© ISO 2017 Environmental management for concrete and concrete structures — Part 4 Environmental design of concrete structures Management environnemental du béton et des structures en béton — Partie 4[.]
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13315-4 First edition 2017-03 Environmental management for concrete and concrete structures — Part 4: Environmental design of concrete structures Management environnemental du béton et des structures en béton — Partie 4: Conception environnementale des structures en béton Reference number ISO 13315-4:2017(E) © ISO 2017 ISO 13315-4:2017(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT © ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved Unless otherwise specified, no part o f this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country o f the requester ISO copyright o ffice Ch de Blandonnet • CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyright@iso.org www.iso.org ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 13315-4:2017(E) Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v Scope Normative references Terms and definitions Framework of environmental design Client briefing and environmental performance requirements Design Estimation Verification Documentation Annex A (informative) Example structure of inventory, impact category, category endpoints and objects of protection Annex B (informative) Examples o f measures to satis fy requirements for impact category indicators in the “Design” stage Annex C (informative) Example of inventory analysis based on the LCA method and verification (mix proportion o f concrete) Bibliography © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved iii ISO 13315-4:2017(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies) The work o f preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters o f electrotechnical standardization The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part In particular the different approval criteria needed for the di fferent types o f ISO documents should be noted This document was dra fted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part (see www.iso org/directives) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some o f the elements o f this document may be the subject o f patent rights ISO shall not be held responsible for identi fying any or all such patent rights Details o f any patent rights identified during the development o f the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso org/patents) Any trade name used in this document is in formation given for the convenience o f users and does not constitute an endorsement For an explanation on the voluntary nature o f standards, the meaning o f ISO specific terms and expressions related to formity assessment, as well as in formation about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso org/iso/foreword html The committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee ISO/TC 71, Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete, Subcommittee SC 8, Environmental management for concrete and concrete structures A list of all the parts in the ISO 13315 series can be found on the ISO website iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 13315-4:2017(E) Introduction Environmental management is essential for properly estimating the negative and positive environmental impacts brought about by a construction project in order to reduce the environmental burden and create environmental benefits Environmental considerations for a structure, in particular, are to be carried out at the design stage and be integrated with conventional structural design and durability design To this end, standardization o f the design procedure for environmental design becomes a necessity ISO 14040 stipulates the principles and framework o f li fecycle assessment (LCA) for the environmental management o f products and services However, it is somewhat di fficult to apply this to structures with extremely long li fecycles, such as in frastructures and building structures The use o f concrete, a key construction material, accounts for a particularly large part o f the environmental impacts related to construction projects I f the environmental impacts related to a concrete structure are accurately dealt with to achieve environmental design, this can enable a dramatic reduction in the environmental burden for the construction project as a whole and increase the environmental benefits There fore, a method o f environmental design specifically for concrete structures is essential and led to the development of this document In the environmental design o f a concrete structure, appropriate specifications for materials and structural details are established based on LCA ISO 13315-1 stipulates the principles of environmental consideration for concrete and concrete structures while ISO 13315-2 stipulates the system boundaries necessary for carrying out LCA and the inventory data to be acquired © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved v INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13315-4:2017(E) Environmental management for concrete and concrete structures — Part 4: Environmental design of concrete structures Scope This document provides the general framework, principles and requirements for carrying out an environmental design o f concrete structures, based on a li fecycle assessment (LCA) method or other appropriate methods This document is applicable to single concrete structures, as well as concrete structure complexes Normative references The following documents are re ferred to in the text in such a way that some or all o f their content constitutes requirements o f this document For dated re ferences, only the edition cited applies For undated re ferences, the latest edition o f the re ferenced document (including any amendments) applies ISO 13315-2, Environmental management for concrete and concrete structures — Part 2: System boundary and inventory data ISO 14040, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework Terms and definitions For the purposes o f this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13315-1, ISO 13315-2, ISO 14040 and ISO 14050, and the following apply ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: — IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia org/ — ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso org/obp 3.1 client briefing document which specifies at any point in time the relevant needs, aims and resources o f the client and user, the context o f the project and any appropriate design requirements 3.2 durability design design o f a structure in which durability is considered 3.3 environmental design design of a structure in which environmental impacts are considered [SOURCE: ISO 13315-1:2012, 3.6] © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 13315-4:2017(E) 3.4 structural design de s ign o f a s tr uc tu re i n wh ich s truc tura l p er formance s i nclud i ng s a fe ty, s er vice abi l ity, re s torabi l ity, s truc tura l i ntegrity and robu s tne s s a re s idere d Framework of environmental design Figure illustrates the positioning of environmental design in the entire design of concrete structures T he envi ron menta l de s ign o f a conc re te s truc ture s l l b e c arrie d out i ntegra l ly with s truc tu l de s ign and du rabi l ity de s ign a nd b e i n harmony with the la nd s c ap e and s u rrou nd i ng envi ron ment E nvi ron menta l de s ign i nclude s cl ient briefi ng , s e tti ng o f envi ron menta l p er formance re qu i rements , de s ign, e s ti mation o f re ta i ne d envi ronmenta l p er formance s , veri fic ation and c u mentation Figure — Environmental design of concrete structures © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 13315-4:2017(E) C l i e n t b r i e f i n g a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l p e r f o r m a n c e r e q u i r e m e n t s A client’s brie f on the environmental aspects o f a project shall be prepared with consideration o f economic and social aspects related to the purpose o f executing the project, such as LCC and historical context For a client’s brie f, LCC and environmental aspects to be considered shall be specified Various levels may be specified, including an impact category indicator (inventory), impact category, category endpoints and objects o f protection NOTE An example o f a brie f with an impact category indicator (inventory), impact category, category endpoints and objects o f protection is shown in Figure A.1 (see Annex A) Appropriate impact category indicators for per formance verification shall be selected for the environmental aspects specified in the client’s brie f When impact categories, category endpoints and objects o f protection are specified as the levels o f environmental aspects in the client’s brie f, impact category indicators that can estimate these levels shall be selected Impact category indicators may include the following: — carbon dioxide (CO2 ) equivalents; — trichlorofluoromethane (CFC) equivalents; — — — — nitrogen oxide (NO x); sulfur oxide (SO x); total nitrogen; total phosphorus; — heavy metals (lead, copper, chromium, cadmium, zinc, etc.); — — — — — — non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC); fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas); abiotic resources; particulate matter (PM); wastes; water; — amount o f resource recycling When seeking harmony with the landscape and surrounding environment, impact category indicators may be selected for these factors as required The environmental per formance requirements shall be quantitatively set to satis fy the relevant laws and regulations, and the client’s brief © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 13315-4:2017(E) Design In design, specific measures shall be taken regarding constituents, mix proportions and structural details (such as member dimensions and steel content) to incorporate