Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Abridged Table of Contents Assigned Entries Only Welcome to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, which was designed from its inception (September 1995) as a dynamic reference work. In a dynamic reference work, each entry is maintained and kept up to date by an expert or group of experts in the field. These authors are given remote electronic access to copies of their entries on our server and they can update those copies any time the need arises. Moreover, all entries and updates are refereed by the members of a distinguished Editorial Board before they are made public. Whenever an author uploads a new entry or modifies an existing entry, the new material is stored off-line until it is approved by the Editorial Board member in charge of that entry. 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Search Encyclopedia Editorial Information What's New How to Cite This Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Archives Unabridged Table of Contents Navigation Panel: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z A ● Abelard [Abailard], Peter (Peter King) ● abstract objects (Gideon Rosen) ● Academy, Plato's (Wolfgang Mann) ● action (George Wilson) ● action at a distance (Joseph Berkovitz) ● actualism (Christopher Menzel) http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html (1 of 30) [8/7/02 12:56:17 PM] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged) ● adaptation (Robert Brandon) ● Adorno, Theodore (Lambert Zuidervaart) ● Aegidius Romanus see Giles of Rome ● Aenesidemus see skepticism: ancient ● aesthetics ❍ and objectivity (Nick Zangwill) ● affirmative action (Robert Fullinwider) ● Agrippa see skepticism: ancient ● akrasia see weakness of will ● Albert of Saxony (Joël Biard) ● altruism ❍ biological (Samir Okasha) ● Alyngton, Robert (Alessandro Conti) ● Ammonius Saccas see Plotinus ● analogy ❍ medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth) ● analysis (Michael Beaney) ● analytic/synthetic distinction (Georges Rey) ● anaphora (Jeffrey C. King) ● anarchism (Robert Paul Wolff) ● Anaxagoras (Patricia Curd) ● Anaxarchus see Pyrrho ● animal consciousness see consciousness: animal ● animal rights see rights: of animals ● anomalous monism (Steven Yalowitz) ● Anselm, Saint [Anselm of Bec, Anselm of Canterbury] (Thomas Williams) ● Antiochus of Ascalon (James Allen) ● a posteriori knowledge see a priori justification and knowledge ● a priori justification and knowledge (Robin Jeshion) ● Aquinas, Saint Thomas (Ralph McInerny) ● Arcesilaus (Charles Brittain) ● Arendt, Hannah (Dana Villa) ● arete see ethics: ancient ● argument (John Corcoran) ● Aristotelianism ❍ in the Renaissance (Dennis Des Chene) ● Aristotle (Alan Code) ❍ biology (Allan Gotthelf) ❍ ethics (Richard Kraut) ❍ logic (Robin Smith) ❍ mathematics (Henry Mendell) http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html (2 of 30) [8/7/02 12:56:17 PM] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged) ❍ metaphysics (S. Marc Cohen) ❍ on non-contradiction (Michael Wedin) ❍ physics (Istvan Bodnar) ❍ poetics (Glenn Most) ❍ political theory (Fred Miller) ❍ psychology (Christopher Shields) ❍ rhetoric (Christof Rapp) ● artifact (Risto Hilpinen) ● artifical intelligence ❍ logic and (John McCarthy) ● artificial intelligence (Selmer Bringsjord) ● assertion (Peter Pagin) ● Astell, Mary (Alice Sowaal) ● attributes see properties ● Augustine, Saint (Michael Mendelson) ❍ relation to Greek philosophy (Charles Brittain) ● Auriol [Aureol, Aureoli], Peter (Russell L. Friedman) ● Austin, John (Brian Bix) ● authority (Tom Christiano) ❍ legal see legal obligation and authority ● automated reasoning see reasoning: automated ● autonomy ❍ in moral and political philosophy (John Christman) ❍ personal (Sarah Buss) A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z B ● Bacon, Francis (Juergen Klein) ● Bain, Alexander see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century ● basing relation, epistemic (Keith Allen Korcz) ● Baudrillard, Jean (Douglas Kellner) ● Bauer, Bruno (Douglas Moggach) ● Bayes' Theorem (James Joyce) ● Bayle, Pierre (Thomas M. Lennon) ● Beattie, James see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century ● behaviorism (George Graham) ● being see existence http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html (3 of 30) [8/7/02 12:56:17 PM] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged) ● being and becoming see time ❍ in modern physics see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics ● belief (Eric Schwitzgebel) ● Bell's Theorem (Martin Jones) ● Bentham, Jeremy (Ross Harrison) ● Bergson, Henri (Leonard Lawlor) ● Berkeley, George (Lisa Downing) ● binarium famosissimum [= most famous pair] (Paul Vincent Spade) ● biological information see information: biological ● biology ❍ molecular see molecular biology ❍ notion of individual (Jack Wilson) ❍ notion of self (Alfred Tauber) ❍ teleological notions in see teleology: teleological notions in biology ● biology, philosophy of (Sahotra Sarkar and Paul Griffiths) ● Blair, Hugh see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century ● Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (Christopher Martin) ● Bolzano, Bernard (Edgar Morscher) ● Bonaventure, Saint (Tim Noone) ● Boole, George (Sriram Nambiar) ● Boolean algebra ❍ the mathematics of (J. Donald Monk) ● Bosanquet, Bernard (William Sweet) ● boundary (Achille Varzi) ● Boyle, Robert (J. J. MacIntosh) ● Bradley, Francis Herbert (Stewart Candlish) ● Brentano, Franz (Wolfgang Huemer) ❍ theory of judgement (Johannes Brandl) ● Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan (Mark van Atten) ● Brown, Thomas see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century ● Buber, Martin (Michael Zank) ● Buridan, John [Jean] (Jack Zupko) ● Burke, Edmund (Ian Harris) ● Burley [Burleigh], Walter (Alessandro Conti) ● Burnet, James [Lord Monboddo] see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z C http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html (4 of 30) [8/7/02 12:56:17 PM] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged) ● Callicles and Thrasymachus (Rachel Barney) ● Cambridge Platonists (Sarah Hutton) ● Campbell, George see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century ● Carnap, Rudolf (Thomas Ricketts) ● Carneades (James Allen) ● Cassirer, Ernst (Michael Friedman) ● casuistry see reasoning: moral ● categories ❍ medieval theories of (Robert Andrews) ● category theory (Jean-Pierre Marquis) ● causation ❍ backward (Jan Faye) ❍ causal processes (Phil Dowe) ❍ counterfactual theories of (Peter Menzies) ❍ and manipulability (James Woodward) ❍ medieval theories of (Graham White) ❍ mental see mental causation ❍ the metaphysics of (Jonathan Schaffer) ❍ probabilistic (Christopher Hitchcock) ● causation, in the law (Antony Honoré) ● change (Chris Mortensen) ● character, moral (Marcia Homiak) ● character/trait (Manfred Laubichler) ● childhood, the philosophy of (Gareth Matthews) ● children, philosophy for (Michael Pritchard) ● Chinese room argument (David Cole) ● Christian theology, philosophy and (Michael Murray) ● Church-Turing Thesis (B. Jack Copeland) ● Church's Thesis see Church-Turing Thesis ● citizenship (Daniel Weinstock) ● civil rights (Andrew Altman) ● Clarke, Samuel (Ezio Vailati) ● Cockburn, Catharine Trotter (Patricia Sheridan) ● cognitive science (Paul Thagard) ● cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral (Mark van Roojen) ● Cohen, Hermann (Lanier Anderson) ● Collins, Anthony (William Uzgalis) ● color (Barry Maund) ● common knowledge (Peter Vanderschraaf) ● communitarianism (Daniel Bell) ● comparative philosophy http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html (5 of 30) [8/7/02 12:56:17 PM] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged) ❍ Chinese and Western (David Wong) ● compatibilism (Michael McKenna) ● composition, the vagueness