Assessing the regeneration of native species on cleared pine plantations survey areas of pine plantations which were cleared in the last 10 years by establishing plots and recor

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY NGO DUC ANH ASSESSING THE REGENERATION OF NATIVE SPECIES ON CLEARED PINE PLANTATIONS SURVEY AREAS OF PINE PLANTATIONS WHICH WERE CLEARED IN THE LAST 10 YEARS BY ESTABLISHING PLOTS AND RECORDING COVER AND DENSITY OF PLANT SPECIES PRESENT BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : Advance Education Program Batch : 2015 - 2019 Thai Nguyen, 2019 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Ngo Duc Anh Student ID DTN1454120011 Thesis Title Assessing the regeneration of native species on cleared pine plantations Survey areas of pine plantations which were cleared in the last 10 years by establishing plots and recording cover and density of plant species present Supervisor (s) Dr Nguyen Van Hieu Supervisor’s Signature Abstract: Gnangara Mound is an area in northern Perth, Western Australia, this is a large plantation of pine and Melaleuca species with an area of 2200 km2 After the historic fire, native species were regenerated, showing that the pine forest displayed a clear pattern of aggression as opposed to both Banksia and Eucalyptus-Banksia, showing very little invasion Both the Banksia and Eucalyptus-Banksia forests adjacent to the plantations contain a small number of P pinaster wild plants and no model of aggression Wildlings are found randomly scattered on all selected sites Both the resistance to invasion of the jungle can be related to dense ecosystems and vegetation (no disturbance), thus not providing an invasive window for P wildaster wildlings The random pines found in both forested areas may be due to Carnaby black parrots, which tend to transport and disperse P pinaster seeds from plantations as part of their eating habits Considering the relationship of the fire history to the P pinaster invasion, the findings show that the burning locations have more pine trees than the non-burnt areas Keywords Pinus pinaster, pine plantations, invasion pattern Number of pages 51 Date of submission 20/11/2019 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In order to complete the training program of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, graduation training is essential for every student The graduation practice is an environment for each student to assert their knowledge, at the same time contact with production practices and help students have a scientific research method before graduation From that fact, with the consent of the Executive Board of the Advanced Program of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, the School Board, I conducted a research project: Assessing the regeneration of indigenous species on cleared pine plantations over the last 10 years by establishing plots and recording and density of plants At The Gnangara Mound, Western Australia Having achieved the results of this topic, I would like to express my sincere and profound gratitude to you that you have been dedicated to imparting knowledge throughout the learning process Especially the instructor, Dr Nguyen Van Hieu and TS Eddie van Etten has kindly guided and helped me complete this graduation thesis Due to the limited level of experience and practical work, the lack of information and materials, this thesis does not avoid initiating shortcomings in both content and form Contribution of teachers to complete the thesis iii TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Rationale 1.2 Research objectives 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Limitations PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Conception of restoration of native species in the forest 2.2 Achievements in recovery of native plants 2.2.1 Regeneration and recovery 2.2.2 Forest classification, native species 2.2.3 Classification of affected objects 2.2.4 Silvicultural practices applied to burnt forests 2.3 Research results on regeneration 10 2.3.1 Effect of some regenerating factors on native species 10 2.3.2 Regenerating native trees in tropical forests 11 2.4 Pine trees and native plants 12 2.4.1 Invasion of wild plants 12 2.4.2 Impact of wild plants 13 2.5 Factors affecting plant growth 14 2.5.1 Climate change 14 iv 2.5.2 Characteristics of species development 15 2.5.3 Environmental factors 16 PART III METHODS 19 3.1 Object and scope of the study 19 3.1.1 Research object of the topic 19 3.1.2 Research scope 19 3.2 Research time 20 3.3 Research content 20 3.4 Research Methods 21 3.4.1 Geographic Information System (GIS) 21 3.4.2 Location 24 3.4.3 Sampling and data collection 24 PART IV RESULTS 28 4.1 Species richness 28 4.2 Composition and density of species 30 4.3 The difference of regeneration between regenerated vegetation 32 PART V CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION 34 5.1 Discussion 34 5.1.1 Regeneration of plants 34 5.1.2 Fire in Gnangara Mound 34 5.2 Conclusion 35 REFERENCES 37 APPENDICES 39 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 Maps showing year of clearing 20 Figure 3.2 Geographical Information System (GIS) maps detailing the history of clearing and fires at the various sites 23 Figure 4.1 Species diversity at pine plantations in