hoa '''' h " '''' Phai , +ich 1419121 V T TK INTRODUCTION • Instrumental methods ldu ngc uhie nd a it electroanalytical Analytical chemistry A measurement science ( nga nhkhoald ie nho at methods , spectros[.]
h ' hoa 1419121 ' " ich Phai + , V T.TK INTRODUCTION A measurement Analytical chemistry hoc d- oluiong ) A set of powerful ideas and methods : science ( nga-nhkhoald-ie.nho.at • ☆ : ' methods , , ( saicky ) , chromatography ldu.ngc.uhie.nd-a.it electroanalytical spectroscopic lquangphci / methods Instrumental methods • spectrometry chuiinbi.du.ngcu.d-oluio.mg Coin ' ( ) : pipet ) reagents lthucicthiiVI.hoachoit.IS concepts moiyoto chua-in.ddchuain.no?khiiion inventing applying fields of In all - " and chemical systems chemical la the and analysis ( ptichhho.cl quang the , spare ) machines ( V1 : , partslvoi.tk?uthaythe - composititionltpharihho.cl compound , " ) , tools compositions : ), materials ' Analytical procedure : elemental / ngto ) ) of CA fundamental a Qualiative ( quitrinh ) xemS0P(standard : procedure ) ' chobiéttchoitcu analysis ( Ptichdinhtinh ) : chuia ) thécohié.no/i&nhay0-,tr'aliiiiauhoiYes1No A blank solution lmoiutriing ) : • ldungmoi ) contains the solvent analysis Ptichotqctinh chovat.li?uIreagentslthui'othii)-s0-boriiciitv-aod-o.Ptich lnérimañ iunglchoitptich ptichtii particle A characterization ) ( chemical structure : size and surface structure , ha.tlipidbaoquanhmRNAxemkichthuiciccod.ir Quantitative ( duiiii doing " so ) ( hcimlgtgdoi ) of methods rocess sample lxiily ) soluble ? "° carryout chemical dissolution " " Yes No Measurable property ? ltoigotc ? ) form / / Yes v Eliminate interferences ( ohoitgaynniéu , / siia fish main area , { néin > main > > - mail ≠ ᵈdY|ᵈᵈmᵈĐ ddx ddz tiid-ixd-i.nhd-ctpha.in trogm / V1 chiitbéolatphoingoiy G- d- / nhiéu Measure Giai ☆ Estimate / U'Én9 select methods lcho.nlo.cl lying ' reactions for only or • Sample one a ( d- qictrđng ) analyte specific > > selective lchqnlqc ) : size ( CĐm ) : tahic.iq < Boinviluiog siéuvilđong xiilykétauoi Macro Semi micro yilud.mg reliability Micro ultra micro - < to ↳ 10-21g ) (g) Consitutenttypeslhopphoin ) (g) talking of results Maior vinio.no véi if : : ccid-ie.in/hho.c ) 10-1 : : no/-cppthiphaitiejico.inc'acppptichmoiu Chemical methods ( Techniques Phoinloai d-◦ D-Echo methods chiitbéotrognénmaiidé chiitptich a """bi calculate results Giaidoqn a-iaid-o.anchuainbi.d-oluio.no otccobaonhiéu % loaitrii ) - d> ☒ _ properly × Analytical , ~ in numerical term to cl change chemical ptichdqmtii nhan llñjmañ ) echo.n : : Acquired sample select ? ) Term matrix ( Ptichoti.nhlu.co?ng):determineslxd-i.nh) analysis the relative amounts • , operation lnéntoing d-cd-oinhgioilchoipnha.nbiiihe.thohgquocgialc.AE { auoété I tiékhisdmaiiphaiktrxemotacotrogquitrinh AC is AC ' ' ( cthiichopchiitl formulation structures > ☆ Xem chemical Iphépphointichcyithéiingdyingtrogmiiuoythécho Ichuyénnghoinhcu , ( d-ñctinh ) , measuring the characteristics of for strategies Instrument ( V1 : engineering and medicine , the science of principles ' science : gravimetric methods ( pptro.ngh.ie ) & volumetric lthétichlchuiindo / methods € ÉÉ siéuvét Minor Trace ultra trace lppb IPPM Analyte level lchiitpt ) 0,1% 100% Ong d-6 i - : Phan tich ri hiding ( Phuong - D-iihoicao I ' " phoip dying cu ) d- & nhay ve - Reagent grade V T.TK tambaooti d- ring Mitsuki YEI te -10015 : Technical ( d-i tinhkhié't cuiathucicthii ) laboratory grade d- i : tinhkhiéi : ≤ 90%11 doing ) thap d-cxemloitinhkhieipha-ntichd-aluio.mg huidngphaphooi ho.cl Hain hiding ( P' Hoi hoi Cao ' I " ' : Co Acquiring the sample ( laijmañ ) ' Ntiqn doing main co doing I hay I / kthuioic Material is heterogeneous ( Eating nhoit V1 loin ✗ In giiiapha Icing pha rain / kichthuioic ? gicingnhau ) phai xiity coich : USP Anhydrous grade : 795% : Europaea ) Pharmacopeia ) ( United States tinhkhié't hoointoan I hiugiuivoiboio quoin Rules : : Society ) ' ' grade Ph Eur Pharmacopeia niing d-G Cao ' : ASC ( American chemical tambaoot.ci d- ring HPLC d-§ chinh xoic ve Analytical grade Chan d-& tinhkhié't to't nhoit , ' co n''c kthuiocchainhonhiit khimiiniipptiaid-o.iq/a.iliein,tra-nhbi.nhoiinphan loa.ibiangtayhi.ae doing niiptréntay = , Kinh hiéin vi.