of see problem of the many ● computer ethics ❍ basic concepts and historial overview (Terrell Bynum) ● computing, modern history of (B. Jack Copeland) ● concepts (Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence) ● condemnation of 1277 (Hans Thijssen) ● Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de (Lorne Falkenstein) ● conditionals (Dorothy Edgington) ❍ counterfactual (Peter Menzies) ● confirmation (Branden Fitelson) ● Confucius (Jeffrey Riegel) ● connectionism (James Garson) ● connectives (Ray Jennings) ● conscience ❍ medieval theories of (Douglas Langston) ● consciousness (Robert Van Gulick) ❍ animal (Colin Allen) ❍ higher-order theories (Peter Carruthers) ❍ and intentionality (Charles Siewert) ❍ representational theories of (William Lycan) ❍ self- see self-consciousness ❍ unity of (Andrew Brook) ● consequentialism (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong) ❍ rule (Brad Hooker) ● constitutionalism (Wil Waluchow) ● constructivism (Andrews Reath) ● continuant see change ● contractarianism (Ann Cudd) ● contracts, theories of (Jody Kraus) ● Conway, Lady Anne (Sarah Hutton) ● cosmology ❍ methodological debates in the 1930s and 1940s (George Gale) ❍ and theology (Adolf Gruenbaum) ❍ and theology (John Leslie) ● cosmopolitanism (Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown) ● counterfactuals see conditionals: counterfactual ● creationism (Michael Ruse) ● criminal law, theories of (Antony Duff) ● critical theory (James Bohman) http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html (6 of 30) [8/7/02 12:56:17 PM] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged) ● Cudworth, Ralph see Cambridge Platonists ● cultural evolution see evolution: cultural ● Curry's paradox (JC Beall) A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z D ● Dante Alighieri (Winthrop Wetherbee) ● Daoism see Taoism ● Darwinism (James Lennox) ● Dasein see Heidegger, Martin ● David (Christian Wildberg) ● Davidson, Donald (Jeff Malpas) ● death (Steven Luper) ● decision theory ❍ causal (James Joyce) ● democracy (Tom Christiano) ● demonstration ❍ Aristotle's theory of see Aristotle: logic ❍ medieval theories of (John Longeway) ● demonstratives see indexicals ● deontological ethics see ethics: deontological ● dependence, ontological (Brian Leftow) ● Derrida, Jacques (Irene Harvey) ● Descartes, René (Alan Nelson) ❍ epistemology (Lex Newman) ❍ life and works (Kurt Smith) ❍ modal metaphysics (David Cunning) ❍ ontological argument (Lawrence Nolan) ● Descartes, René: ethics (Donald Rutherford) ● descriptions (Peter Ludlow) ● desert (Owen McLeod) ● Desgabets, Robert (Patricia Easton) ● determinates vs. determinables (David H. Sanford) ● determinism, causal (Carl Hoefer) ● developmental biology (Lenny Moss and Paul Griffiths) ❍ epigenesis and preformationism (Kelly Smith) ❍ evolution and development (Jason Scott Robert) http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html (7 of 30) [8/7/02 12:56:17 PM] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged) ● diagrams (Sun-Joo Shin and Oliver Lemon) ● dialectic (Pierre Keller) ● dialetheism [dialethism] (Graham Priest) ● Dionysius the Areopagite see Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite ● disjunction (Ray Jennings) ● distributive justice see justice: distributive ● diversity (David Kahane) ● divine command theory see voluntarism, theological ● divine illumination (Robert Pasnau) ● doing vs. allowing harm (Frances Howard-Snyder) ● double effect, doctrine of (Alison McIntyre) ● dualism (Howard Robinson) ● Dunbar, James see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century ● Duns Scotus, John (Thomas Williams) A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z E ● ecology (Sahotra Sarkar) ❍ conservation biology (Sahotra Sarkar) ● Edwards, Jonathan (William Wainwright) ● egalitarianism (Richard Arneson) ● egoism (Robert Shaver) ● Einstein, Albert ❍ Einstein-Bohr debates (Don Howard) ❍ the hole argument see space