APPLIED BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING – PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE Edited by Ganesh R. Naik Applied Biological Engineering – Principles and Practice Edited by Ganesh R. Naik Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Martina Durovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Applied Biological Engineering – Principles and Practice, Edited by Ganesh R. Naik p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0412-4 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Computational Methods in Bioengineering 1 Chapter 1 Efficient Computational Techniques in Bioimpedance Spectroscopy 3 Aleksander Paterno, Lucas Hermann Negri and Pedro Bertemes-Filho Chapter 2 Computer Simulation and Analysis of Three-Dimensional Tumor Geometry in Radiotherapy 29 Seishin Takao, Shigeru Tadano, Hiroshi Taguchi and Hiroki Shirato Chapter 3 Frequency-Domain Objective Response Detection Techniques Applied to Evoked Potentials: A Review 47 Danilo Barbosa Melges, Antonio Mauricio Ferreira Leite Miranda de Sá and Antonio Fernando Catelli Infantosi Chapter 4 Extraction of 3D Geometrical Features of Biological Objects with 3D PCA Analysis and Applications of Results 85 Michal Rychlik and Witold Stankiewicz Chapter 5 Mathematical Modelling of Gene Regulatory Networks 113 Ana Tušek and Želimir Kurtanjek Chapter 6 Modern Methods Used in the Complex Analysis of the Phonocardiography Signal 133 Nicolae Marius Roman and Stefan Gergely Chapter 7 Osteocytes Characterization Using Synchrotron Radiation CT and Finite Element Analysis 165 Zully Ritter, Andreas Staude, Steffen Prohaska and Dieter Felsenberg Chapter 8 Specific Absorption Rate Analysis of Heterogeneous Head Models with EEG Electrodes/Leads at 7T MRI 191 Leonardo M. Angelone and Giorgio Bonmassar VI Contents Chapter 9 Simulating Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease by In Vitro and Computational Models 209 Tjitske Heida, Jan Stegenga, Marcel Lourens, Hil Meijer, Stephan van Gils, Nikolai Lazarov and Enrico Marani Chapter 10 Vascular Stent Design Optimisation Using Numerical Modelling Techniques 237 Houman Zahedmanesh, Paul A. Cahill and Caitríona Lally Part 2 Biomechanical Engineering Methods and Applications 259 Chapter 11 Functional Significance of Force Fluctuation During Voluntary Muscle Contraction 261 Kazushige Oshita and Sumio Yano Chapter 12 The Influence of Different Elbow Angles on the Twitch Response of the Biceps Brachii Muscle Between Intermittent Electrical Stimulations 283 Srdjan Djordjevič, Sašo Tomažič, Gregor Zupančič, Rado Pišot and Raja Dahmane Chapter 13 Experimental Examination on the Effects and Adaptation Condition of the Fibula Excision Method Using the Stress Freezing Method on the Osteoarthritis of the Knee 297 Nobutaka Maezaki, Tsutomu Ezumi and Masashi Hachiya Chapter 14 Motor Unit Potential Train Validation and Its Application in EMG Signal Decomposition 321 Hossein Parsaei and Daniel W. Stashuk Chapter 15 Role of Biomechanical Parameters in Hip Osteoarthritis and Avascular Necrosis of Femoral Head 347 Veronika Kralj - Iglič, Drago Dolinar, Matic Ivanovski, Ivo List and Matej Daniel Chapter 16 Development and Clinical Application of Instruments to Measure Orofacial Structures 365 Amanda Freitas Valentim, Renata Maria Moreira Moraes Furlan, Tatiana Vargas de Castro Perilo, Andréa Rodrigues Motta, Monalise Costa Batista Berbert, Márcio Falcão Santos Barroso, Cláudio Gomes da Costa, Iracema Maria Utsch Braga and Estevam Barbosa de Las Casas Part 3 Biochemical Engineering Methods and Applications 391 Chapter 17 In Vitro Blood Flow Behaviour in Microchannels with Simple and Complex Geometries 393 Valdemar Garcia, Ricardo Dias and Rui Lima Contents VII Chapter 18 Electroporation of Kluyveromyces marxianus and -D-galactosidase Extraction 417 Airton Ramos and Andrea Lima Schneider Chapter 19 Physiological Analysis of Yeast Cell by Intelligent Signal Processing 435 Andrei Doncescu, Sebastien Regis, Katsumi Inoue and Nathalie Goma Chapter 20 Protocol of a Seamless Recombination with Specific Selection Cassette in PCR-Based Site-Directed Mutagenesis 461 Qiyi Tang, Benjamin Silver and Hua Zhu Chapter 21 Extraction of Drug from the Biological Matrix: A Review 479 S. Lakshmana Prabu and T. N. K. Suriyaprakash Part 4 E-Health and Educational Aspects of Bioengineering 507 Chapter 22 Quality Assessment of E-Health Solutions in Primary Health Care – Approach Based on User Experience 509 Damir Kralj Chapter 23 Psychomagnetobiology 529 José María De la Roca Chiapas