the environmental aspects set as the environmental performance requirements NOTE The effects of thermal mass, water retention, water permeation, and planting can also be taken into account NOTE Annex B lists examples o f specific measures necessary for satis fying the requirements for some impact category indicators considered as environmental aspects Estimation The retained environmental performance of a concrete structure or a concrete structure complex shall be appropriately estimated according to the established impact category indicators The LCA method in this document shall be in accordance with the ISO 14040 series, and the system boundary and inventory data shall be determined according to ISO 13315-2 The retained environmental per formance shall be estimated by inventory analysis When the selected impact category indicators are noise, vibration, dust, electromagnetic waves and changes in water table levels, the value measured or analysed in the past (or in a similar environment) shall be used for estimation I f the established impact category indicator is an environmental aspect for which no quantitative estimation method has been established, or an environmental aspect not suitable for quantitative estimation, then the estimation shall be carried out by an appropriate method NOTE Relevant environmental aspects include landscape disturbance and landform change, for which estimation can be qualitatively carried out from social-scientific points o f view V e r i f i c a t i o n Verification shall be carried out to determine whether or not the retained environmental per formance o f a designed concrete structure satisfies the environmental per formance requirements NOTE Annex C shows an example o f inventory analysis based on LCA and verification When verification reveals that the retained environmental per formance o f the designed concrete structure satisfies all per formance requirements, verification ends When verification reveals that the retained environmental per formance o f the designed concrete structure does not satis fy the per formance requirements, the process flow shall return to the “Design” step to change constituents, mix proportions and structural details (such as member dimensions and steel content) or, i f this is not possible, to the “Client briefing” step to reconsider the per formance requirements through discussions I f the project is not judged to be feasible, the client or owner may decide to discontinue the project Documentation All in formation related to the environmental design o f the project shall be recorded and stored regardless o f the results o f verification When the project is executed as a result o f verification, the record shall be retained by the owner and designer for the whole service life of the concrete structure It is desirable that in formation related to the environmental design in the project be utilized for the planning o f similar projects © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 13315-4:2017(E) Annex A (informative) Example structure of inventory, impact category, category endpoints and objects of protection Figure A.1 — Example structure of inventory, impact category, category endpoints and objects of protection © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 13315-4:2017(E) Annex B (informative) E x a T he m p l e s o fol lowi ng a re for e ach f m e a s u r e s t o s a t i s f y r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r i m p a c t c a t e g o r y indicators in the “Design” stage exa mple s o f s p e c i fic me a s u re s that may b e come ne ces s ar y to s ati s fy the re qui rements i mp ac t c ategor y i nd ic ator T he s e are to b e s idere d a s envi ron menta l as p e c ts i n the “D e s ign” stage, in the case where carbon dioxide (CO2 ), nitrogen oxide (NO x), sulfur oxide (SO x), particulate matter (PM ) or the re c ycl i ng amou nt o f re s ou rce s a re s idere d a s an i mp ac t c ategor y i nd ic ator ), nitrogen oxide (NO x), sulfur oxide (SO x), or particulate matter (PM), the possible options are as follows: When the i mp ac t c ategor y i nd ic ator i s c a rb on d ioxide (C O — to op ti m i z e s treng th re qu i rement a nd s truc tura l re qui rement s ati s fyi ng the de s ign s er vice l i fe; — to re duce the Por tland cement content b y u s i ng blende d cement; — in plants; to re duce the fo s s i l fuel co n s u mp tio n b y s ub s ti tuti n g b io m a s s fuel s o u rce s fo r fo s s i l fue l s o u rce s — to re duce the amou nts o f materi a l s b y i mprovi ng the s truc tu re typ e s and e xe c ution me tho d s; — to re duce the fo s s i l fuel s u mp tion b y u s i ng fuel- e ffic ient s truc tion mach i ner y and e qu ipment; — to re duce the fo s s i l fuel s u mp tion b y s tric tly ad heri ng to the id l i ng s top prac tice; — to re duce the fo s s i l fuel s u mp tion b y s ub s tituti ng biomas s — to cho o s e appropriate me tho dolo g y rel ate d to a l l ac tivitie s