02 chapter2 reservoir compatibility mode

CHAPTER 02 RESERVOIR HCMUT-2014 INTRODUCTION CONDITION FOR AN ACCUMULATION OF OIL AND GAS ØA mature source rock Ø A reservoir rock Ø A migration route (betw Source & Res.) Ø An impermeable seal Ø A trap & Ø Timing RESERVOIR DEFINITIONS A single continuous deposit of gas and/or oil in the pores of a reservoir rock A reservoir has a single pressure system and don’t communicate with other reservoirs ü The portion of the trap that contains petroleum, including the reservoir rock, pores, and fluids (A pond, lake or environment that is used store liquids) ü RESERVOIR TYPICAL TYPES The only common rock types that normally have the favorable combination of porosity and permeability to be reservoirs are sandstones and carbonates (Figure 01) Figure 01: Main reservoir rock The Reservoir Rock: Sandstone An outcrop of pebbly sandstone (at base of cliff) overlain by red sandstone The Budleigh-Salterton pebble beds, of Triassic age A few kilometres to the east these beds dip into the subsurface, and form part of the oil reservoir at the Wytch Farm Field, which is Britain’s largest onshore oil field The Reservoir Rock: Sandstone • The Jurassic Bridport Sand Another of the reservoir sandstones important in the Wytch Farm field of southern Britain The layering in this sandstone may be the result of rhythmic climatic changes in the shallow sea where this sandstone was deposited The Reservoir Rock: Dolomite • The Cairns Formation, of Devonian age, exposed near Canmore, in the Front ranges of the Rocky Mountains, just east of Banff, Alberta This is one of the more important reservoir units in the subsurface of Alberta The Reservoir Rock: Dolomite This is an example of an important reservoir rock type Fossil stromatoporoids have been hollowed out by the chemical conversion of limestone to dolomite, creating pore spaces so large that they are sometimes called “cavernous porosity” Figure 32: Petrophysical cross-section showing the distribution of zones of different porosity RESERVOIR ENERGY SOURCE Gas dissolved in oil Ø Free gas under pressure Ø Gas reservoir Ø Oil reservoir wet/free gas cap Ø Fluid pressure Ø Hydrostatic – hydrodynamic Ø Compressed water, gas, oil Ø Elastically compressed rock Ø Gravity Ø Combination of the above Ø RESERVOIR DRIVE Reservoir drive is the natural energy in a reservoir that forces the fluids out of the rock and into the well Ø Every oil field has at least one reservoir drive Ø Type of reservoir drives in oil field include: Ø RESERVOIR DRIVE (Cont.) Former: Ø Solution gas drive Ø Gas cap drive Ø Water drive Ø Gravity Drainage Ø Combination drive Now: Fluid Extension drive Gas-cap drive Water drive Compaction drive Combination drive DISSOLVED GAS DRIVE RESERVOIR Characteristics Reservoir pressure Surface gas-oil ratio Water production Well behavior Expected oil recovery Trend Decline rapidly and continuously First low, then rises to maximum and then drops Non Requires pumping at early stage to 30 % of OIP GAS CAP DRIVE RESERVOIR Characteristics Trend Reservoir pressure Falls slowly and continuously Surface gas-oil ratio Rises continuously in up structure wells Water production Absent or negligible Well behavior Long flowing life Expected OR 10 to 20-30 % of OIP WATER DRIVE RESERVOIR Characteristics Trend Reservoir pressure Remains high Surface gas-oil ratio Remains low Water production Starts early and increases appreciable amount Well behavior Flow until water production gets excessive Expected oil recovery 35 to 70 percent GRAVITY DRAINAGE DRIVE RESERVOIR Characteristics Trend Reservoir pressure Remains in medium rates Surface gas-oil ratio Stable Water production Negligible Well behavior Requires pumping at early stage Expected oil recovery 15 to 20 percent ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (EOR) Enhanced oil recovery methods attempt to improve these efficiency factors by: ° Reducing the mobility ratio by increasing water viscosity; ° Reducing the mobility ratio by decreasing oil viscosity; ° Altering interfacial tension of the water – oil interface; and ° Improving the relative permeability