Gnangara Mound 28 LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 Number of native species plantations in Gnangara Mound 30 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Meaning FR Forest restoration IUCN The International Union for Conservation of Nature UNDP The United Nations Development Programme QPN-14-92 Rules of silvicultural technical solutions applied to tropical forests QPN -16-92 Code of forest restoration by livestock SS Standard site GIS Geographic Information Systems PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Rationale Gnangara Mound is considered to be one of the largest plantations in Western Australia It is located north of the Perth metropolitan area on the Swan coastal plain and is an unrestricted groundwater system with an area of 2200 km2 (Stock et al., 2013) It includes various sand dune systems, which also act as superficial aquifers that provide drinking water throughout Perth In general, Gnangara Mound consists of three different indigenous types: the vegetation surrounding pine plantations Banksia woodland (usually a blend of Banksia menziesii and B attothyata) can be found in the Bassendean sand dunes (up to million years old), the Eucalyptus-Banksia forest in Spearwood dunes (~ 0.8 million years old) and Melaleuca vegetation found in low-lying areas of groundwater that reach near or above the surface in winter (commonly known as wetlands) in pine plantations (Stock et al., 2013) Specifically, Spearwood alcohol can be divided into two subsystems: the Karrakatta complex with limestone near the surface and the tuart (E gomphocephala), and the Cottlesloe complex with Jarrah (E marginata) - ERIC (Corymbia calophylla) - Banksia forest area Because P pinaster has the ability to regenerate outside of its plantation, it is likely to spread into the native vegetation mentioned above In Western Australia, Western bush fires still occur every year, affecting many people's lives and the socio-economic development of the country Over the past few years Western Australia has made an effort to restore natural forests after a fire, through many national key project programs, and the outstanding achievements of these programs and projects have increased forest cover (from 28.2% in 1965, to 33.2% in 2010, and 39.5% in 2015) during these times, the increase in natural forest area by 1.2 million hectares was a major effort of the agricultural sector industry confirms the correctness of forest restoration solutions including solutions to recover fishing species in the forest after the forest is burned, zoning off to promote natural regeneration, etc The effectiveness of post-forest tree restoration project programs in Western Australia is low The main cause of the above situation is the lack of synchronous solutions for forest restoration and development activities; we have not built a complete system of technical measures; highly effective technical procedures for forest regeneration and development activities in specific conditions; The group of suitable trees and forest development have not yet been determined in each specific condition Highly effective technological processes for forest restoration and development activities lack the necessary support to put the process into practice Although there have been many studies conducted on different vegetation components in Gnangara Mound, there is still a lack of studies related to the regeneration of native species after wildfires Stemming from practical needs as above, I conducted research on the topic: Evaluation of regeneration of native species on pine plantations in The Gnangara Mound, Western Australia 1.2 Research objectives Based on the current status of native plant species at Gnangara Mound Plantations, determine the resilience of post-fire tree species From there, propose scientific bases to help managers improve the resilience of tree species P pinaster seeds from plantations as part of their eating habits Considering the relationship of the fire history to the P pinaster invasion, the findings show that the burning sites have more pine trees than non-burnt areas, although only for Melaleuca forests The stimulating fire releases a large amount of particles from the P pinaster cone, thus facilitating regeneration The results of this study may contribute to providing additional knowledge about the invasion ability of P pinaster, especially in Western Australia, where only a few studies can find this literature It can open up awareness for governments and environmental officials and help them prevent invasion and prioritize appropriate and appropriate plans for each observed natural ecosystem 36 REFERENCES Alvarez, R., Valbuena, L and Calvo, L (2007) Effect of high temperatures on seed germination and seedling survival in three pine species (Pinus pinaster, P sylvestris and P nigra) International Journal of Wildland Fire, 16(1), p.63 Australian plantation statistics 2016 (2016) Canberra: Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences, pp.3-10 Bannister, M.H (1965) The genetics of colonizing species Academic Press, New York, pp 353-373 Belton, M.C and Ledgard, N.J (1991) A study of the spread of exotic trees in the Canterbury high country Journal of the Tussock Grassland and Mountain Lands Institute Review 48, pp.41-50 Bie.ala.org.au (2017) Pinus: Pine | Atlas of Living Australia Retrieved from: http://bie.ala.org.au/species/http://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/2902806 (accessed on 17/08/2017) Xannikov, (1967) Vipper, Bush regeneration: Recovering Australian landscapes Sydney: TAFE Student Learning Publications Bustamante R.O and Simonetti J.A (2005) Is Pinus radiata invading the native vegetation in central Chile? Demographic responses in a fragmented forest Journal of Biological Invasions, 7(2), pp.243–249 Calvo, L., Santalla, S., Marcos, E., Valbuena, L., Tárrega, R and Luis, E (2003) Regeneration after wildfire in the communities dominated by Pinus pinaster, an obligate seeder, and in the dominated by Quercus pyrenaica, a typical resprouter Journal of Forest Ecology and Management, 184, 209-223 Calvo, L., Santalla, S., Valbuena, L., Marcos, E., Tárrega, R and LuisCalabuig, E (2007) Post-fire natural regeneration of a Pinus pinaster forest in NW Spain Journal of Plant Ecology, 197(1), pp.81-90 37 10 Meilleur, Bouchard & Bergeron (1992) Environmental weed invasions in Victoria Melbourne: Department of Conservation and Environment & Ecological Horticulture Pty Ltd, p 78 11 Champion, P and Reeves, P (2009) Factors causing dune ephemeral wetlands to be vulnerable to weed invasion Wellington, N.Z.: Publishing Team, Dept of 13 Conservation Connell, J.H (1971) On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and in forest trees In: Boer, P.J.D and Gradwell, G (Eds.), 12 Zouhar et al., (2008) Dynamics of Populations Centre of Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp 298-312 13 Daskalakou, E.N and Thanos, C.A (1996) Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) Postfire Regeneration: The Role of Canopy and Soil Seed Banks International Journal of Wildland Fire, 6(2), pp 59–66 14 Fowler, J., Cohen, L and Jarvis, P (1998) Practical statistics for field biology 2nd ed Hoboken NJ: John Wiley and Sons 15 Mata-González, Martin, McLendon, Trlica & Pearce (2011) Wildlife conservation and softwood forestry in Australia: some considerations Australia Forestry, 43(4), pp 217-224 16 Friend, G.R (1982) Mammal populations in exotic pine plantations and indigenousforests in Gippsland, Victoria Australia Forestry, 45(1), pp 3-18 17 Kolar & Lodge (2001) Wildlife conservation and softwood forestry in Australia: some considerations Australia Forestry, 43(4), pp 217-224 18 Friend, G.R (1982) Mammal populations in exotic pine plantations and indigenous forests in Gippsland, Victoria Australia Forestry, 45(1), pp 3- 38 APPENDICES Appendix Widgets and web pages used a Atlas of Living Australia (ALA) b Biodiversity Climate Change Virtual Laboratory (BCCVL) c MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) d Florabase 39 e Climate data and soil data maps f Rangefinder g Measuring tapes h Diameter tape 40 i Tree calliper j Flagging tape k Printed pictures of Acacia plants 41 l Printed maps m Microsoft Excel 2016 42 Appendix Map of fire history of southern wetlands in Perth 43 Appendix Illustrations of differences between plants and plants Any tree Acacia Understorey 44 Appendix Maps showing year of clearing (with yellow being uncleared as of 2015) 45 Appendix Documentations of the pine sites and natural ecosystem surveyed a Site (Banksia woodland: Burnt) b Site (Melaleuca woodland, wetland: Burnt) c Site (Banksia woodland: Burnt) 46 d Site (Eucalyptus-Banksia woodland: Burnt) e Site 5(Melaleuca woodland, wetland: Burnt) f Site (Eucalyptus-Banksia woodland: Burnt) 47 g Site (Eucalyptus-Banksia woodland: Burnt) h Site (Melaleuca woodland, wetland: Burnt) 48 Appendix Establishment rates and densities of 65 species in forest restoration trials in Gnangara Cover Species (perennials only) Cover Species (perennials only) (% ) (% ) Adenanthos cygnorum 45 Mesomaleana pseudostygia 0,1 Xanthorrhoea preissii Pinus pinaster Carpobrotus edulis Patersonia occidentalis 0,1 Jacksonia furcellata Ehrharta calycina 60 Ehrharta calycina 1,5 Bossiaea eriocarpa Hibbertia racemosa 0,5 Mesomaleana pseudostygia 0,5 Nuytsia floribunda Conostylis candicans 0,3 Macrozamia fraseri Acacia pulchella Daviesia divaricate Acacia saligna 0,5 Hovea trisperma 0,5 Pelagonium capitatum Stirlingia latifolia Conospermum stoechadis 0,1 Scholtzia involucrate 0,5 Daviesia divaricata Acacia pulchella Pinus pinaster Carpobrotus edulis 12 Carpobrotus edulis 18 Ehrharta calycina 20 Patersonia occidentalis 0,1 Scaevola repens Leptospermum laevigatum 0,5 Gompholobium Gompholobium tomentosum 0,1 tomentosum Pelagonium capitatum 0,5 Adenanthos cygnorum 0,5 Daviesia divaricata Hovea trisperma 0,5 49 Cover Species (perennials only) Cover Species (perennials only) (% ) (% ) Mesomaleana 0,1 Hypocalyma robustum 0,1 Desmocladus fasciculatus 0,5 Acacia iteaphylla Haemodorum spicatum 0,1 Macrozamia fraseri 0,5 Hypocalymma robustum Pinus pinaster 0,5 Lomandra caespitosa 0,1 Patersonia occidentalis 0,1 Gladiolus caryophyllaceus 0,1 Eremaea pauciflora Anigozanthos manglesii 0,1 Stirlingia latifolia Patersonia occidentalis 0,1 Xanthorrhoea preissii Conostephium pendulum 0,1 Carpobrotus edulis Petrophile linearis 0,1 Ehrharta calycina 12 Conospermum stoechadis 0,1 Pelagonium capitatum Nuytsia floribunda 0,5 Moraea flaccida 0,1 Pinus pinaster 0,5 Persoonia salcata Daviesia triflora pseudostygia 50