and time: the hole argument ❍ philosophy of science (Don Howard) ● Elias (Christian Wildberg) ● emergent properties (Timothy O'Connor and Hong Yu Wong) ● Emerson, Ralph Waldo (Russell Goodman) ● emotion (Ronald de Sousa) ● Empedocles (Richard Parry) ● entailment see logical consequence ● envy (Justin D'Arms) ● Epictetus (Anthony Long) ● epiphenomenalism (William Robinson) ● episteme and techne [= scientific knowledge and expertise] (Richard Parry) ● epistemic basing relation see basing relation, epistemic http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html (8 of 30) [8/7/02 12:56:17 PM] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged) ● epistemic closure principle (Steven Luper) ● epistemology ❍ Bayesian (William Talbott) ❍ evolutionary (Michael Bradie and William Harms) ❍ feminist see feminism, interventions: feminist epistemology and philosophy of science ❍ moral see moral epistemology ❍ naturalized (Richard Feldman) ❍ social (Alvin Goldman) ❍ virtue (John Greco) ● epsilon calculus (Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach) ● equality (Stefan Gosepath) ❍ of opportunity (Richard Arneson) ● equivalence of mass and energy (Francisco Flores) ● Eriugena, John Scottus (Dermot Moran) ● eternity (Brian Leftow) ● ethics ❍ ancient (Richard Parry) ❍ computer see computer ethics: basic concepts and historial overview ❍ deontological (Piers Rawling and David McNaughton) ❍ environmental (Andrew Brennan and Yeuk-Sze Lo) ❍ feminist see feminism, interventions: feminist ethics ❍ natural law tradition (Mark Murphy) ❍ and personal identity see personal identity: and ethics ❍ utilitarian see consequentialism ❍ virtue (Rosalind Hursthouse) ● ethics, morality and practical reason see morality and practical reason ● eudaimonia see ethics: ancient ● euthanasia ❍ voluntary (Robert Young) ● events (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi) ● evil, problem of (Michael Tooley) ● evolution (Phillip Sloan) ❍ cultural (William Wimsatt) ● evolutionary game theory see game theory: evolutionary ● evolutionary psychology see sociobiology ● existence (Barry Miller) ● existentialism (Steven Crowell) ● experimentation ❍ in physics see physics: experiment in ● exploitation (Alan Wertheimer) ● extrinsic see intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html (9 of 30) [8/7/02 12:56:17 PM] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged) A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z F ● fallacies see logic: informal ❍ medieval theories of (Andrea Tabarroni) ● fatalism (Hugh Rice) ● federalism (Andreas Føllesdal) ● feminism, approaches to (Nancy Tuana and Sally Haslanger) ❍ analytic philosophy (Ann Garry) ❍ continental philosophy (Penelope Deutscher) ❍ intersection of analytic and continental philosophy (Georgia Warnke) ❍ intersection of pragmatism and continental philosophy (Shannon Sullivan) ● feminism, interventions (Sally Haslanger and Nancy Tuana) ❍ feminist environmental philosophy (Karen Warren) ❍ feminist epistemology and philosophy of science (Elizabeth Anderson) ❍ feminist ethics (Rosemarie Tong) ❍ feminist history of philosophy (Charlotte Witt) ❍ feminist moral psychology (Claudia Card) ❍ feminist philosophy of language (Jennifer Saul) ❍ feminist philosophy of law (Anita Allen) ● feminism, topics (Sally Haslanger and Nancy Tuana) ❍ feminist perspectives on reproduction and the family (Debra Satz) ❍ feminist perspectives on sexuality (Nancy Tuana) ❍ feminist perspectives on the self (Diana Meyers) ● Ferguson, Adam see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century ● Ferrier, James see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century ● Feyerabend, Paul (John Preston) ● Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (Dan Breazeale) ● fictionalism (Mark Eli Kalderon) ❍ modal (Daniel Nolan) ● film, philosophy of (Thomas Wartenberg) ● Fitch's paradox of knowability (Joe Salerno and Berit Brogaard) ● fitness (Alexander Rosenberg and Frederic Bouchard) ● folk psychology ❍ as mental simulation (Robert M. Gordon) ❍ as a theory (Ian Ravenscroft) ● Forms [Platonic] see Plato: metaphysics and epistemology ● Foucault, Michel (Gary Gutting) http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html (10 of 30) [8/7/02 12:56:17 PM] [...]