Chapter 24 Study on the Mechanism of Traumatic Brain Injury 549 Yuelin Zhang, Shigeru Aomura, Hiromichi Nakadate and Satoshi Fujiwara Chapter 25 Residual Stresses and Cracking in Dental Restorations due to Resin Contraction Considering In-Depth Young’s Modulus Variation 571 Estevam Barbosa de Las Casas, João Batista Novaes Jr., Elissa Talma, Willian Henrique Vasconcelos, Tulimar P. Machado Cornacchia, Iracema Maria Utsch Braga, Carlos Alberto Cimini Jr. and Rodrigo Guerra Peixoto Chapter 26 Genetic Engineering in a Computer Science Curriculum 589 Nevena Ackovska, Liljana Bozinovska and Stevo Bozinovski Chapter 27 Design of a PC-Based Electrocardiogram (ECG) Recorder as - Internet Appliance 607 Mahmud Hasan Chapter 28 Implications of Corporate Yoga: A Review 635 Rudra B. Bhandari, Churna B. Bhandari, Balkrishna Acharya, Pranav Pandya, Kartar Singh, Vinod K. Katiyar and Ganesh D. Sharma Preface Background and Motivation Biological and medical phenomena are complex and intelligent. Our observations and understanding of some of these phenomena have inspired the development of creative theories and technologies in science. Biological engineering (also known as bioengineering) represents an exciting, broad-based discipline that ties together the engineering, medical and biological sciences, with slight help from physics, chemistry, mathematics and computer science. The key objective is to benefit human-kind, animal and plant life - in other words, it is “engineering for life”. In all different areas of biological engineering, the ultimate objectives in research and education are to improve the quality life, reduce the impact of disease on the everyday life of individuals, and provide an appropriate infrastructure to promote and enhance the interaction of biomedical engineering researchers. Biological engineering has a base that applies the principles of engineering to a wide range of systems and complexities including the molecular level such as biochemistry, molecular biology, pharmacology, microbiology, cytology, protein chemistry and neurobiology. The most important trend in biological engineering is the dynamic range of scales at which biotechnology is now able to integrate with biological processes. An explosion in micro/nanoscale technology is allowing the manufacture of nanoparticles for drug delivery into cells, miniaturized implantable microsensors for medical diagnostics, and micro-engineered robots for on-board tissue repairs. This book aims to provide an up- to-date overview of the recent developments in biological engineering from diverse aspects and various applications in clinical and experimental research. Intended Readership This book covers some of the most important current research related to biological engineering. It is partly a textbook and partly a monograph. It is a textbook because it gives a detailed introduction to biological engineering techniques and applications. It is simultaneously a monograph because it presents and brings together several new results, concepts and further developments. Furthermore, the research results previously scattered throughout many scientific journals and conference papers worldwide, are methodically collected and presented in the book in a unified form. X Preface As a result of its twofold character the book is likely to be of interest to graduate and postgraduate students, engineers and scientists in the field of biomedical and biological engineering. This book can also be used as handbook for students and professionals seeking to gain a better understanding of where bioengineering stands today. One can read this book through sequentially but it is not necessary since each chapter is essentially self-contained, with as few cross-references as possible. So, browsing is encouraged. As an editor and also an author in this field, I am honoured to be editing a book with such fascinating and exciting content, written by a select group of gifted researchers. I would like to thank the authors, who have committed so much effort to the publication of this work. Dr Ganesh R. Naik RMIT University, Melbourne Australia [...]