→ Sampling lloiymaii ) loiymaiinho ban d-air ( gross sample ) : tho thoinh I ' d-a i die.n d-echo - main kin San a- iii I ' I d- e- 1-rein b-an , doing muÉng , dying Iiic d- Éu Chai saudi Neil IÉ atÉranhiéu Ia riaoiaotrog Chai Crich nén lain roiciao d-É dying trungqianroisdu.iq Cy , thiphoiibolui.dgd-od-i.0-d-cdo.no?cv-ao-Neiibui'0cnaysai hooichiitsgchsé phiri kei-quoicuoicuingo-d-a.td-cc.to?tinca-.ycao5khitriitrog going Loi brick Kho Khair I ' - ' cñaqtrinhphan tich , lab , Samples ☆ are analyzed are , but constituents determined ( VI : Blood analyzed is or but , via coin glucose Measuring mass ( coin determined ) hoo.ie 107 Mair - tho ☆ Mucin Kiis Neil mais - botaii gram - iai train gram frog phong lab > sample Gross Roi't king : " so : " - Kinh ' 10 ' , - mixed ' : ) A typical desiccator ( binh hirta'm ) : , , precipitation lqtrihkt.ua ) solid phase rain ) chromatography lsiick'y ) , qtrinhchiétpha extraction I , sample I ✗it / y mais ) main lab ( É phoinlaiymaii ) Processing Cbi lqipmaii Tai - Cho iao - nhiéu loin lit I : ' : loin ) Vaccum filtration moiuphai cuing size Thay d-Éi tinhvoi.tl y hooihoc ( toe chain ? ) : ' interference Chiitgaynhiéu : : Chuyén rain lloqinhiéu ) Ici loqi no:p choi't nuioiciao Q cho hoi tiring ccicriéng Eliminating Echo nhiéiroxivao Cdc D- Éboio quoin hooicha't ' the go.in létriilén ( 0,00%01 g) mail.thiphailoiyd-iithanhphain ki dangling hoo.io Iiic d-Éutrikhiliiylwell = , nhqy Khoi tuong coin iang loin > d-& chin hxoic coin so 0,0001g coin d- n' Qc iang it I toi d-a ki 150 -200g coin so 0,001g coin d- n'd.c toi da Ici 500g ) Main phog thing hiém > ly motu dry ashing ( trohoa Kho ) , wet digestion ( trohociuio.tl, solvent extraction I chié't dung mii ) distillation ( ching cat ) Xii Cio Neiman Ici doing hat gross sample pinaitiiiaihqt - Co 4- 108 - phoin tich ) ' Loiymaunhoiai ☆ ' boing concentrations are d-Éké , , Filter paper rolling ( Xépgiiiyloc ) : Chi 445 dung dich : him phépptich bi Sai sÉ hie.in , toanbo nhanh sd-eiid-cdie.in nénmañ niig.to?d-olgi txirc ' I Calibrating and measuring trinhchuainhooi ) : concentration ( cira guy trinh phointich co quoi trinh phointichhie.in dien mais hay , The role of AC tk hicig voi quoi D.ungc.uthuiytinhchinhx.ae Doing trogchuain d-& i nh kétquiathudc d- ring vÉ ké't quoi that moi chat Calibration I chuoinhooi ) : Ici ' nÉg d- & , ✗d- Burets , binh d-i nhmiic : phatoaghiachiit Crich d-of buret : I : iing dying nhieiitrogtai-calinhvu.io , dui.de , Khoa hog d-of ← - - - - Nuioc - - - - Physics Chemistry - Dung di.ch Medicine , - - pipet 219121 V T.TN - ,5G FICA / UMBER Quality assurance ( t'am b'aochoitlui.org ) Theo coicquychuain :( Tonto.cl ' 6- - ERROR & - ' Error / Saison ) : ltrongphépdo ) ( classification Phoinloqi ) Tieonquoingiic Random error systematic error ( Ssngoiunhién ) lsshéthohg ) NguÉngÉc / Nguyénnhan Nguingoc / Nguyénnhan Instrumental error ldyng Do connguiiiilam Cy thiéibi ) ISO : • • Pihñogphap ) Personal error lconnguioi ) ( error • Tinhchiit : • - ltoihgioisshéthiinq ) Method Error : : iuaquocgia Tinhcha't : - Systematic FAO , Independent Analysis ( Phépphantichotoclap ) néuocomiiuchuoin Method TCVN , d-cthuidngma.ihiaho.acd-ccungcapboivie.rs chuoindoluiong : , - Coined BSI , standard reference materials LSRMS : maiithamchieiichuari ) : - - AOAC , Detection of : - : t.uontonta.itrongphepd.io : ☆ Indeterminate ( Qthéxdotc ) xoicd-i.nhd-c.fi/pressionoferrorlBie'udien.Expressionoferror(Biéudiéñ 3m01 - 1mmol 10 = 103mmol , 1m01 = , 1µg 10%9 - ): ' saiso = ✗ saisi : ( M/ Ncinqoto:( %) khiii !g ' I 1000mmol [ = ' = 1000mm = c% met - 100% kl.gl/-tioh mot Thétich Vct = 100% Vdd mold : Theo Mot 1=1 (e) suiit 95% sshthohqthiéu 0×10 sshthohqthiia 0×40 - n = thđisnglaisxoic ) 1m01 = d-& iakhooingtinca.y( Ep,× ) gtri.tb~langtri.d-unglcirathinghie.mmauohu 'n ci - > ) / true - 1M lncingc.to?mol)le-.chchuiinciramaiiCSn,x Cm MY ) ' Elkihiéy ) X ) : tinhthcingké molar concentration • 100% Vdd gioitri The absolute error ( Sstuyetdoi F- = ✗ i ✗ - The relative t Ep = E 100% ✗ gtri.thinghie.mg/-ri.d-'ung VI 0,001M error = ' co : cppm ✗ - ✗ t VI 10% 'osÉcu :c ✗i solute mass ( Sgtuiongotoi ) ) solute ( MG ) mass f 100% = = ✗ - t % cppb (g) mass solute mass solution (g) mass solute /MG ) = E ppm -6kg 10 -_ → - ✗ 109 ppb - = ppb : 103 11=1119 tppm = 10-6 109 ppb volume solution (g) Definition related to ppm 106 1mg ppm volume solution (1) t ✗ 10° - mass solution (g) théiacodonvi ☆ (g) = lppb = 10-9 d-oinhgioichai-1.gl loisu.it?chnhaugiiiagiatri.timd-uio.'clx-)VEHayd-iiic' quality assessment ( : acd-onvi.nonqc.to?sautha-nhd-onvi.ppmiappb?soviiigtri thing systematic mgcd Llmg diing d-c.d-uiad-cgiaiphapd-etangc.to?d-'ung }ᵈ-ÉvÉ cđgddn ¥ }dé'trié loiphananhiacsoloinl.a-pla.i.co.ke Accuracy lotodiing ) , : affected by error lsshé ) ccithékiémsoa't > 0,0125mg 0,0125 = L 't Precision Coto chinhxoic ) : / L) / a) 0,0125 # 149 V9 0,0125 = , d-Étoingoto chinh ' ×'ac 1- 0,0125 ppm = II 10" vi quoi phoiigoinnhau d-cphdnoinhquakhiangtinco.ly (E) , affected by random error lssngoiunhién ) Phoiilamnloin ! = 0,0125 ppb = 12,5 ppb / 03 Ppm sensitivity ( d-& nhqy ) loikhoinoingphoithie.nnonqd-o.tha.pt iualpphaplquitrinh Detection of limit / LOD giiiiha.nphoithie.in ) ' : : , -_ 0,00357M 0,00357m€ : : loin , technician , = oho soioigtridiinglxtl : = 40,08g / not 0100357Mt 40,089 moi d- Échuyein }mol→k!g L = 0,1439 , = 0,143.10-3 # , Calibration lchuoinhooi ) Mca L / hoimhi.dgnho-imcicothephoithie.no/c,0-mang iacoiiniigdo tinhoti.nhlui.ong.ILDQmiiicothed-i.nhhi.org ) Repeat ibilityl-DO.1.apla.it d- Éiviiimair it lkuithuoitptich ) method / pphoip ) Cca b) loivie.ci/ati.nhqtri.c'uaminht-ntn=l43.log l43ppm 10° Kot = = 143.10 106 > }déotÉi sangppm ppb 143000 ppb ' Kahoot : VI Hđyotoi 0,00505µg / Lttianh d- on vi # 0,00505 10-9 > 0,00505^9 = 0,00000505 = V1 too = ' -106 97% M= , m i CN → = M/ 0,00000505 ppm = z.tl ppm Mmg 01125m¥ > 23,305g /mol = 0,125 = 23,30591=2,913 10-31 0,701 ' boil to'an 0,1236M -10,11Mt 0,34578M Liii d-ungcsc Nia v1 : c.µ > 0,5959 -4150N = Kétquabiéitdién , ' lo , 50 t.am/-ron2cssauda'u ' ' 0,57938 > 0,58 N s → Chop HCSCN Sosa'nh - Cira 0,9959 { gggg > : , }gg : → kquoiqiasii ' , co giasiiliinhon loimtron 4+1 = 3- CSCN 0,023979 ☆ thénaké léchchuiinmoiu :S = ISTD ) i , Ed ? -512 ( ✗i = IN -11 \ I , and is a good 5×10-3 = ☐ = Nhqipdiiliéy 01.0! ? lkiy Zcsciv ) ( Ep ,× : Ep,× = , f ) Sn " 305 0,084 ± 0,012 : N PTN > Luiotxemsxva I VI Ké't quoi pth.am/u&gK+nhuisau : 7,48 7,47 7,29 Hoiybiéudiéñkéiquoikémsaiso ' N =3 , ZCSCN ) I ' so / oinlqplqi _ 7,413 = E → f- → t = s RN ' h-e.si student lxemtiang) Bieiidiéđkéi quoi - : µ , = I± Ep , → > × loimtrintheosiisau daiiphaiy VI ké't quoi Ici 0,00011 I :biéirdiéñ theo > : saudaiiphaycoscs ' 50s saw daiiphay ' AC - ltuoniamtron > Bain sciba.cl?id0f khiangtincay indication estimate of , ☆☆ ☆ only are 0,084 = 4,30 = ( N 1) ¥ Menu , it mean - Coichboimmoiytinh D-& for the 4130 = t = 0,089 and f- = N 1=3-1 % alcohol , ' ± , , 95% = 0,02398 : > pnvonapnai-5-TISTIC.tl METHODS → 5×10-3 = ✗ E ' > =3 tgg% → g-csc.lv?49i!9/6x?i.00 00 0.0-7CSCN Kétquabiéiidiéñ d-ring CSCN la 4N Xs 0,02397929291 = 0,084 know that the standard deviation we 5=0,005%41-1501-1 of the method ' : of the method that (b) , from previous experience hundreds of samples , on Kahoot : precision of the , > sample of blood : % CzHs0H a data for the alcohol assuming that (a) the three results obtained : ' VD : Cho following , A clinical chemist obtained the 0,079 Calculate the 95% confidence interval Phéptinhtrungqian ) I nén 1dm tron giiinquyéniaday Neil quoi dai phiri tag them so guard digit chemical Caculationsl 4,30 = content of ' 1- > iaxsua't 95% Co f- = N -1 3-1=2 → ' data Claim train ' 310in la:p / i a , ' ICSCN ICS Rounding iamtronkqua ' Sancto , ~ ~ • : : Dé'm CSCN giiicscivtheoota → 0,96 Logarithms VD : giasiinhohoh : 96 24 > • 1) Sosoinh → f i = µ 7,4'i = , = > 1- = 4,30 { 0,106 = 4,30 01106 F = theo E 7141+-0,26 ppm 0,261200N ) , ppm 281921 i V T.TK % chuoin (1) IATSE - 1315 Titration Inorganic - 1-12504 ea.tn/.mostorgan;caoids+base HNO} HCl , HI , HBRO } hydroxides OH - Inorganic acids , • Acid is acid base > • A A VD : base acid acid / basepairlco.ipacidlbaselho.pl conjugate NH Cl - - H+ + HCl : acid > NH4+ _ base + , + OH base , H2O } + base - 1- , Cl , : base ,NH4+ acid K HNO , + base acid , OH base , , 1-121704-+1430-1 base, 1-121704 acid - , OH + , 1-131304 _ i , : a VI } , , + H2O + CH }0H HCOOH } ☆ Choi't + + + acid , , H2O CH }0H HCOOH NH } ☆ > 1-121304 acid ' , ' , ' , ' , - , + A / 01-111-12015 ' 621-1305 ' HPO n ' ' HCOOHI + + " strongest } base NH } , Chiang sciianbiing ) : [ W ]w = - kwlohonuiiic ) : p0H= - logkw log [ OH ] - - log [ Ht ] log [OH ] - = - - ionluiongtinh 21-120 , 141-14+-1 NHI luiongtinhd-eiicokhoin-angtyionho.ci - -10910-4=4 kw C " 0,114×10-1 1,01 × " 5,47×10-1 75 19,9×10-14 100 49 1-130++01-1 ' , K , _ HCOO = 50 a ion - ◦ 25 , CHZO NaOH 10 -4M log [ OH ] Temperature = logkw pkw - = = [ 1-12012 - log [1-1,0-1] pH + POH = log [ OH ] - - - log [1,01×10-14]=14 ( tqi 25°C ) : " -15042 " [ 139504 ] [ 50412 ' , - Ba - Ksp = auto 25°C " _ > > 10-1 ✗ solubility product ( Tich seitan ) Doing chochiit Khitan Basalts ) "Qcho He [ 1-1.30+1.101-17 base , }0HÉ " - , - pot ta 1-130++01-5 CH - HzP04 \ - is also called autoionization ( tri ionhoal.chai-d-cityiphaniingioinhauta.co ' base [ 212 " potliua : weakest - Tinh > 1-113042-+1-120 acid base tho:p - , species that has both positive ( t) and Autoprotolysisltyi proton ) C1 , pkw=pH+p0H base , base , negative C- ) charge , pH= log [ H+ ] H2O + acid, base , , Azwitterion NH = conjugate base the first proton in - , (1-120,61-1301-1) acid, no, U'ngdu.ng.lienhe.io'ipHiap0H lchiithiongtinh ) : Amphiprotic Species Viiaiaacid , vital'a base , - conjugate , , 1-130++01-1 [1-130-1] [ OH ] Noi + HNO} , yY+z ' , Kw _ conjugate , HCIO , , - 21-120 hydroxide ,CzH5 ) Ion product constant ( Tichsciion) : + 1-130-1 i acid - constant [ Y ]? = ] , conjugate acid, , - ' acid 1h : ammonium C- EMIlt.EDU/iBRIUYnoa-no.c n ' H2O base + w base tho:P - NH40H : > NH4+ i , acid VD : NH4+ Equilibrium cationd-chth-anhkhibasenha.in Ht Neutralization ( Phoiniingtrunghia ) : V1) : acid ' , , HzP04 cñnbaina acidlacidlho.pl :/ a' acid weakest , base ( Base / hdp ) : / aaniondchthoinhkhiaoidohot't 1111-1401-1 , proton ) H+ conjugate : , / quaternary ' 1-131304 3-1 All H2O )6 Hg Znandcd conjugate HCl HCl 1-141-1302 acid proton I base , Hao , ^ proton + , organic sulfonic acid 135031-1 acid proton acceptor ( nha?n proton ) Ht , , the , strongest Halides , cyanide and of : to?m.anhciraacidbi.anhhuiongbiiidungmoi Ammonia NH } donor lcho proton a + 1-12504 : noict ) HF , acid ( HCl ,HBr , HI Strong , KOH , , group ( CH } alky / , Lowry theory : - Base is a R4N0H HCIO , thiocyanate Bronsted 1-1203,1-13130} 1-131>04,1-125,1-12503,1-1505 ) k, Na , Ba ca , ( MUGI ) Most salts 1-10104 , CH COOH } * kalian , alkaline • , HBR , HCIO } , , Strong basel NaOH Weak acids d-& strengofaciddbasel-DO.m.am ) phoinloa.ichoitd-ie.in/y: strong : Ksp 61-140014+1-120 1-1,0++11-1400 ' , [1-130-1] [CH } COO ] - Ka > riproticacid ( acid chino ) : - d- air - ( cho acid ) _ = % V 'T 'T Disooiation constant ( Haingsophanli ) : Ka kb kw = [01-130001-1] - CH } COO [ OH ] = OH - , - + } ☆ Cira 1- Kw { Ka kb = -11-120 CH }C00H pKa , - = Ka CH } COO 1-1,0 + - OH - [ OH ] , CH COOH + [1-130-1] [CH } COO ] kakb = = _ 1-1,0 P ' , , [1-130-1] , - pka , Kb = ] 1Ơ = - ( Noil ) , Kbz µ 1,1942 -1432-1 )={ Zicizi = [CH } COOT riongdo [ OH ] Find the ionic - [OH ] tog ka - Kb , OOH OH strength ( IHC ion) : - d-ii.ntich 9,4 - 10 = strength a) 0,10M NANO } kbciiaionCN-trongddnuiik.biei-pko.lt/CN1 9,4 Tinh > [1-130-1] = > [01-130001-1] = kw ( Nait ) - OH + ,µ > - " + [ CH} COOH ] - Kbr [ CH} COOH ] [CH } COO [ OH ] - > Kb } Ionic OH + ;'d -0 -0 OH [01-130001-1] - -0 -0 OH ia [1-130-1] [CH } COO ] = Ka } = O P - - , - - - > 1- OH P ' -0 -00 tog ka Kw Kbz " 1-1,0 + " 1-1,0++11-1400 ' Kaz = O 10-14 = Kw 'd ' , acid / base liénho:p :p ca Kay Kb } P n'C' - - " 0-d-cghiiaotronghiangsoca.in boing choitktirao-d-cghiiaotronghiangsoc.in boing pliig cuÉi d-air gioia gioia ( Cho base ) [CH }C00 ] ☆ Trong cuÉi Polyprotic bases ( base d-achiic ) : CH COOH [ CH} COOH ] - Kb > 1-1,0 + - = - Ka tog ka = , µ { = 3,981071×10-10 " '° ' = ( [ Nat] Haingsotaottianhphiic ) Pn ( bein ) phiicchoitltantrogdd ) khil-pliicirationkimloa.it 1- CN : > µ { = 1+112-1 ( 0,10 I -10,10 ≥ [ Noj ] 1) I -1 ) ) = 0,10M ltutinh ) b) 0,010M NazS04 Formation constant ( of ( [ Nat ] 1+112+15042 - ] C- 2) 2) > Ni " 4cal + 134 → NIICN )4 , [ Ni "] [CN ] - ☆ = [NIICNKF] = c) 0,020M KBR I , bein ( dissociation ) Acids ( acid d-achiic ) 00 > "d0H Hoc 1-1++04401-1 , oxalic acid mono 00 "d0H ( Nait ) > HCOOH , ( Naia 27 , Kaz t.uktuidgtoictinhotie.nl and repulsive / formic acid ) , The , ☆ Muoinchinhxac-phoiiotoincigd-o.saghoo.it d-& d- c - HA - 1-12-+1-1,0 Kw H2O ' , - , ' , H' - HA H' + + - + A " OH OH _ _ Kai Kbz > Kw = Kaz Kb , [ C ] -8, = Kaz hé.sÉh09td& concentration Kb, ( no'g d- G.) Kw = equilibrium ( ddd-ie.rs/y ) Activity of CCHoa.to/-o?):ctc-TheDebyte-Hiickel Theory N=CCHzC0zH lglycolic acid ) Hzco } ( carbonic - Kw forces ( t.ukd-a.gl solubility ld-o.tanciiacho.it Khitan ) become greater ( chat Khitan détanhon ) khiconhieiiion > : tt # H' + HAT ka , 1-1*+1-120 = # + OH Kbz 1-1,0 F- 1-1++01-1 in an between the ions loiaciddachiic Diproticacidlacidlchiic ) > 0,05M ( cyanoacetic acid ) , 1-1001-120021-1 acid ) 0,01M Naz 504 ( Tu? tinh ) + : ☆ Ncic ( niict } 0,010.4 ) ÷ lu?eion,xhie.ntheelectro1yteeffectlhie?uiigchaid-lyl hoi.sc/oisalteffectlhie?uiingmuoi ) result from the electrostatic Kan oxalate oxalate CH COOH / acetic acid ) Vico attractive ( - { 10,020.1+01020 [ A) a [ B]b " = d- { Aaa " ' AÑ = [c ] !8i [ D] ? god d- É t.AT?8Aa.lB3b.jpb.Cthiictinhhe.so'hoa.td-& - In :c ion logy -0151.22 = / + (✗ µ µ 305 , (91-254) 1pm d-is kinhionltra ) _ = to ' 2m " calculate the activity coefficient for Hg ionic an strength of the ion 0151.1212 = 0,5 1-1 ? µ > VD : [1-130-1] HA ' , - = A- ka2-4ka.CH/tno'ngd-'o?muoipH pkat1ogCNaA 1-1-12 CHA Kat + CHA ply × Cb CHA - × × × × × ☆ Coichloimnhanh } G- icisii : > > Tinh Ht ] [ A- ] = ka :[ , [1-130-1] CHA - [ HAI = nosing d-i acid × CHA - × bases -10910-5=5 = Ka : strong Tinh pH iuadd ' 0,120 a- iasii 7.0 niingd-o.acidm.am VD : cb strong acids HA 0,120M 10-4 > acid and base ' ion concentration in × , - 7,1 = × base , strong tang d-E tan > SOLUTION OF - Ka hydronium 0,120 acid , 77 bot thayd-oilu.io ion > HNO > ply Pure water lnñoctinhkhié't ) nitrous acid 01085130g KNO} iao p : V T.TK 0,4016 ≈ V1 calculate the 0,397=0,40 = ☆ Khi them solution that has HNOZ ✗ 01085 a Use 0,5hm for the effective diameter M logy > of 0,085M in weaKg%de+muʰ Lido - calculate would be wrong Khong chuyén sang activity V T.TK : More acidic < coefficients Choat d- & ) H3A - ltinhuioc.lu?ing)bi.saiso'-Saile.chtrongqtrinhd-o1uiong The - sauktiiobi loqi acid / base Weight ( cain ) Doit H ia dissolve / hocitan ) ( ptlké / d-ie.ncu.ie