Fruit and vegetable biotechnology Edited by Victoriano Valpuesta © 2002 by Woodhead Publishing Ltd. Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Abington Cambridge CB1 6AH, England www.woodhead-publishing.com Published in North America by CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd, NW Boca Raton FL 33431, USA First published 2002, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC ß 2002, Woodhead Publishing Limited The authors have asserted their moral rights. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publishers cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials. 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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Woodhead Publishing Limited ISBN 1 85573 467 2 CRC Press ISBN 0-8493-1436-4 CRC Press order number: WP1436 Cover design by The ColourStudio Project managed by Macfarlane Production Services, Markyate, Hertfordshire (e-mail: macfarl@aol.com) Typeset by MHL Typesetting Limited, Coventry, Warwickshire Printed by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall, England © 2002 by Woodhead Publishing Ltd. Contributors 1 Introduction V. Valpuesta, Universidad de Ma ´ laga 2 Tools of genetic engineering in plants J. Pozueta-Romero, Universidad Pu ´ blica de Navarra 2.1Introduction 2.2Selectionandisolationofgenes 2.3Transformationandregenerationofplants 2.4Stabilityofthetransgenes 2.5Environmentalriskassessment 2.6Futuretrends 2.7Sourcesoffurtherinformationandadvice 2.8References Part I Targets for transformation 3 Genetic modification of agronomic traits in fruit crops L. Baldoni and E. Rugini, IR Miglioramento Genetico Piante Foraggere CNR, Perugia 3.1Introduction 3.2Somaclonalvariation 3.3Genetransformation 3.4GeneticStability 3.5Plantdevelopmentandreproduction Contents © 2002 by Woodhead Publishing Ltd. 3.6Fruitquality 3.7Bioticstress 3.8Abioticstressresistance 3.9Plantbreeding:theuseofmolecularmarkers 3.10Futureperspectives 3.11Abbreviationsusedinthischapter 3.12Referencesandfurtherreading 4 Genes involved in plant defence mechanisms M. A. Gomez-Lim, CINVESTAV-Irapuato 4.1Introduction 4.2Mechanismsofplantresponsetopathogens 4.3Genesinthedefenceagainstvirus 4.4Genesinthedefenceagainstfungi 4.5Genesinthedefenceagainstinsectsandnematodes 4.6Long-termimpactofgeneticallymodifiedplantsintheir responsetopathogens 4.7Futuretrends 4.8Sourcesoffurtherinformationandadvice 4.9References 5 Genes selected for their role in modifying post-harvest life J. R. Botella, University of Queensland, Brisbane 5.1Introduction 5.2Biotechnologicalcontroloffruitripeningandpost-harvest diseases 5.3Biotechnologicalcontrolofvegetableripeningandpost- harvestdiseases 5.4Futuretrends 5.5Sourcesoffurtherinformation 5.6References 6 The use of molecular genetics to improve food properties I. Amaya, M. A. Botella and V. Valpuesta, Universidad de Ma ´ laga 6.1Introduction 6.2Changingthenutritionalvalueoffoods 6.3Modificationoffruitcolourandsweetness 6.4Modificationoffood-processingpropertiesoffruit 6.5Molecularfarmingandtherapeuticfood 6.6Futuretrends 6.7Sourcesoffurtherinformationandadvice 6.8References © 2002 by Woodhead Publishing Ltd. 7 Nutritional enhancement of plant foods D. G. Lindsay, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia 7.1Introduction 7.2Thenutritionalimportanceofplants 7.3Strategiesfornutritionalenhancement 7.4Theprioritiesfornutritionalenhancement 7.5Relationshipofstructuretonutritionalquality(bioavailabilty) 7.6Nutritionalenhancementversusfoodfortification 7.7Constraintsoninnovation 7.8Futuretrends 7.9Furtherinformation 7.10References Part II Case studies 8 Tomato A. L. T. Powell and A. B. Bennett, University of California, Davis 8.1Introduction 8.2Modificationstargetingfruit 8.3Modificationstargetingseedsandgermination 8.4Modificationstargetingbioticandabioticstresstolerance 