i n s truc tion; — reduction of heat island phenomena; fuel s ou rce s for fo s s i l fuel; to uti l i z e h igh water p erme abi l ity and h igh water re tention abi l ity o f p er viou s conc re te for the — to e xtend the de s ign s er vice l i fe o f the s truc ture and memb ers b y u s i ng h igh s treng th and h igh — to ex tend the de s ign s er vice l i fe o f the s tr uc tu re a nd memb ers b y en nc i ng adap tabi l ity to variou s performance concrete; changes in the future; — to utilize a thermal storage effect of concrete (buildings) When the i mp ac t c ategor y i nd ic ator i s the re c ycl i ng amou nt o f re s ou rce s , the p o s s ible op tion s a re as follows: — to u s e s upplementa r y cementitiou s materi a l s; — to u s e re c ycle d aggre gate and variou s s lag aggregate s; — to use recovered aggregate © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 13315-4:2017(E) Annex C (informative) Example of inventory analysis based on the LCA method and v e C R e q u i r e m e n t r a i f i n d c a a s t i s o u n m p ( m t i o i n x p r o p o r t i o n o f c o n c r e t e ) s In this example, 30 % reduction of CO2 emission is required in a concrete structure This reduction will be attained from concrete used in the structure It is assumed that concrete with a water cement ratio of 0,50 is needed from the structural and durability per formances o f the concrete structure If it is assumed that 75 % of the CO2 emission of the structure comes from the concrete, the concrete has to meet the requirement of 40 % reduction of concrete-originated CO2 emission Ordinary Portland cement, tap water, crushed sand and crushed stone are used as cement, mixing water, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate, respectively To simpli fy the conditions o f the example here, it is assumed that the transportation method and distance between a supplier and purchaser for cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate are not changed regardless o f the types o f cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate Also, the same environmental impacts for producing concrete are assumed for any type o f cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate C.2 Inventory analysis The system boundaries o f each constituent and concrete are determined in accordance with ISO 13315-2 A conventional mix proportion o f concrete to satis fy the structural and durability per formance requirements is shown in Table C.1 Table C.1 — Conventional mix proportion of concrete M.S a a b c d (mm) 20 Slump (cm) 12 Air (%) 5,0 Maximum aggregate size Water/cement ratio W/C b 0,50 s/a c (%) 44 W 173 Unit content (kg/m ) C S G 346 787 002 WR/AE d 2,64 Ratio o f fine aggregate to total aggregate in volume Water-reducing/air-entraining admixture emission, the mix proportion of concrete containing ground granulated blast furnace slag in Table C.2 is chosen Then to assure the same structural and durability per formances o f the concrete structure due to the change o f the binder, the water binder ratio of concrete is reduced from 0,50 to 0,45 and the chemical admixture is changed from water-reducing/air-entraining admixture to slump and air retention/high range water reducing/air entraining admixture To satis fy 40 % reduction o f concrete-originated CO © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 13315-4:2017(E) Table C.2 — Mix proportion of concrete containing ground granulated blast furnace slag M.S a b c (mm) 20 Slump (cm) 12 Air (%) 5,0 W/B a 0,45 s/a (%) 43 W 150 C 133 Unit content (kg/m ) GGBFS b S 200 Water/binder ratio Ground granulated blast furnace slag Slump and air retention/high range water reducing/air entraining admixture 780 G 033 HRWR/AE c 1,95 To calculate CO2 emission in each mix proportion, the following inventory data, which are collected based on ISO 13315-2, are used for each constituent material Water: 0,003 kg CO2/m3 Cement: 780 kg CO2/t GGBFS: 27 kg CO2/t Sand: 3,7 kg CO2 /t Gravel: 2,9 kg CO2/t WR/AE: 150 kg CO2/t HRWR/AE: 150 kg CO2/t The CO2 emissions for m3 of each concrete mix are as follows: Conventional mix: 0,003 × 0,173 + 780 × 0,346 + 3,7 × 0,787 + 2,9 × 1,002 + 150 × 0,002 64 = 276,1 ≈ 276 kg CO /m The mix with GGBFS: 0,003 × 0,150 + 780 × 0,133 + 27 × 0,200 + 3,7 × 0,780 + 2,9 × 1,033 + 150 × 0,001 95 = 115,3 ≈ 115 kg CO /m C.3 Verification The reduction of CO2 emission by adopting the alternative mix proportion is approximately 58 % which can satis fy the requirement for concrete Accordingly, the requirement as the structure is satisfied © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 13315-4:2017(E) Bibliography [1] [2] ISO 13315-1, Environmental management for concrete and concrete structures — Part 1: General principles ISO 14050, Environmental management — Vocabulary © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 13315-4:2017(E) ICS 13.020.10; 91.080.40; 91.100.30 Price based on pages © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved