Kim Lu: from village to ward = Kim Lũ: từ làng đến phố
1 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI INSTITUDE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES NGUYEN THI HUYEN VAN KIM LU: FROM VILLAGE TO WARD MASTER THESIS Major: Vietnamese studies Hanoi - 2012 2 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI INSTITUDE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES NGUYEN THI HUYEN VAN KIM LU: FROM VILLAGE TO WARD Master thesis major: Vietnamese studies Code: 60 22 01 13 Supervisor: Dr. Dang Thi Van Chi Hanoi - 2012 5 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 8 1. Rationale 8 2. Literature Review 9 4. Existing materials and research methodology 16 5. Thesis's contribution 17 6. Thesis structure 17 CHAPTER I.NATURAL CONDITIONS AND DEVELOPMENT HISTORY OF KIM LU VILLAGE 20 1.1. Geographical position and natural conditions 20 1.1.1. Geographical position 20 1.1.2. Natural conditions 20 1.2. Development history 22 1.2.1. Village name and changes in administration 22 1.2.2. Kim Lu inhabitants 24 Sub-conclusion 28 CHAPTER II.THE TRADITIONAL VILLAGE OF KIM LU 30 2.1. Economic life 30 2.1.1. The situation of Agricultural land and economy 30 2.1.1.1. The situation of land 30 2.1.1.2. The situation of agricultural production 35 2.1.2. Agricultural product processing 36 2.1.3. Lu fan production 39 2.1.4. Trade and village market 40 2.2. Social organization and village management 43 2.2.1. Village management organization 43 2.2.2. Household and family 47 2.2.3. Some other organizations and unions 48 2.2.4. Arrangement of residential areas 49 2.3. Life of culture, religion and belief 51 6 2.3.1. The tradition of competition-examinations 51 2.3.2. Buildings of culture, religion and belief 54 2.3.2.1. The village gate 54 2.3.2.2. Lu Pagoda 55 2.3.2.3. The communal house 56 2.3.2.4. Temple of Mother 60 2.3.2.5. Some other monuments 61 2.3.3. Festivals 62 2.3.4. Habits and customs 65 2.3.3.1. Habits and customs in a life cycle 65 2.3.3.2. Other habits and customs 67 Sub-conclusion 69 CHAPTER III.THE PROCESS OF TRANSFORMATION FROM KIM LU VILLAGE INTO DAI KIM WARD, HOANG MAI DISTRICT, HANOI 71 3.1. Kim Lu before 1998 71 3.1.1. The period of agricultural cooperatives (1954-1980) 71 3.1.1.1. Socio-economic life 71 3.1.1.2. Cultural life 74 3.1.2. Contract Farming and Initial Innovation Age (1981-1998) 75 3.2. Urbanization of Kim Lu from 1998 to 2003 78 3.2.1. Advocated expanding the capital plan and the land use purpose change in Kim Lu 78 3.2.2.Career transition of people from farming is mainly to non-farm jobs 80 3.2.3. Immigrants and the mechanical status of population growth 81 3.2.4.The changing landscape of villages and people's life Kim Lu 82 3.3. Dai Kim ward from 2003 to date 85 3.3.1. Administrative management system 86 3.3.2. Completion of land conversion 89 3.3.3. The situation of the population and population change components 93 3.3.4. The change in the socio-economic life 96 3.3.5. Spatial variation from village to urban space unplanned 99 7 3.3.6. Tradition, lifestyle and social order and security 103 Sub-conclusion: 106 CONCLUSION 109 REFERENCES 113 APPENDIX 120 4 INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale In our country, this process is occurring strongly, especially in the suburban areas. Kim Lu is an ancient village with a long historical and cultural tradition is also integrating into the urbanization trend. Therefore, this village has been going on with a lot of changes in all aspects from economic, social to cultural one both positively and negatively. In learning about the process of changing from village to urban area in Kim Lu, the research aims at clarifying changes in socio - economic aspects, especially its impact on people living in this area. It is hoped that this research can provide a comprehensive, in-depth look on the process of urbanization in the suburban village of our country nowadays. From which, it is targeted to offer more information for administrators while making polices so that proper and practical suggestions for the sustainable development in suburban areas can be given contributing to the development of the country today. 2. Literature Review There has been not any specific research on the process of urbanization in Kim Lu Village as well as the transformation from commune to ward. Kim Lu village has rarely been mentioned. Some studies worth mentioning include History, culture and revolution tradition in Thanh Tri district complied by the District Party Committee, People's Committee of Thanh Tri district in 2007. Or in villages in the outskirts of Hanoi by Bui Thiet and geography of Thang Long's suburban: village - monuments - material values of Do Thinh (2000) also have a few pages to introduce Dai Kim village in Thanh Tri district. The fond of learning villages of Thang Long Hanoi by Bui Xuan Dinh and Nguyen Viet Chuc (co-editor) (2010) gave the description of the fond of learning village of Thang Long - Ha Noi such as Ha Dinh, Dinh Cong, Vu Ang, etc which also one article about Kim Lu village about 15 pages long. The author introduces the history of the village of Kim Lu, about the architecture characterized by cultural beliefs, especially the church; named the 5 Confucians have passed the village ever. But this article is written survey of rural China by Kim Lu, and going into business analysis life who passed the high regard here. Posts in this book but also briefly presented the history of the village, the cultural life and traditions of hospitality but still very sketchy, cursory. There is also a doctoral thesis Dinh Thi Bao Hoa (2007) study the rational use of land suburbs - Thanh Tri district, Hanoi with the support of remote sensing technology and geographic systems studied very specific details about the land, soil, land use of the area including Dai Kim Thanh Tri in the period 1985-2003. Write about Kim Lu village can own as to book prime minister Nguyen The Thai and Nguyen village of Kim Lu - Hanoi's Hoang Giap Nguyen Duc Thai published in 2010, although this book is written about the village of Kim Lu, but they are sketchy, mostly made of Han Nom material from beer, sentences in their churches celebrity Nguyen and not to drill describes the customs or cultural life of Kim Lu village. Thus, we can see that the study of village Kim Lu, especially Kim Lu in the current stage of urbanization still do not have a specific research project, the works mentioned or is write a review very sketchy or is more of a sense of the village or of the Dai Kim; especially no work study Kim Lu village after have become wards the end of 2003. This is an issue left open which we refer to in this thesis. 3. Objects and scope Research objects: the process of transformation from village to ward of Kim Lu currently a part of Dai Kim Ward, Hoang Mai district, Hanoi Reseach scope: Kim Lu village in the history and the process of transforming from Kim Lu village to Dai Kim ward in all socio-economic and cultural areas. 4. Existing materials and research methodology Material resource: We have used a number of urban geography book Pham Thi Xuan Tho (2008) and urban sociology book of Trinh Duy Luan (2005) as a theoretical background for the research process. Besides the ancient sources such as: the land register, the gods of identity, epitaphs, genealogy ; material resources such as houses, temples, pagodas; books and research monographs ; the report 6 summarizes the socio-economic situation of local and oral literature as source material for the thesis Research Methodology: Buildings used primarily historical sociological methods, methods of collecting and analyzing survey data and methodology, fieldwork, logical method. 5. Thesis's contribution First, giving a comprehensive description of all aspects of economic life, society and culture Kim Lu traditional village which can help to give the general and particular characteristics of the village compared to other northern villages. Second, giving the description from village to ward of Kim Lu in the process of urbanization and capital expansion. This process is affected by two aspects: Urbanization as a process in itself of a suburban village by the economic development needs of the society and at the same time also to the direct impact of government through the policy of urban expansion in Hanoi. Third, this is a typical example for the effect of peri-urbanization process of Hanoi. From the state of Kim Lu, we draw the impacts and changes in the village, the people have received the change, how it has created positive and negative impacts, recommendations to solve the issues, lessons for managers and policymakers. 