8.5Modificationstargetingvegetativetissuesandflowers 8.6Expressionofnovelproteinsintomato 8.7Regulationoftransgenicgeneexpressionintomato 8.8Conclusions 8.9References 9 Commercial developments with transgenic potato H. V. Davies, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee 9.1Marketsandchallenges 9.2PotatobreedingandaroleforGMtechnology 9.3CommercialapplicationsofGMpotatocrops 9.4CurrentandfuturepotentialforGMpotato 9.5RevisedlegislationonGMcropsinEurope 9.6Thefuture 9.7Additionalreading 9.8Acknowledgements 9.9References 10 Cucurbits, pepper, eggplant, legumes and other vegetables A. Bernadac, A. Latche ´ , J P. Roustan, M. Bouzayen and J C. Pech, Ecole nationale Supe ´ rieure Agronomique de Toulouse (INP-ENSAT/INRA) 10.1Introduction 10.2Biotechnologyofcucurbits 10.3Biotechnologyofpepper © 2002 by Woodhead Publishing Ltd. 10.4Biotechnologyofeggplant 10.5Biotechnologyoflegumes 10.6Biotechnologyofbulkyorgans(carrots,sweetpotatoes, alliumspecies) 10.7Biotechnologyofleafyvegetables(cabbage,broccoli, cauliflower,lettuce,spinach)andasparagus 10.8Conclusionsandfuturetrends 10.9Acknowledegments 10.10References Part III Consumer’s attitudes and risk assessment 11 Consumer’s attitudes L. J. Frewer, Institute of Food Research, Norwich 11.1Plantbiotechnologyandpublicattitudes 11.2Whatismeantbytheterm‘attitude’? 11.3Changesinattitudes 11.4Riskperceptionandimpactonattitudes 11.5Casestudy:impactofmediareportingonpublicattitudes towardsgeneticallymodifiedfoods 11.6Communicationaboutgeneticallymodifiedfoodsand modelsofattitudechange 11.7Approachestocommunication 11.8‘Democratic’approaches 11.9Fruitandvegetablebiotechnology–consumerissuesfor thefuture 11.10Functionalfoodsandconsumerissues–implicationsfor fruitandvegetablebiotechnology 11.11Conclusions 11.12References 12 Risk assessment W. Cooper, formerly National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge; and J. B. Sweet, National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge 12.1Introduction 12.2Riskassessmentandavoidance:generalprinciples 12.3Assessingtheimpactofgeneticallymodifiedcrops 12.4References © 2002 by Woodhead Publishing Ltd. Chapter 1 Professor Victoriano Valpuesta Departmento de Biologı´a Molecular y Bioquı´mica Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Ma´laga Campus de Teatinos 29071 Ma´laga Spain Tel: +34 95-213-1932 Fax: +34 95-213-1932 E-mail: valpuesta@uma.es Chapter 2 Javier Pozueta-Romero Centro de Biotecnologı´a Agraria Vegetal Universidad Pu ´ blica de Navarra Ctra. Mutilva s/n 31192 Mutilva Baja Navarra Spain Tel: +34 948-242-834 Fax: +34 948-232-191 E-mail: javier.pozueta@unavarra.es Chapter 3 Dr Luciani Baldoni and Professor Eddo Rugini IR Miglioramento Genetico Piante Foraggere CNR Via Madonna Alta 130 – 06128 Perugia Italy Tel: +39 075-501-4878 Fax: +39 075-501-4869 E-mail: L.Baldoni@irmgpf.pg.cnr.it Contributors © 2002 by Woodhead Publishing Ltd. Chapter 4 Dr M. A. Gomez-Lim Departmento de Ingenierı´a Genetı´ca CINVESTAV – Irapuato KM 9.6 Carretera Irapuato-Leo´n Apartado Postal 629 Irapuato GTO Mexico 36500 Tel: +52 462-396-00 Fax: +52 462-396-50/462-458-49 E-mail: mgomez@ira.cinvestav.mx Chapter 5 Dr J. R. Botella Department of Botany University of Queensland Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia Tel: +61 7-3365-1128 Fax: +61 7-3365-1699 E-mail: J.Botella@botany.uq.edu.au Chapter 6 Professor V. Valpuesta, Dr M.A. Botella and Dr I. Amaya Departmento de Biologı´a Molecular y Bioquı´mica Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Ma´laga Campus de Teatinos 29071 Spain Tel: +34 95-213-1932 Fax: +34 95-213-1932 E-mail: valpuesta@uma.es Chapter 7 David G. Lindsay CEBAS-CSIC Apartado de Correos 4195 30080 Murcia Spain Tel: +34 908-39-63-34 Fax: +34 968-27-47-93 E-mail: dlindsay@terra.es Chapter 8 Dr Ann L. T. Powell and Professor Alan B. Bennett Mann Laboratory