... 1996, University of Arizona http://plato .stanford. edu/entries/search.html [8/7/02 12:56:19 PM] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Editorial Information Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Editorial Information Basic Information The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is a dynamic reference work and is a publishing project of the Metaphysics Research Lab at the Center for the Study of Language and... Research Lab Stanford University http://plato .stanford. edu/contents.html (30 of 30) [8/7/02 12:56:17 PM] Search Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Search Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy WebGlimpse Search String to search for: Case Sensitive Submit Partial Match Jump to Line Misspellings Allowed: 0 Maximum number of files returned: 50 Maximum number of matches per file returned: 30 Maximum number of characters... square of opposition (Terence Parsons) state of affairs (Thomas Wetzel) statistical physics r Boltzmann's work in (Jos Uffink) r q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q http://plato .stanford. edu/contents.html (26 of 30) [8/7/02 12:56:17 PM] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged) philosophy of statistical mechanics (Lawrence Sklar) Stewart, Dugald see Scottish Philosophy: ... 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A|B|C|D|E|F|G|H|I|J|K|L|M|N|O|P|Q|R|S|T|U|V|W|X|Y|Z http://plato .stanford. edu/contents.html (29 of 30) [8/7/02 12:56:17 PM] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged) Z q q q q Zeno of Citium (James Allen) Zeno's paradoxes (Nick Huggett) Zhuangzi (Harold Roth) zombies (Robert Kirk) A|B|C|D|E|F|G|H|I|J|K|L|M|N|O|P|Q|R|S|T|U|V|W|X|Y|Z Editorial Information The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Copyright © 2002 by... limits of see limits of law r nature of see nature of law: natural law theories r rule of see rule of law and procedural fairness law and language (Timothy Endicott) laws of nature (John W Carroll) learning theory, formal (Oliver Schulte) legal obligation and authority (Leslie Green) legal philosophy (Martin Stone) r economic analysis of law (Lewis Kornhauser) legal positivism see nature of law:... contingents: medieval theories of r haecceity see haecceity: medieval theories of r intentionality see intentionality: medieval theories of r modality see modality: medieval theories of r of obligationes see obligationes, medieval theories of r practical reason see practical reason: medieval theories of r properties of terms see terms, properties of: medieval theories of r relations see relations:... theories of r relations see relations: medieval theories of r of singular terms see singular terms: medieval memory (John Sutton) r epistemological problems of (Tom Senor) Mencius (Kwong Loi Shun) Mendelssohn, Moses (Daniel Dahlstrom) http://plato .stanford. edu/contents.html (17 of 30) [8/7/02 12:56:17 PM] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged) q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q... 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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Abridged Table of Contents Assigned Entries Only Welcome to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, . communitarianism (Daniel Bell) ● comparative philosophy http://plato .stanford. edu/contents.html (5 of 30) [8/7/02 12:56:17 PM] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged) ❍ Chinese. law, theories of (Antony Duff) ● critical theory (James Bohman) http://plato .stanford. edu/contents.html (6 of 30) [8/7/02 12:56:17 PM] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Table of Contents (Abridged) ●