... analyzed and shown for illustration purposes of the changes presented in the mastitic and raw milk spectra 1 The laboratory managed to follow the International Dairy Federation Standards 148:2008 and 196:2004 These standards specify, respectively, methods for the counting of somatic cells and for the quantitative determination of bacteriological quality in raw milk 16 14 Applied Biological Engineering – Principles. .. characterizing the presence of water or hydrogen peroxide with a low error rate The 20 18 Applied Biological Engineering – Principles and Practice Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH (a) Modulus and Phase of bioimpedance (b) Modulus and Phase of the spectrum from raw milk bioimpedance spectrum from milk adulterated with water (c) Modulus and Phase of the (d) Complex impedance arc locus plot bioimpedance spectrum from milk... function that represents well many types of bioimpedance spectra associated with cell suspensions and 6 4 Applied Biological Engineering – Principles and Practice Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH Fig 1 BIA system complete block diagram for the interrogation of electrical bioimpedances many types of organic tissues and materials (Cole, 1940; 1968; Grimnes & Martinsen, 2008) When the Cole-Cole function shown in... may infer that the GA and proposed PSO methods demonstrate a higher accuracy and noise tolerance than the LS method, since under a higher SNR the used parameters provide the information for the correct classification of the samples The LS method does not provide a better accuracy since for higher values of SNR, the experimental 18 16 Applied Biological Engineering – Principles and Practice Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH... 0.65 and stp = 0.5 Fig 4 Artificial neuron diagrammatic representation The ANN learns by adjusting its weights wi These weight changes are performed by using a training algorithm in the training stage (offline training), feeding the network with the input values and comparing the outputs with the expected result values, which would provide an 12 10 Applied Biological Engineering – Principles and Practice. .. 14.6 9.2 31.6 26.9 Table 3 Cole-Cole parameters and final fitting mean squared error from the fitting with PSO algorithm for the spectra of mastitic milk samples and the bioimpedance from the raw milk sample, also containing the parameters from the fitted spectra compensated with specific time delays Td 22 20 Applied Biological Engineering – Principles and Practice Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH (a) Complex impedance... limited error, as demonstrated elsewhere (Paterno et al., 8 6 Applied Biological Engineering – Principles and Practice Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH 2009) For the use of instrumentation to characterize the spectrum of organic material, this conditions are usually met, as in the illustration case of bioimpedances obtained from mango, banana, potato and guava, shown in the results in section 3 These are illustrative... white-gaussian noise (AWGN) such as to produce different signal to noise ratios A total of 24 electrical impedance measurements 14 12 Applied Biological Engineering – Principles and Practice Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH were divided into two sets The first set is formed by 15 measured spectra and is used for the neural network training, while the second set formed by the remaining 9 measurements were used for the neural... problems with continuous variables such as the addressed fitting problem of the Cole-Cole function and has a simple arithmetic complexity (Hassan et al., 2005) Briefly, the PSO algorithm can be separated in the following steps: 1 Population initialization; 10 8 Applied Biological Engineering – Principles and Practice Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH 2 Evaluation of the particles in the population by a heuristic function,... the 24 22 Applied Biological Engineering – Principles and Practice Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH hook-like behavior of the complex impedance arc locus Observing the dispersion parameter α, it is usually close to unity in every sample, compensated or not This is an indication that the milk may be modeled by a single pole function with fitting errors of the same order of magnitude as shown in table 4 and 3 Differently . APPLIED BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING – PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE Edited by Ganesh R. Naik Applied Biological Engineering – Principles and Practice Edited. Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Applied Biological Engineering – Principles and Practice, Edited by Ganesh R. Naik p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0412-4 . B. Bhandari, Churna B. Bhandari, Balkrishna Acharya, Pranav Pandya, Kartar Singh, Vinod K. Katiyar and Ganesh D. Sharma Preface Background and Motivation Biological and medical