characteristics ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY METHODS Water flooding ° Chemical recovery processes: v Polymer flooding v Surfactant – polymer flooding v Caustic flooding ° Thermal recovery processes: v Steam flooding v In-situ combustion ° Miscible recovery processes ° REFERENCES Akbar, M., Vissapragada, B., Alghamdi, A H., Allen, D., Herron, M., Carnegie, A., Dutta, D., Olesen, J R., Chourasiya, R D., Logan, D., Stief, D., Netherwood, R., Russell, S.D., and Saxena, K (2000) "A Snapshot of Carbonate Reservoir Evaluation." Schlumberger Oilfield Review, v 12, No 4, p 20-41 Allison, S B., Pope, G A and Sepehrnoori, K (1991) "Analysis of Field Tracers for Reservoir Description," Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, v (2), p 173-186 Bathurst, R.G.C., 1975, Carbonate Sediments and Their Diagenesis: Second Edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 658 p Blatt, H., Middleton, G., and Murray, R., 1980, Origin of Sedimentary Rocks: Second Edition, Prentice Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 782 p Botset, H.G., 1931, The measurement of permeability of porous alundum discs of water and oils, Rev Sci Instr v 2, p 84-95 Chilingar, G.V., Mannon, R.W., and Rieke, H., 1972, Oil and Gas Production from Carbonate Rocks, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 408 p Çagatay, M N., Saner, S., Al-Saiyed, I and Carrigan, W J (1996) "Diagenesis of the Safaniya Sandstone Member (Mid-Cretaceous) in Saudi Arabia " Sedimentary Geology, v 105, No 3-4, p 221-239 Choquette, P.W., and Pray, L.C., 1970, Geologic nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates, Amer Assoc Petrol Geol Bull., v 54, p 207-250 Dodge, M.M., and Loucks, R.G., 1979, Mineralogic composition and diagenesis of Tertiary sandstones along Texas Gulf Coast, Amer Assoc Petrol Geol Bull., v 63, p 440 Dyman, T S and Perry, Jr, W J (1987) "Sandstone Diagenesis and Source Rock Analysis of Cretaceous Blackleaf and Frontier Formations in Parts of Beaverhead, Madison, and Gallatin Counties, Montana (Abs)." AAPG Bulletin , Vol 71, p 1005-1005 Friedman, G.H., and Sanders, J.E., 1978, Principles of Sedimentology, J Wiley & Sons, New York, 792 p Fuchtbauer, H., 1967, Influence of different types of diagenesis on sandstone porosity, 7th World Petroleum Cong Proc., p 353-369 Galloway, W.E., 1974, Deposition and diagenetic alteration of sandstone in northeast Pacific arc-related basins: Implications for Graywacke Genesis, Geol Soc America Bull., v 85, p 379-390 Giles, M R (1987) "Mass Transfer and Problems of Secundary Porosity Creation in Deeply Buried Hydrocarbons Reservoirs." Marine Geology, v 4, p 188-203 REFERENCES Greig, D.A., 1958, "Oil Horizons in the Middle East" in Habitat of Oil, a Symposium: Am Assoc Petroleum Geologists, p 1182-1193 Hansley, P L and Nuccio, V.F (1992) "Upper Cretaceous Shannon Sandstone Reservoirs, Powder River Basin, Wyoming; Evidence for Organic Acid Diagenesis?." AAPG Bulletin, v 76, No 6, p 781-791 Harris, D.G., and Hewitt, 1977, Synergism in reservoir management The Geologic Perspective, J Pet Tech., July 1977, p 761-770 Harvey, R.L., 1972, West Campbell Gas Field, Major County, Oklahoma, in Stratigraphic Oil and Gas Fields, Am Assoc Petrol Geol., Memoir 6, p 568-578 Hull, C.E., and Warman, H.R., 1970, Asmari Oil Fields of Iran, in Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields: Am Assoc Petrol Geol., Memoir 14, p 428-437 Isham, J R (1987) "Determination of Vertical and Lateral Extent of Porous Zones in Subsurface Mississippian Monteagle Limestone, Rugby Quadrangle, Morgan, Scott, and Fentress Counties, Tennessee (Abs.)." AAPG Bulletin , v 71, p 1106-1106 Jeong, C K and Yong, I L (1996) "Marine Diagenesis of Lower Ordovician Carbonate Sediments (Dumugol Formation), Korea: Cementation in a Calcite Sea." Sedimentary Geology, v 105, No 3-4, p 241-257 Levorsen, A.I., 1967, The Geology of Petroleum, Freeman & Co., Oxford, 724 p Kim, J W., Berg, R R., Watkins, J and Tieh, T T (2001) "Texture, Mineralogy and Petrophysical Properties of Geopressured Shales, Gulf of Mexico." Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v 51, p 161172 Longman, M.W., 1980, Carbonate diagenetic textures from near-surface diagenetic environments, Amer Assoc Petrol Geol Bull., v 64, p 461-487 Loucks, R.G., dodge,.M., and Galloway, W.W., 1979, Reservoir quality in Tertiary sandstones along Texas Gulf Coast, Amer Assoc Petrol Geol Bull., v 63, p 488 REFERENCES Marfil, R., Scherer, M and Turrero, M J (1996) "Diagenetic Processes Influencing Porosity in Sandstones from the Triassic Buntsandstein of the Iberian Range, Spain." S edimentary Geology, v 105, No 3-4, p 203-219 McConnell, P.C., 1951, Drilling and production techniques that yield nearly 850,000 barrels per day in Saudi Arabia's fabulous Abqaiq field, Oil & Gas Journal, Dec 20, 1951, p 197 Mial, A D (1988c) "Reservoir Heterogeneities in Fluvial Sandstones: Lessons from Outcrop Studies." AAPG Bulletin, v 72, p 682-697 Miller, J.B., et al, 195 8, Habitat of oil in the Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela, in Habitat of Oil, a Symposium: Am Assoc Petrol Geol., p 626-627 Murray, R.C., 196 0, Origin of porosity in carbonate rocks, J Sedim Petrol., v 30, p 59-84 Muskat, M., 1937, Flow of Homogeneous Fluids Through Porous Media, McGraw Hill, New York, 763 p Muskat, M., and Botset, H.G., 1931, Flow of gas through porous materials, Physics, v 1, p 27-47 Ottmann, R.D., Keyes, P.L., and Ziegler, M.A., 1976, Jay Field, Florida in North American Oil and Gas Fields, Am Assoc Petrol Geol., Memoir 24, p 276-286 Pippin, L., 1970, Panhandle-Hugoton Field Texas-Oklahoma-Kansas in Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields, Am Assoc Petrol Geol, Memoir 14, p 204-222 Plumley, W.J., 1980, Abnormally high fluid pressure: Survey of some basic principles, Am Assoc Petrol Geol Bull., v 64, p 414-422 Potter, P.E., 1962, Late Mississippian sandstones of Illinois Basin, Illinois Geol Surv Circ p 340 Pryor, W.A., 1973, Permeability - porosity patterns and variations in some Holocene sand bodies, Amer Assoc Petrol Geol Bull., v 57, p 162-189 Purser, B.H., 1978, Early diagenesis and the preservation of porosity in Jurassic limestones, Jl Pet Geol., v 1, p 83-94 Robinson, R.B., 1966, Classification of reservoir rocks by surface texture, Amer Assoc Petrol Geol Bull., v 50, p 547-559 Ruppel, S C and Holtz, M H (1994) "The Silurian and Devonian of the Permian Basin: Patterns of the Depositional and Diagenetic Facies and Reservoir Development." University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Report of Investigations 216, 89 p Salem, A M K., Abdel-Wahab, A and McBride, E F.(1998) "Diagenesis of Shallowly Buried Cratonic Sandstones, Southwest Sinai, Egypt." S edimentary Geology, v 119, No 3-4, p 311-335 REFERENCES Selley, R.C., 1982, Introduction to Sedimentology: Second Edition, Academic Press, London, 475 p Stormont, D.H., 1949, Huge caverns encountered in Dollarhide Field, Oil & Gas Journ., April 7, 1949, pp 66-68 & 94 Terry, C.E., and J.J Williams, 1969, The Idris "A" Bioherm and Oilfield, Sirte Basin, Libya - its Commercial Development, Regional Paleocene Geologic Setting and Stratigraphy, in: The Exploration for Petroleum in Europe and North Africa, Hepple, P (ed.) ; Elsevier Publishing Co., Ltd., Amsterdam Truex, J.N., 1972, Fractured shale and basement reservoir Long Beach Unit, California, Amer Assoc Petrol Geol Bull., v 56, p 1931-1938 Verdier, A.C., Oki, T., and Atik, S., 1980, Geology of the Handil field (East Kalimantan, Indonesia) In: Giant Oil and Gas Fields of Decade 1968-1978, Amer Assoc Petrol Geol., Memoir 30, p 399-422 Wilkinson, W.M., 1953, Fracturing in Spraberry reservoir, W Texas, Am Assoc Petrol Geol Bull., v 37, p 250265 Williams, J.J., 1972, Augila Field, Libya: Depositional environment and diagenesis of sedimentary reservoir and description of igneous reservoir In: Stratigraphic Oil and Gas Fields, Amer Assoc Petrol Geol., Memoir NOR 16, p 623-632 Wilson, J.L., 1975, Carbonate Facies in Geologic History, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 471 p Williams, L A and Crerar, D A (1985) "Silica Diagenesis II: General Mechanisms." 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