pH / iaodd ' calibrated pH electrode a and monitor / pH ☆ Neil Kin = " H hin doing , Ha-ytinhptlcisaddthud-ckhitro.in 10mL CH COOH 0,1M Bié't } acildyéu ' PU > Vi NaOH =P 10.0 , / "" loge pH choi't C - pkz -8,99 ,pKz= 12,1 - , form of at Arg pH _ + 10,04 pk} = principal = 12,1 format 10,0 chéchvéphiapkz 10,0 8,99 nhoi't = is the second form PH INDICATOR chi thi.PH indicator lchithi acid / base ) 1mmol ) iactlzcoolvalmuoiiuaacidyéit ) tinhptlthich-ai-m.ahqd-i.hn acid / base Hitnlaoid ) / : is WEAK organic acid / base a liénhopbd ' co ☆ Choi't CMCNAOH / - ^ = = V = 201-10 pH =L to HC / > bat ' pu Bie't NH } NH + 100.0102 1000,05 100-0,02 100.0102 + → H2O - , Intl -1 + Pure acid color [ HIM > + < [ In ] - , [ HIM [1-130-1] = ka [ HIM] [ In khooingotoimoiu : ( [ HIN ] ( [ In ] - [ In] ) goiplola'n[ HIN] ) ( Optllnliakhiangtiipkatldténpka -1 Coinghepiangto't iachisochuaindo? cirachithi.PH Chi so 'pT otoimoiu loigioitr.it.ai moiutrunggian Hz goiplolain 10 ' 'pkb= 4,75 10 T [ HIM Base color 100mL HC / 0,02 Mia 100mL NH4Cl OH ' _ acid color [ In ] co > } 1-130+1 [In ] - tinhptlcuaddthud-ckhitro.in + base color -4+10931-0=12,5 old NH } 0,05M In - , ' M Hzo base color In > + acid color Theo NaOH ^ 1in ) HIN > - 10,0 _ chithi.iaionta.oraphoiit-ma-unhaugo-phoiiddd-e.im ka=[ 1-130-1 ☆ Mucin Arg , khcinoing undissociatedlphanlylta.oracoicioncomaut-viiiiond.org Cinta! Naotllbasemanh ) 1,82 -_ } is the An acid / base 1 pk , , Hzltrgt.PKZ-HArg.PK i 8,99 < pH = Hltrg 1-120 arginine principal Hzltrg : [A ] = ,pK1=b a = } [ HZA] ( atb ) :{ In / base) 10.0 , / pkz - CH }C00Na+ > 20.011 ' pkz : 10.011 Sau " Arg Vi CH COOH -1 } bat } pH :{ lpkztpk} ) What is the second form 20mL NaOH 0,1M voi yéis giaiptba.CZ acid / baseye-ii-muoilddd-e.im ) > PK} }A]=[ HA ] " pkalcl-136001-11=4,75 acid / base pkz What is the HC sasem.am ☆ pky The amino acid D: ' pH > them NaOH 1M iaode , n co - • n - kieimtrald-o.PH Neiinhohongtrimogmuoin Hzpou • A} n 31-1=1-2 / pkitpkz ) : > HAZ HZA - approximations chuoinbi.ddd-e.im basic • Nhietoto? Eating - More pH : 100.902 , , naimtrongkhooing Moiusiiciua 100.0103 choitchithi.trongddphaithayotoiroroingiid-irng.DK NHslbaseyeiil.NHacllmuoiiuabaseyeiil-ddd-e.im 100.0102 Sau thiiid-ieincoinpha.io/iingchuoind-o?:,p0H=pKb+logcN1144=4,75+109400.01021100-1100 0,031/100+100=4157 lu?n9chithi.chidcphe'pchora'titd-e'pha'niingchithi.o( too CNH } going oinhhuiiingotéripliichuanoti > pH -14-4,57=9,43 - P " ITIID R More < / ^ Pkp • More basic pH acidic HZA A2 - HA ^ Pkz - Ddi.chooinxdi.nhphoiio-mauho.acm-auriitnha.to/e- d-csu? BAS : thaydoimau n trabcing > doing ion ' guans'at 5/10/21 PH/IPBASE.Dungdi.chchuoin:acidM.ANH,chiiatrenburet V T.TK PHUONG.PH/IPAlID Dungdichchuoiri Dung di.ch coin ✗ d- CV = Dung di.ch coin ✗ d- C' V ' V → CV ddchuoiri ' 0,1000M V= 50,00mL Ve= Nein OH VHBR :[ % OH ] < Ve 3mL = _ = 10,00 ) KOH - Vmaii < 10,02000M ) ↓ 50,00 / = KBR → ↓ H2O + 0,7 0,3 0,3 0,3 , Tqiiungtñongduiong > pH=7 ( In STRONG acid sauiungtuiongduong > Vmoiu du' Ht VHBR > = > , [ Ht ] 10,100M ) = ↓ / ) go , ,o,go ↓ bot 8.26.10 = " 12 KOH + 0102.50 HBR KBR → + M to'gV µ, , 0,1 San 0,7 Vmoiusve : Ve -10 - NaOH Natt , 1-120 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,3 [A ] pH pKa = log -1 6,27 = [ HA] Umaru 1/2 Ve Tqiiungtñongduong = + log 5,90 = 017 pH=pKa > HA : > A- : Vmoiu - - Ve > M [ H+ ] → 501-10,5 = 8.26.10-4M A- + VD : D- uiongcongchuaindo ( titration curve ) thaydoitheovddchuiinthémvao → { HA bot Dang logaritdon ' ' hit d- non saw d- + Sau O = H2O 10 ' tgdg 1% ) > POH pH > 10 - _ NaOH Natt , 1-120 F O "HA 5010° ( 0,02000 ) bat , 50-110 H2O to'gVlVe+Vm) HA ' , 0,0167M + OH K _ , , = × × F- × San Kb × × × × × [ HA] [ OH ] - = pH = 14 [ A- ] -110911176.10 5) = - 1.86.10 % × ≥ → = 9,25 ✗ = 0,0167 × ptlhuon > - - KW Ka F pii → Ve - 10.0.1 A- + > HA + OH ' _ = CHTA aiadijcogohnoind? ( tri = 