University of California Davis CA 95616 Tel: +530 752 9096 Fax: +530 752 4554 E-mail: alpowell@ucdavis.edu E-mail: abbennett@ucdavis.edu Chapter 9 Professor H. Davies Head of Cellular and Environmental Physiology Department Scottish Crop Research Institute Invergowie Dundee DD2 5DA Tel: +44 (0)1382-568-513 Fax: +44 (0)1382-568-503 E-mail: h.davies@scri.sari.ac.uk © 2002 by Woodhead Publishing Ltd. Chapter 10 Dr A. Bernadac, Dr A. Latche´, Dr J P. Roustan, Dr M. Bouzayen and Dr J C. Pech Avenue de l’Agrobiopole BP 107 Auzeville Tolosane 31320 Castanet Tolosan Cedex France E-mail: pech@ensat.fr Chapter 11 Dr Lynn Frewer Head, Consumer Science Group Institute of Food Research Norwich Research Park Colney Lane Norwich NR4 7UA Tel: +44 (0) 1603-255-000 Fax: +44 (0) 1603-507-723 E-mail: lynn.frewer@bbsrc.ac.uk www.ifr.bbsrc.ac.uk Chapter 12 Dr Jeremy Sweet National Institute of Agricultural Botany Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 0LE Tel: +44 (0) 1223-276-381 E-mail: jeremy.sweet@niab.com © 2002 by Woodhead Publishing Ltd. Biotechnology can be seen as an imprecise term since the harnessing of any biological process could justifiably be called biotechnology. In food processing it could reasonably be applied to processes as long established as bread making and brewing. However, the revolution in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the processes of life, in particular our understanding of DNA, has resulted in the potential to manipulate those mechanisms for our requirements. This new-found knowledge and ability is loosely termed biotechnology. There are two main applications of biotechnology to fruit and vegetable production: 1. as an aid to conventional breeding programmes 2. its ability to transfer genes between different organisms. Physiological or morphological traits are governed by genes carried on chromosomes. The ability to monitor the presence or absence of such genes in plants is a great aid to plant breeders. This is done through the use of molecular markers, characteristic DNA sequences or fragments that are closely linked to the gene or genes in question. Molecular biological methods allowing the monitoring of such markers in many independent individuals, for example those arising from a cross between two plant varieties. This is a great aid to the selection process. The ability to transfer genes means that specific genes can be added to a crop variety in one step, avoiding all the back-crossing that is normally required, providing a major saving of time and effort. Furthermore, those genes that are added need not come from a species that is sexually compatible with the crop in question. Conventional breeding is, of course, limited to the introduction of 1 Introduction V. Valpuesta, Universidad de Ma ´ laga © 2002 by Woodhead Publishing Ltd. [...]... Y-X, OU-YANG W-J, ZHANG Y-F and CHEN Z-L, ‘Transgenic sweet pepper plants from Agrobacterium mediated transformation’ 1996 Plant Cell Rep 16 71–75 KIM S J, LEE S J, KIM B D and PAEK KH, ‘Satellite-RNA-mediated resistance to cucumber mosaic virus in transgenic plants of hot pepper (Capsicum annumm cv Golden Tower)’ 1997 Plant Cell Rep 16 825–830 MANOHARAN M, VIDYA C S S and SITA G L, ‘Agrobacterium-mediated... other vegetables and fruit from melon and cucumber to cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower and lettuce Finally, Part III looks at the all-important issues of consumer attitudes and risk assessment, with chapters on these issues and identifying GMOs in foods © 2002 by Woodhead Publishing Ltd 2 Tools of genetic engineering in plants ´blica de Navarra J Pozueta-Romero, Universidad Pu 2.1 Introduction Transfer and. .. 