SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE SECOND EDITION Alexander Kossiakoff William N. Sweet Samuel J. Seymour Steven M. Biemer A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. PUBLICATION ffirs02.indd iiiffirs02.indd iii 2/8/2011 11:05:45 AM2/8/2011 11:05:45 AM ffirs04.indd viffirs04.indd vi 2/8/2011 11:05:47 AM2/8/2011 11:05:47 AM SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE ffirs.indd iffirs.indd i 2/8/2011 11:05:44 AM2/8/2011 11:05:44 AM WILEY SERIES IN SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Andrew P. Sage, Editor A complete list of the titles in this series appears at the end of this volume. ffirs01.indd iiffirs01.indd ii 2/8/2011 11:05:44 AM2/8/2011 11:05:44 AM SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE SECOND EDITION Alexander Kossiakoff William N. Sweet Samuel J. Seymour Steven M. Biemer A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. PUBLICATION ffirs02.indd iiiffirs02.indd iii 2/8/2011 11:05:45 AM2/8/2011 11:05:45 AM Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifi cally disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fi tness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profi t or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Systems engineering : principles and practice/Alexander Kossiakoff [et al.].—2nd ed. p. cm.—(Wiley series in systems engineering and management; 67) Rev. ed. of: Systems engineering: principles and practices/Alexander Kossiakoff, William N. Sweet. 2003. ISBN 978-0-470-40548-2 (hardback) 1. Systems engineering. I. Kossiakoff, Alexander, 1945– II. Title. TA168.K68 2010 620.001′171–dc22 2010036856 Printed in the United States of America oBook ISBN: 9781118001028 ePDF ISBN: 9781118001011 ePub ISBN: 9781118009031 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ffirs03.indd ivffirs03.indd iv 2/8/2011 11:05:46 AM2/8/2011 11:05:46 AM To Alexander Kossiakoff, who never took “ no ” for an answer and refused to believe that anything was impossible. He was an extraordinary problem solver, instructor, mentor, and friend. Samuel J. Seymour Steven M. Biemer ffirs04.indd vffirs04.indd v 2/8/2011 11:05:47 AM2/8/2011 11:05:47 AM ffirs04.indd viffirs04.indd vi 2/8/2011 11:05:47 AM2/8/2011 11:05:47 AM LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiii LIST OF TABLES xvii PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xix PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xxiii PART I FOUNDATIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 1 1 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND THE WORLD OF MODERN SYSTEMS 3 1.1 What Is Systems Engineering? 3 1.2 Origins of Systems Engineering 5 1.3 Examples of Systems Requiring Systems Engineering 10 1.4 Systems Engineering as a Profession 12 1.5 Systems Engineer Career Development Model 18 1.6 The Power of Systems Engineering 21 1.7 Summary 23 Problems 25 Further Reading 26 2 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING LANDSCAPE 27 2.1 Systems Engineering Viewpoint 27 2.2 Perspectives of Systems Engineering 32 2.3 Systems Domains 34 2.4 Systems Engineering Fields 35 2.5 Systems Engineerng Approaches 36 2.6 Systems Engineering Activities and Products 37 2.7 Summary 38 Problems 39 Further Reading 40 CONTENTS vii ftoc.indd viiftoc.indd vii 2/8/2011 11:05:50 AM2/8/2011 11:05:50 AM viii CONTENTS 3 STRUCTURE OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS 41 3.1 System Building Blocks and Interfaces 41 3.2 Hierarchy of Complex Systems 42 3.3 System Building Blocks 45 3.4 The System Environment 51 3.5 Interfaces and Interactions 58 3.6 Complexity in Modern Systems 60 3.7 Summary 64 Problems 66 Further Reading 67 4 THE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 69 4.1 Systems Engineering through the System Life Cycle 69 4.2 System Life Cycle 70 4.3 Evolutionary Characteristics of the Development Process 82 4.4 The Systems Engineering Method 87 4.5 Testing throughout System Development 103 4.6 Summary 106 Problems 108 Further Reading 109 5 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT 111 5.1 Managing System Development and Risks 111 5.2 WBS 113 5.3 SEMP 117 5.4 Risk Management 120 5.5 Organization of Systems Engineering 128 5.6 Summary 132 Problems 133 Further Reading 134 PART II CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT STAGE 137 6 NEEDS ANALYSIS 139 6.1 Originating a New System 139 6.2 Operations Analysis 146 6.3 Functional Analysis 151 6.4 Feasibility Defi nition 153 ftoc.indd viiiftoc.indd viii 2/8/2011 11:05:50 AM2/8/2011 11:05:50 AM [...]