0.02.50 pii f- Ơgnhaj VNAOH loidijbiộirdiộủgtri.PH : ã g.gg , / equivalence point ) H2O = × lddd-e.in ) < + pit , 0105 - cthiicddd-e.hn doing ☆ 0,05 , ,g,µ , , , tinhtheoptba.CZ/-heoAyCMHBr-0 ✗ = ' 0,1-10,5 , Havin A- du 0102.50 ncigd-o.ba/-he.so'phaloag : 10-6,27 , HA _ photo VmoTu=0 : 0102000 , , , , ,, , > ' [ HA] VNAOH =3 àÂgdu 0105 ì ' , 10,50 > Ve = 10 × 0,02000 × Ht [ ] ] A:[ Truiocvirngtuidgduiong Ve > ✗ , STRONG base ) -1 × Ka trongnc HA pH , A - , Ve -_ Vmoiu : × , ,, , , , , 50+3 : pñ A- 1-1+-1 , 0,02000 , 0,02000M VNaOH=0 , ' bot Sau 1-1+-1 - ddchichiia tinhtheoptba.CZ > ' HA 0,1 -3 0,3 HA 10-6127 = go , , , , } , , , ,µ,,mq 0102.50 0,0132M VD : Ka 10,00mL via HBR Trñiickhibaseotcthémvao : Ve cinla.inogd-o.BE/he.so'phaloag HBR + 0,1000M V= 50,00mL : HA ↓ OH 12: Neil 10mL 10100 -310° ( HH ) ' CVe= C' V theoptrinhply - ryéii Ve= du' - V → ddchuoin , _ C' V ' = 10,00mL oñaHBr Truiiicvirngtuidgotuiong / equivalence point ) → 0,02000M acid : The titration of 50,00mL of 0,02000M MES with 0,1000M NaOH CVe= C' V > chiiatrénburet , xd-i.nhd-ieintuiongd-uiong.ve lthétichcbaing ) / Vtd ' The titration of 50,00mL of 0,02000M KOH with 0,1000M HBR MHNH base : m.am/yeii,chiiatronger1enBasema.nh Acidyéu m.am/yeii,chiiatronger1en base : xd-i.nhd-ieintuiongd-uiong.ve lthétichcbaing ) / Vtd PHUONG = 10 "" 10-6127 186.10-8 1,7-6.10-5 d- ✗ D- i.nh ta - Soicky tphiin ' right ky~lhuf.it a tach frog ' ca c Ngt "ac touch dela vaio v T.TN hiñhop d-i.dichuyenciracacchoittrogl-ne-ri-8.ve - to 'c ehuyint-nhauaiacoicchoitdod-o.phana.ie tg di ~ ' co ' nhan ≠ - tac viii calc rien chiit via edc chat giiip phat dichuyon • Cali ' rien di ate chuyéndc , chiit ptich ' ng pha tinh : iaphad-o.ng-D-csdu.gr rain ☒ droit cho cdc , kéo droit cali moi nhiui def touch di chuyin da.gixd-hrhcactphanhho.ctrogt.hr?pchoitphito ( d-i.fr two , nh?an t.at ✗ - it big mini Grig thing Mati goin _ _ tic tinh - phtich ) ng Aime ① ② Cho Cho rien vivo d- mate goin Cho Neil droit aijohg A Va B ③ ' gicii "%' coin tui dung moi di vivo tg Hac v04 rien voi motu → dm sñchaydi mati rain d- iigyen - , dm I Neii dm SE KEO tao , viti mini thinner / chwyén - [ pha fihh ) ' tg co A ia B di Chieri dat cir a - A B → → * ' co toy tacit - B Iot Theo → heh nhieu dichwyenchc.im dmta ohoitriia cost vÉ phatihh , - hin A ' coii tach doin → Ici eluent ( dm Ici Pha d-8 ④ ng Khi A ia B → D- thi Det chait gidi trap ) "" " " Siac Kj Khoi cot d-5 doing , d-a-is d- o tin hie.ir via % A ia B I ' tis ii lhiian v6 in Eg d-§ ↑ > ector Tgi heir an + : > R (tgianchiitptd-irakhoico.tl Phair loqi Soicky eft 1) ta.ou.ie Saic phatihhnoimtrogohgiphad-o.ng.se : d-ñy alia't di boingmong Cho vivo cot sd.ugtbangthwjtinhhoa.cn 2) ' Ky : Pha d-G him hoi.ro giay - go.i theo dimoi gqi theo sky Khoi ' [ sky Ơữữữữữ ' die - ' rain ( sky trap ph4) tray ptis g : Ñén Vo g rÉn tr ' ang , Pha tihh ten cog lhiic Haig ã so ko V T.TK ' phann BE Ơ = CM • - + = s ? oh Ét nÉg + roof p ti ch phatihh niig d-? chait ptich troy pha d- & ng tho i gian lulu tr ' : + + M tgianchei-lanhunhaultgiantdgtdcvoiphati.nl \ • d-irakhoico.tl Uti 'c -0 a 1- binh ) # cdoiico.la = : ' Ite So line : b = ᵗR-tˢ = + * K ion iag M → 1¥ Wg k two g I ' : = to i ch-atptichbi.giiiiagch.at % rien • D- & cho ? * = L win toe : Ơữ lion ( tr ) B- KB = hoon In 1- = 1- µ - ( tr ) a ( ion chia bé ) - tm • 80 ctia ' N ty th wyeth \ * • ciagnhuii D- & Rs = = ¥ ? N ptiangiiii ☆ Chien doii ¥ = v T.TK : cao → = uia 16 / z moi otta wig chien "" thuyet tach day to 't : ""j!?w"!É :( ro g cha I:÷↳l " - - V T.TN 2) 31 1) ✗ 4¥ 21,6% = = = 1,47 , 2) 3) K = , 221,9¥ = = 1- Kz = 2) : Rs 86-41 40 M = +R2k 1) 1,4 = +14 N = , , 15 8715¥40 N 161221¥ ) 4^1%3-12 = = 2) :| N = T 4¥14 " ' a = 1724 ? 