533–540 JEFFERSON R A, BURGESS S M and DAVID H, ‘ -glucuronidase from Escherichia coli as a gene-fusion marker’ 1986 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83 8447–8451 VANCANNEYT G, SCHMIDT R, O’CONNOR-SANCHEZ A, WILLMITZER L and ROCHA-SOSA M, ‘Construction of an intron-containing marker gene: splicing of the intron in transgenic plants and its use in monitoring early events in Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation’... resistance, resistance to plant pests and environmental stresses, increasing yield and fruit quality Chapter 4 looks in more detail at improving plant defences against pathogens A group of three chapters then discusses the enhancement of traits which affect final product quality Chapter 5 considers how biotechnology can help in extending the post-harvest life of fruit and vegetables, an increasingly important... integrate into the plant genome and will be passed on to the offspring in the normal way In this way it is possible to enhance existing characteristics and introduce new attributes into a crop This book explores the application of biotechnology in this second area of fruit and vegetable cultivation and their subsequent use in food processing Chapter 2 describes the basic tools and methods of genetic manipulation,... long-wave UV lamp if high levels of fluorescence intensity can be maintained in transformed plants Another advantage of GFP is that it is relatively small (26 kDa) and can tolerate both N- and C-terminal protein fusions, lending itself to studies of protein localization and intracellular protein trafficking.61 It has been reported that high levels of GFP expresion could be toxic to plant growth and. .. HORSCH R B, SANDERS P R, FLICK J S, ADAMS S P, BITTNER M L, BRAND L A, FINK C L, FRY J S, GALLUPPI G R, GOLDBERG S B, HOFFMANN N L and WOO S C, ‘Expression of bacterial genes in plant cells’ 1983 Proc Natl Acad Sci 80 4803–4807 48 STREBER W R and WILLMITZER L 1989 Bio/Tech 7 811–816 49 SHAH D M, ROMMENS C M T and BEACHY R N, ‘Resistance to diseases and insects in transgenic plants: progress and applications... manipulation, from the selection and isolation of genes to safety issues such as the stability of transgenes Part I then considers the range of target properties for genetic enhancement, starting with two chapters on how biotechnology can improve quality and productivity in fruit and vegetable cultivation Chapter 3 looks at the genetic modification of agronomic traits in fruit crops such as herbicide... during the tumor-formation process Only a small discrete portion of the ca 200 kbp tumor-inducing plasmid (Ti) existing in the bacterium is transferred to the plant genome The transferred DNA, now familiarly referred to as T-DNA, is surrounded by two 25-bp imperfect direct repeats and contains oncogenes encoding enzymes for the synthesis of the plant growth regulators auxin and cytokinin and for the synthesis... necessitate expensive large-scale transformation and screening programs to produce useful transformants 2.6.1 Gene targeting In plants there is a preference for random integration of the introduced DNA, which frequently leads to the accidental inactivation of important genes and to variable and unpredictable expression of the transgene itself In some plants, over 90% of T-DNA insertions may disrupt . +34 9 5-2 1 3-1 932 Fax: +34 9 5-2 1 3-1 932 E-mail: valpuesta@ uma.es Chapter 7 David G. Lindsay CEBAS-CSIC Apartado de Correos 4195 30080 Murcia Spain Tel: +34 90 8-3 9-6 3-3 4 Fax: +34 96 8-2 7-4 7-9 3 E-mail:. Botany University of Queensland Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia Tel: +61 7-3 36 5-1 128 Fax: +61 7-3 36 5-1 699 E-mail: J.Botella@botany.uq.edu.au Chapter 6 Professor V. Valpuesta, Dr M.A. Botella and Dr I. Amaya Departmento. Genetı´ca CINVESTAV – Irapuato KM 9.6 Carretera Irapuato-Leo´n Apartado Postal 629 Irapuato GTO Mexico 36500 Tel: +52 46 2-3 9 6-0 0 Fax: +52 46 2-3 9 6-5 0/46 2-4 5 8-4 9 E-mail: mgomez@ira.cinvestav.mx Chapter 5 Dr