6. Thesis structure The thesis consists of three chapters: Chapter 1: Natural conditions and development history of Kim Lu Village Chapter 2: The traditional village of Kim Lu Chapter 3: The process of transformation from Kim Lu village into Dai Kim ward, Hoang Mai district, Hanoi 7 CHAPTER I NATURAL CONDITIONS AND DEVELOPMENT HISTORY OF KIM LU VILLAGE 1.1. Geographical position and natural conditions 1.1.1. Geographical position For a long time, Kim Lu village is situated in Dai Kim ward, Hoang Mai district, Hanoi city, in the Southwest of the city, in the Northeast of Thanh Tri district; in the East of To Lich river, the North borders Ha Dinh village, the South borders Quang Liet village (Thanh Liet commune), the West borders Trieu Khuc hamlet (Tan Trieu commune). Kim Lu is only 6 km away from Thang Long imperial city as the crow flies to the Southwest. With regard to geomancy, according to the ancients‟ conception, this area was deemed to have the “near King” position (near the king or the lord), to have “golden tortoise shape with dragon flanking, tiger esteeming”, to be “a land of supernatural power, preeminent inhabitants”. 1.1.2. Natural conditions With regard to terrain, the village is relatively flat. With regard to soil, the village land is alluvial soil formed since ancient river beds have consolidated gradually, so there are deep depressions creating lakes. Kim Lu village is situated near To Lich river bank. To Lich river runs along the village from the North to the South, which is the natural boundary in the East dividing Kim Lu village and Dinh Cong village, Dai Tu village. The river section through the village long about 1500m. Kim Lu is situated in the delta of North Vietnam, climatic conditions have features of the climate in the delta of Red river delta, that is, wet tropical climate, monsoon, and cold winter. 1.2. Development history 1.2.1. Village name and changes in administration 8 In the old days, Kim Lu is a commune consisting of 3 hamlets: Cau hamlet (or Kim Giang hamlet since 1945); Trung hamlet (or Kim Lu); Van hamlet (or Kim Van). According to the family annals of families, Kim Lu village was established more than 500 years ago, in Le Thanh Tong reign (1460 – 1497), another name is ancient Thanh Dam hamlet. However, according to some researchers, Lu village was established along with the foundation of the country of Vietnamese inhabitants since Hung kings, about 2500 years ago. [9, tr.336]. In Minh Mang reign in Nguyen dynasty (1831-1832), Kim Lu belonged to Hanoi province. According to Hanoi‟s land register on the 1 st September the 19 th Tu Duc year (1866) [30, tr232] Kim Lu belonged to Khuong Dinh canton, Thanh Tri district, Thuong Tin town. By 1890, Thanh Thai reign, Kim Lu commune belonged to Khuong Dinh canton, Thanh Tri district, Ha Dong province [20, tr.944]. After the 31 st December 1942, French colonists founded “Hanoi special agent” which consisted of 9 cantons with 60 communes and hamlets; at that time, Kim Lu belonged to Hoan Long agent, Hanoi province [9, tr337]. From the August Revolution in 1945 to the independence day (1954), Kim Lu was named Tam Kim communed. In 1949, 2 more villages Thuong Dinh and Ha Dinh were merged into Tam Kim commune in district 6, Hanoi. In 1955, Thuong Dinh and Ha Dinh were moved to Nhan Chinh, Tam Kim was merged into Dai Tu hamlet to become Dai Kim commune, in district 7 of Hanoi city. In 1961, Dai Kim commune was a commune in Thanh Tri district, Hanoi city. By 2003, according to Decree No. 132/2003/NĐ-CP of the Government dated 6/11/2003 Dai Kim became Dai Kim ward in Hoang Mai district, Hanoi city. 1.2.2. Kim Lu inhabitants According to family annals and elderly people in the village, the first inhabitants to come to Kim Lu village 500 years ago were great grandparents of 3 families: Hong, Nguyen and Hoang. After those 3 families of creators many other families also came here such as Nguyen Nhan, Nguyen Xuan, Pham, etc. 1.2.2.1. Hong (Cung) family [...]... is also such a case 1 Kim Lu is a typical village of academic culture tradition The village has had the formation history for about 500 years In the process of development, an initial Lu village splitted into three villages Kim Giang, Kim Lu, Kim Van, then integrated into Tam Kim and finally merged with Dai Tu to become Dai Kim Lu village was known as the village of academy with many people becoming... very small if any Three villages with 8 hamlets now are divided into 16 residential groups, 2 of which in Kim Van, 8 in Kim Lu and 6 in Kim Giang Each group has at least 100 households; the big one can have 180 to 200 households Every village has from 1 to 4 its Cultural Houses 24 According to the villagers, previously, villagers still transplanted spinach and neptunia on the To Lich River at the segment... 21st day of the lunar first month, when village people organize a thanksgiving feast to King Le Due to their various beautiful traditions and habits and customs, Kim Lu was granted four characters of "Mỹ Tục Khả Gia” (beautiful customs) by King Khai Dinh CHAPTER III THE PROCESS OF TRANSFORMATION FROM KIM LU VILLAGE INTO DAI KIM WARD, HOANG MAI DISTRICT, HANOI 3.1 Kim Lu before 1998 3.1.1 The period of... parade ceremony from one village to the other to express their solidarity In terms of festival of Kim Giang village, Kim Van and Kim Lu hamlets only have an offer ceremony, i.e assigning a group of old men to carry offerings, which often include a tray of five fruits, votive paper and incense, betel and wine, on their head to worship Gods 2.3.4 Habits and customs 2.3.3.1 Habits and customs in a life... potatoes, corns, vegetables, etc Owing to fat soil of alluvium from Hong river and limpid water from To Lich river, Kim Lu had many regionally famous agricultural products such as sweet-smelling and glutinous Re Hoa rice, Lim sweet potatoes, Dam corns That was why such products of Lu village were put into the following folk-song: “ Làng Lủ gạo trắng nước trong Ai về kẻ Lủ thong dong con người” (In Lu village, ... the village convention was as follows: if a girl in the village got married to a man from another area, she had to contribute to tile a 10-metre road In Thần tích thần sắc (Sacred legends and colours) of Cau hamlet, imposing a fine on a person was also mentioned in the Village convention as follows: “People who act against the village convention must be fined from 2 dimes to 1 silver coin subject to. .. people from farming is mainly to non-farm jobs The number of people immigrated to the village changed significantly compare to prior period We can see that people growth in Dai Kim commune from 1985 to 2003 has considerable changes showed in the following table: Year 1985 1989 1993 1998 2001 2003 Population 4,848 5,565 6,159 6,572 9,597 12,630 Table 3.2 Population in Dai Kim commune from 1985 to 20034... communes of Thanh Tri 3 4 Source: People‟s Committee of Dai Kim ward Statistics department of Thanh Tri district 21 district and 5 wards of Hai Ba Trung district, Dai Kim commune became a wardlevel administrative unit, and old Kim Lu village was divided into population groups under Dai Kim ward, Hoang Mai district, Hanoi city After this decision, Kim Lu has had comprehensive development and changes 3.3.1... Residential area in the South West of Kim Giang 127,321 Acquiring Police headquarter of Dai Kim ward 3,271 Acquiring Table 3 Agricultural land acquisition projects in Kim Lu from 2004 to date5 The total area of agricultural land acquisition since after 2003 is 874,148 m2 Thus, up to the present time, essentially total village s agricultural land has been converted into urban land, accounting for 84% The... amount shall be contributed to the public funds and such people are banned from having banquet with the village from 6 months to 1 year Village officials are authorized to impose 14 such fine Fined people must pay such fine for the whole village within 3 days Stubborn people who do not pay shall be submitted to mandarin for judgement in accordance with the village convention and customs” 2.2.2 Household . customs 2.3.3.1. Habits and customs in a life cycle 2.3.3.1.1. The custom of being enrolled in the list of the village population 2.3.3.1.2. The custom of marriage 2.3.3.1.3. The custom. monuments 61 2.3.3. Festivals 62 2.3.4. Habits and customs 65 2.3.3.1. Habits and customs in a life cycle 65 2.3.3.2. Other habits and customs 67 Sub-conclusion 69 CHAPTER III.THE PROCESS OF. 2.3.3.1.3. The custom of making a feast upon old age 2.3.3.1.4. The custom of funeral ceremony 2.3.3.2. Other habits and customs Custom of “respect longevity” (respect old people). Notwithstanding