161¥12 16.41¥ ) = 24 séecky 1) Ngtae tach ' v T.int 51 :( G- C) did : a vaionh d-§ voi tinh chant boy hiii cira droit ptich cont mho qian ① ② L the ' ① ti ch tie-in vivo di Kho 'ag _ µL ① Tim mini vivo to , to d- cgianhie.tl twig → motu hooihoito.ir to ( but'g turn mad ) ② Neil - \ Neil cho hitman chiiai % : ? chia v T.TN dig mini chia dig → it turn : vivo droit ptich ) siicnét ' khi-divaoco.tl tiep droit tap tu.cgianhie.tk hoñ nhat ? cao tuigvaotinhchiitaiachoitptichmagianhie.lt tiiggiaido.am too chiidgtrinhnhi.tt ch.org sky ③ qua detector D-i choi't aia * ' → aft ptich mao loinoinha.nd.ag-tinhi.eu ghi d- a Saic kit to : ' → quoin qt nho"i \ _ Q → Cft → his : : Chia oiigneri dig regain oto d- chia tray ↓ Cad load of! ' : qua dig : doii diignhieiiihie.ie quoi Mah Ef ' calc chñt ↓ loin hlc ' w nhdo? , bayhéi < 200°C 2) tihh Pha : ' • Neil ing n hot ? bay troi ' → ✗ et di w.ie viii pha " "" tihh nhidvao-ddphana.ec • • Chant cha pha tih phil C- iao pha-na.ie D- § cdc nhim rnhd-G.toid-act.tdi.us d- R c :B do? ÷ a.ie - doin 3) Child → 4) Tinh - gtnnhnhu.tlnhd-8.0-on-d.int ) : torch to't iron chat D- ñudo ( detector ) Roi't quan : eho.nd-aiidophu-ho.pio/ichatptiehiacloo.ie Phiri d-Guido Ntiqnd angmÉu nño ygii h.anphddhie.in ionhoango.nl?ua ,, ( FID ) d- a Ss (TCD ) 27 ' iachlchoit ( EC D) 3) 4) 5) : 8) 2) ? 17 doin nhiét (TCD ) 3) Boit electron ( ECP ) : : gioii h.anphcitme.mn hi nhqnd.ag.tw?pchoit halogen ( VII A) % Khoi phis 4) ' nhfi.nda.nghauhei-cdc.tn/choTt,nh.ayhonTCD : 5) Nhie? ion Dat 6) S 77 hod FID Cdc = Doing TCD die ' ' - ' - / hydrogen d-e- ' ate ' tap ngop as ctrirc a lira Cao ' d-a d-a son htchoit ti a hoh ng -19 B voi Cao mais bi Matt , TCD ghi no÷gd-g? nickel -63 ' them phid MS rigoaiskij Pphoipdi.nhhto.ge D- ◦ hing t.aongo.nu than khix-aivinosdu.ge & nhqy : hint : D- MS hifpchat chant bi : + co this 57 c-ainnhienhe.ir , KK Nein doin tap Cho cdc main d-irasebi.ph 'a : Nh&n days + China halogen , hlc sohu.iq : dig cho dac § nha.ge ECD 1- doing photon lava genoa ) : D- + - cdc ' ban d-air + v T.TN aka Pia N : d+ www.dc - chant diep / d- & doin inha.nd.org HÉG ngoo.ir + h/ b' Oi biicx.am ion - c N , Ion 8) ' ptich : chat -dÉ ptungvoid.ie?ntichcuapeaksoickyi t.upha~Iayd-otiyw.thuo.vn → Dilg d-uiogchuancua mfg Pphdipnoichuain - Doing + 'ng at tinh d-& No ( Internal Standard coin nhieii loa.itriis.nl ' ate theo dtich via d- & ) Method V T.TN : chant pt Saira = peak ' Sky Schack Étnoichuan soickylonghie.ir ' - Co pphdrp cha cat , Nang hot chat Cao :L HPLC ) thui bein ' nhie.t-sackijrayptiilk.ec gel sdi.iq - Q vé ) dig die torch ' diving - : ( ghip iqp Chia ' → co ion ion ) ' cté torch ciao ion Sky pbidvaskifhapph.ir + pha tihh Kim loa.i-phatinhphana.ec \ - I / phatihpa.io pqicdiratr'd viphad-o.gr : ? pha-nc.ua skyicp%aaihiiogiaskigphad-ao-goimskghepc.ua hua.nl logi chiit Kim - : coicchoitcok.gr ptii ' Sky traodoi ion - : Id ① Pak Pha phad-fgpa.ie tihh °_ + Pha d-&g ? chat tong → pa.ie so \ ' 1.of binh tiny vaio pion Kelm pate ctaouea saw Maly ① Dmioi Neii vivo di dig F- nhiu v T.TN van dm - Ég chiong trinh → → moi d- dmÑ gradient _ to then - Tiemmaiivaobuiigtum3@Dm8ikeomaiiotivaoco.t ① nh d- & ' sky I phig mini tin phatihhcuaco.it Sky Twig Khoi voi kna-gtdohc.ua din tha Cdc chat pt SE toi ch ④ di vaio ' hic a Nghig - torch tinh to : vaio dela tg tic guia droit ptich con! tren pha phiog muo-inbve.co?t1hemco?tbv?eca'oloa.idaiido Neil * : 11 ? hlhn huish quang 2) ctie.in 3) 4) Khiuc 7) ' tan xqa's 8) 9) atomist do? auag cho.nu?cngt8 101 ion no'a II ) = 3) a khiiipho ☆ 6) 21 ✗ d- i doin 5) 1) hola Ding ' mini dig photon d-a choc'ac chiat - trap _ 4) Ding " 1- tia S 6) Dilg etc Cho ed co tinh 'ag voi uV - Vis quang dÉnh'a traodoidc , ciao dd stay ing frog phoithuyh ' die Chien then tog , via electron d-ovtodchieuai.ua's d-fnha.is cao , mate - go d-i ' hd-G.gr : / @ ' - d-ñido Kif pb8 :( tong - v T T Z ' Khoi phon ' tong ) coin t.io tii onion Silic ctuoi q-di.nhd-o.ph-anc.ie phathuog § + D- cha not di , / Pha d-do phoinlo.ie ' R phaotao - A