tot nhat d Tidm dinh phuong an da lua chon 43 2.4.4 Xac dinh cac giai phap chinh sach hd tro 44 III Kindi n gliihm x ay d dun c Inch liro'c k hiIi doanli d I son ird'c tren the gidi / 45 Ve to chuc thu thap giu lieu Ve phuong phap phan doan phan tich Ve su dung cac cong cu phan tich Ve danh gia lua chon phuong an Ve chien luoc du phong Ve to chuc xay dung Ve trinh dd xay dung CLKD 4S Lhlfollg II TINH HINH XAY DUNG CLKD CAC DOANH NGHIEP XDCTGT NUdC TA THdl GIAN QUA I Mdt so dac diem chii yeu cua nhcnh XDCTGT va doonb i ingK'd* XDCTGT cd anh hudng ddn xay dung LLD1) cua doanh nghiep / 4') Nh ffng dac diem chu yeu cua nganh XDCTGT va anh hudng cua chung tdi viec xay dung CLKD cua DN 1.1 Vi iri da ilggon XDCTGT 49 1.2 Dac didm kinh te ky thuat va anh huong cua chung tdi I xay dung CLKD cua doanh nghiep XDCTGT 50 1.3 Nhung bien ddng mdi trudng kinh doanh XDCB d nudc ta thdi gian qua va anh hudn tdi vide xay dung CLKD cua DNXDCTGT 52 1.3.1 Nam 1986 trd vd trudc 1.3.2 Tit 1986 den 1990 1.3.3 Tu 1991 den Mot so dac diem vd tiem nang cua DNXDCTGT 56 2.1 Nhung dac didm chu ye'u va anh hudng cua chung tdi xac dinh nhiem vu dai han 2.1.1 Ve td chirc san xua't 56 2.1.2 Vd td chirc va pham vi hoat ddng 57 2.1.3 Vd pham vi va mi'rc dd chuyen mdn hoa 58 2.2 Tidm nang cua DNXDCTGT d Viet Nam 59 2.2.1 Xet theo quy md doanh nghidp 60 2.2.2 Xet vd ky thuat cdng nghd 61 2.2.3 Xet vd nang luc tai chinh 67 2.2.4 Vd luc luong lao ddng 2.3 Danh gia kha nang dap (mg nhu cdu XD cua cac DNXDCTGT Vidt Nam hidn 73 II Tlurc trang XI) ke hoach, CLKD ciia cac DNXDCTGT nuoc ta thdi gian qua / Tinh hinh XD ke hoach, xa dinh nhiem vu hang nam 73 1.1 Ndi dung ke hoach SXKD 73 s 1.2 Quy trinh xay dung kd hoach 77 Tinh hinh xac dinh nhiem vu, ke hoach dai han cua DNXDCTGT 80 III Danh gia thuc trang xac dinh nhiem vu dai han va giai quyet cac van de chien luoc kinh doanh ciia cac DNXDCTG nuoc ta thdi gian qua Mot so ket qua baric dau