... dimensions of design, systems engineering, and project planning and control Systems engineering domains Examples of systems engineering fields Examples of systems engineering approaches Life cycle systems engineering view Knowledge domains of systems engineer and design specialist Context diagram Context diagram for an automobile Environments of a passenger airliner Functional interactions and physical interfaces... leadership is the key contribution and principal challenge of systems engineering and it is absolutely indispensable to the successful development of modern complex systems 1.1 OBJECTIVES Systems Engineering Principles and Practice is a textbook designed to help students learn to think like systems engineers Students seeking to learn systems engineering after mastering a traditional engineering discipline often... The recognition of systems engineering as a distinct activity is often associated with the effects of World War II, and especially the 1950s and 1960s when a number of textbooks were published that first identified systems engineering as a distinct c01.indd 5 2/8/2011 11:04:29 AM 6 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND THE WORLD OF MODERN SYSTEMS discipline and defined its place in the engineering of systems More generally,... specialization, and systems engineering; 6 three different technical orientations of a scientist, a mathematician, and an engineer and how they combine in the orientation of a systems engineer; and 7 a concept of “materialization” that measures the degree of transformation of a system element from a requirement to a fully implemented part of a real system Systems Engineering Principles and Practice, Second... Edition Alexander Kossiakoff, William N Sweet, Samuel J Seymour, and Steven M Biemer © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc 1 p01.indd 1 2/9/2011 4:16:37 PM 2 FOUNDATIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Chapter 1 describes the origins and characteristics of modern complex systems and systems engineering as a profession Chapter 2 defines the systems engineering viewpoint” and how... misunderstanding, the meaning of these terms as used in this book is defined at the very outset, before going on to the more important subjects of the responsibilities, problems, activities, and tools of systems engineering Systems Engineering and Traditional Engineering Disciplines From the above definition, it can be seen that systems engineering differs from mechanical, electrical, and other engineering. .. useful to formally assign the leader of the systems engineering team to a recognized position of technical responsibility and authority within the project 1.2 ORIGINS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING No particular date can be associated with the origins of systems engineering Systems engineering principles have been practiced at some level since the building of the pyramids and probably before (The Bible records... structured analysis and objectoriented analysis techniques are described and examples are provided, including an expanded description of the Unified Modeling Language and the Systems Modeling Language Finally, the extension of these new methodologies, modelbased systems engineering, is introduced Decision Making and Support The chapter on systems engineering decision tools has been updated and expanded to introduce... organization and the planning documents of a system development project, with a major emphasis on the management of program risks p01.indd 2 2/9/2011 4:16:37 PM 1 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND THE WORLD OF MODERN SYSTEMS 1.1 WHAT IS SYSTEMS ENGINEERING? There are many ways in which to define systems engineering For the purposes of this book, we will use the following definition: The function of systems engineering. .. possible courses—a primary function of systems engineering A dictionary definition of engineering is “the application of scientific principles to practical ends; as the design, construction and operation of efficient and economical structures, equipment, and systems. ” In this definition, the terms “efficient” and “economical” are particular contributions of good systems engineering The word “system,” as is . Data: Systems engineering : principles and practice/ Alexander Kossiakoff [et al.].—2nd ed. p. cm.—(Wiley series in systems engineering and management; 67) Rev. ed. of: Systems engineering: principles. OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 1 1 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND THE WORLD OF MODERN SYSTEMS 3 1.1 What Is Systems Engineering? 3 1.2 Origins of Systems Engineering 5 1.3 Examples of Systems Requiring Systems. Reading 26 2 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING LANDSCAPE 27 2.1 Systems Engineering Viewpoint 27 2.2 Perspectives of Systems Engineering 32 2.3 Systems Domains 34 2.4 Systems Engineering Fields 35 2.5 Systems Engineerng