HỘI CÁC TRƯỜNG THPT CHUYÊN KHU VỰC DH & ĐB BẮC BỘ KÌ THI CHỌN HỌC SINH GIỎI KHU VỰC MỞ RỘNG NĂM HỌC 2015 2016 Môn thi TIẾNG ANH Lớp 11 Ngày thi tháng năm 2016 Thời gian làm bài 180 phút (không kể thời[.]
HỘI CÁC TRƯỜNG THPT CHUYÊN KHU VỰC DH & ĐB BẮC BỘ ĐỀ THI ĐỀ XUẤT KÌ THI CHỌN HỌC SINH GIỎI KHU VỰC MỞ RỘNG NĂM HỌC 2015- 2016 Môn thi: TIẾNG ANH Lớp: …11… Ngày thi: …… tháng … năm 2016 Thời gian làm bài: 180 phút (không kể thời gian phát đề) Đề thi gồm 18 trang PART ONE: LISTENING (50 PTS) Part 1: You will hear an interview in which two young entrepreneurs – Chloe Price, who sells skincare products online, and Martin Moore, who is a distributor of snack foods – are talking about their work For questions – 5, choose the answer which fits best according to what you hear Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes (20 pts) Chloe attributes her success as an entrepreneur to her A B C D Exposure to unconventional business concepts Willingness to take risks Ability to benefit from experience Natural flair for money management Chloe thinks the greatest benefit new technology has brought her is in A B C D Being able to promote her products through friends Encouraging interaction with consumers Reducing her ongoing business expenditure Enabling her to manage her time more effectively What does Martin say about finding work in the food industry? A B C D It was a long-held ambition It was something he soon regretted It happened by chance It followed naturally from his studies Martin’s choice of product to distribute was based on his belief that A B C D It was a quality item It was effectively marketed It was part of a well-established brand It was endorsed by famous people Both Chloe and Martin have been surprised by the importance in their work of A Collaborative decision-making B Paying attention to detail C Securing sound financial backing D A total commitment to the enterprise Your answer Part 2: For question 6-10, listen to a piece of BBC news “Apple-FBI iPhone argument getting bigger” and decide the statements are True (T) or False (F) Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes (10pts) The iPhone belonged to someone who killed people last month T/F Apple said unlocking the iPhone would be a threat to its customers T/F America's Department of Justice (DOJ) is on Apple's side T/F The DOJ said Apple was putting up technological barriers T/F 10 The DOJ said Apple was an evil company T/F Your answer 10 Part 3: For question from 11- 20, you will hear a radio programme about Biomimicry, the science of copying nature in order to create new technologies Complete the spaces with a word or a short phrase Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes (20pts) 11 Biomimicry imitates nature’s structures, processes and to create new ideas 12 Velcro was developed after its inventor observed the sticking qualities of one particular plant’s 13 Wood has the beneficial feature of being able to _ 14 The synthetic ‘wood’ created for the post office will not according to surrounding environmental conditions 15 The Namibian Fog Basking beetle uses its ability to in order to live in harsh conditions 16 The moist breeze blows in from the sea, and droplets of water on the beetles shell 17 A _ on the beetle’s shell repels water and aids the formation of large droplets 18 The Sahara Forest project utilised this concept in the design of a _ 19 The ‘Able Project’ uses from the composting process as an input to the fish farm 20 The extinction of one species of has prevented scientists from finding a cure for excess stomach acid Your answer: 11 16 12 17 13 18 14 19 15 20 PART TWO: LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR (30 PTS) Part 1: Choose the best answer to each of the following questions Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes (10pts) Tamara has set her _ on becoming a ballet-dancer A feet B brain C heart D head If you say you'd like _ of cream on your strawberries then you don't want very much cream A a dash B oodles C lashings D a dollop The UN has called for an immediate _ of hostilities A cessation B cancellation C deletion D ceasefire I felt an _ with the writer from his descriptions of a world that seemed to have a great deal in common with my own A affection B adherence C acknowledgement D affinity In such a plight _ that we had no choice but to radio for help A we found ourselves B we ourselves found C did we find ourselves D did we ourselves find The old lady came near to _ of pneumonia but to everyone's amazement she pulled through A death B dying C being dead D die The book _ to a number of interesting research studies which I would really like to find out more about A hints B cites C declares D alludes I take great exception _ the implication that I was not telling the truth A against B from C to D with The children's interest in playing the game soon _ A flagged B tottered C stumbled D thawed 10 Ever year many small companies get _ up by large multinationals A swallowed B burnt C digested D drowned 11 Serena is still _ ignorant of the fact that she is about to be made redundant A delightedly B blissfully C jubilantly D ecstatically 12 The nuclear industry _ most of the country's electrical power A generates B engenders C originates D initiates 13 The country has few natural resources and its economy has been _ for some time now A diseased B unwell C sickening D ailing 14 In her speech the Prime Minister _ tribute to the valuable contributions to society made by voluntary organizations A paid B sent C brought D gave 15 Not many people are good at assessing their own abilities and Mark must be _ for recognising that he would never become a great musician A merited B commended C advocated D talented 16 One of the most powerful pressure groups in the country is the road and car _, which opposes any legislation that will increase taxes specifically for them A folder B branch C segment D lobby 17 I'm looking forward to meeting your new boss — you've been _ his praises ever since he arrived A calling B shouting C singing D crying 18 Tamara has set her _ on becoming a ballet-dancer A feet B brain C heart D head 19 Most critics praise that actor's work but I think he's rather _ A over-played B over-rated C over-blown D over-priced 20 Marlene is quite _ - I don't know she manages to fit everything in A inexhaustible B tiresome C inexorable D indefatigable Your answers: 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Part 2: The passage below contains mistakes Underline the mistakes and write the corrections in the corresponding numbered boxes (5 pts) Buffalo Bill and men like him hunted the American bison to exhaustion In 1900, with the West tamed, there were only a few hundred buffalo over Today, there are thousands There meat is in demand for buffalo burgers A buffalo steak is the smart thing to order, and restaurants throughout the United States have supplies flown in daily One rancher, Mr Roy Huck, has 3,500 heads on his 50,000-acre ranch in South Dakota He says: "We owe a lot to the conservationist who rescued a small herd 70 years ago and saved the buffalo from dying out." With the growth of buffalo ranching in recent years, it is reckoned there are now 50,000, all descended from the handful who were saved For a rancher, buffalo have many advantages They are wild animals and look after themselves in their nature habitat In winter, they don't have to be brought in because they can dig through the snow to find food They have a strong sense of survival Unlike cattle, they not need special care They are diseasefree, and can live and reproduce longer Your answers: PART 3: Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with suitable prepositions or particles Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes ( pts) The factory owner is not in the habit of fraternizing _ his worker All the animals in the forest fled in the fire If you have a grievance the company, please lodge a formal written complaint My car is guaranteed rust for eight years The teacher told me to stop fidgeting _ and to sit still and concentrate Your answers: Part 4: Write the correct form of each bracketed word in the following sentences Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes (10pts) In Totteridge, in north London, there is a yew tree estimated to be between 1,000 and 2,000 years old This tree, however, is a mere youngster in comparision with others of the species The record in the UK is held by a yew in Scotland that is thought to be between 4,000 and 5,000 years old However, such trees are becoming (1) ………………… .rare and the INCREASE Totteridge specimen was considered of (2) ……………………… importance to be named in SUFFICE 1999 as one of the 41 ‘great trees’ in London Like many yews, the Totteridge tree (3) ……………… predates the buildings around it and its exact age is unknown DOUBT The Totteridge tree needs little (4) …… Some of its outer branches hang down so low that they have taken root But this is part of the tree’s natural architecture and contributes to its (5) ……………………………… in high winds With the best of MAINTAIN STABLE (6) …… ……… , ancient yew sites are often tidied up with no benefit to the tree Dead INTEND branches are not (7) …… ………… shed by the tree and their wood harbours a multitude of insects, an inseparable part of the old tree’s natural (8) …… READY DIVERSE Something of the tree’s history is lost with the (9) …… ………… of dead wood After all, the decaying, twisted and (10) …… parts give the tree character REMOVE ATTRACT Your answers: 10 PART THREE: READING (60 PTS) Part 1: Read the following passage and decide which option A, B, C or D best fits each space Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes (15 pts) AN ARRANGED MARRIAGE Shamin is a Muslim living in Birmingham She married Ali two years ago when she was 23 six weeks after meeting him once "I didn't go out on (1) ……… with boys Although my parents have adopted some aspects of western (2) ……… , and my father wanted me to have a career and be financially (3) ……… , he considered it his responsibility to find me a (4) ……….husband But he would never have arranged my marriage (5) ……… My parents organised the introductions, but the (6) ……… decision was mine "I (7) ……….on someone with a good family (8) ……… , higher education, a (9) ……….of humour and the ability :o communicate These things (10) ……… forever, while romance and physical attraction soon fade! My father thought I was being unrealistic! This isn't a fairy tale,' he said 'Mr Wonderful isn't going to drive up here in a white Mercedes.' but I couldn't learn to (11) ……… for anyone ordinary "I'd seen several men when All was introduced to me We (12) ……… well immediately and I knew I wanted to (13) ……… my life with him Neither of us had ever been with anyone else, so we didn't need to feel (14) ……… of previous relationships Love grew as we got to know each other I definitely (15) ……… the right choice when I picked Ali." A appointments B engagements C dates D reunions A culture B custom C idea D style A free B separate C individual D independent A convenient B suitable C right D favorable A up his sleeve B on my nerves C under his hat D behind my back A last B finished C final D latest A insisted B demanded C required D urged A preparation B circumstance C condition D background A feeling B sense C sensation D power 10 A hold B keep C last D stand 11 A care B approve C admire D respect 12 A came off B fell for C took to D got on 13 A combine B share C join D divide 14 A jealous B hurt C anxious D upset 15 A brought B did C made D put Your answers: 10 11 12 13 14 15 Part 2: Fill in each numbered blank with one suitable word Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes (15 pts) Men and women are often considered to be completely at odds with each other, in terms of their attitudes and behaviour Not so when they are in love, new research has discovered As far as their hormone levels are (1) , when men and women are in love, they are more similar to each other (2) at any other time It has (3) -been known that love can (4) _havoc with hormone levels For example the hormone cortisol, which is known for its calming effect on the body, dips dramatically when one person is attracted to (5) , putting the love-struck on a par with sufferers of obsessive compulsive disorder But a new study has found that the hormone testosterone, commonly associated with male aggression, also falls when he is in love In women, it's quite the (6) Testosterone levels, which (7) _ to be lower among females, rise towards (8) of the male Donatella Marazziti of the University of Pisa, Italy, (9) _ this down to nature attempting to eliminate the differences between the sexes By doing so, they can concentrate fully on reproduction This suggestion seems to be supported by the fact that (10) couples in a long term relationship, nor participants in the study who were single at the time of the experiment, exhibited such changes Your answers: 10 Part 3: Read the passage and answer the questions Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes (15 pts) The Creators of Grammar No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex. By changing word sequences and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs and suffixes, we are able to communicate tiny variations in meaning. We can turn a statement into a question, state whether an action has taken place or is soon to take place, and perform many other word tricks to convey subtle differences in meaning. Nor is this complexity inherent to the English language. All languages, even those of so- called 'primitive' tribes have clever grammatical components. The Cherokee pronoun system, for example, can distinguish between 'you and I', 'several other people and I' and 'you, another person and I'. In English, all these meanings are summed up in the one, crude pronoun 'we' Grammar is universal and plays a part in every language, no matter how widespread it is. So the question which has baffled many linguists is - who created grammar? At first, it would appear that this question is impossible to answer. To find out how grammar is created, someone needs to be present at the time of a language's creation, documenting its emergence. Many historical linguists are able to trace modern complex languages back to earlier languages, but in order to answer the question of how complex languages are actually formed, the researcher needs to observe how languages are started from scratch. Amazingly, however, this is possible Some of the most recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade. At that time, slaves from a number of different ethnicities were forced to work together under colonizer's rule. Since they had no opportunity to learn each other's languages, they developed a make-shift language called a pidgin. Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the landowner. They have little in the way of grammar, and in many cases it is difficult for a listener to deduce when an event happened, and who did what to whom. [A] Speakers need to use circumlocution in order to make their meaning understood. [B]Interestingly, however, all it takes for a pidgin to become a complex language is for a group of children to be exposed to it at the time when they learn their mother tongue [C] Slave children did not simply copy the strings of words uttered by their elders, they adapted their words to create a new, expressive language. [D] Complex grammar systems which emerge from pidgins are termed creoles, and they are invented by children Further evidence of this can be seen in studying sign languages for the deaf Sign languages are not simply a series of gestures; they utilise the same grammatical machinery that is found in spoken languages. Moreover, there are many different languages used worldwide The creation of one such language was documented quite recently in Nicaragua Previously, all deaf people were isolated from each other, but in 1979 a new government introduced schools for the deaf. Although children were taught speech and lip reading in the classroom, in the playgrounds they began to invent their own sign system, using the gestures that they used at home. It was basically a pidgin. Each child used the signs differently, and there was no consistent grammar. However, children who joined the school later, when this inventive sign system was already around, developed a quite different sign language. Although it was based on the signs of the older children, the younger children's language was more fluid and compact, and it utilised a large range of grammatical devices to clarify meaning. What is more, all the children used the signs in the same way. A new creole was born Some linguists believe that many of the world's most established languages were creoles at first. The English past tense –ed ending may have evolved from the verb 'do'. 'It ended' may once have been 'It end-did' Therefore it would appear that even the most widespread languages were partly created by children. Children appear to have innate grammatical machinery in their brains, which springs to life when they are first trying to make sense of the world around them Their minds can serve to create logical, complex structures, even when there is no grammar present for them to copy 1 In paragraph 1, why does the writer include information about the Cherokee language? A To show how simple, traditional cultures can have complicated grammar structures B To show how English grammar differs from Cherokee grammar C To prove that complex grammar structures were invented by the Cherokees. D To demonstrate how difficult it is to learn the Cherokee language 2 What can be inferred about the slaves' pidgin language? A It contained complex grammar. B It was based on many different languages. C It was difficult to understand, even among slaves. D It was created by the land-owners. 3 All the following sentences about Nicaraguan sign language are true EXCEPT: A The language has been created since 1979. B The language is based on speech and lip reading. C The language incorporates signs which children used at home. D The language was perfected by younger children. 4 In paragraph 3, where can the following sentence be placed? It included standardised word orders and grammatical markers that existed in neither the pidgin language, nor the language of the colonizers. A B C D 5 'From scratch' in paragraph is closest in meaning to: A from the very beginning B in simple cultures C by copying something else D by using written information 6 'Make-shift' in paragraph is closest in meaning to: A complicated and expressive B simple and temporary C extensive and diverse D private and personal 7 Which sentence is closest in meaning to the highlighted sentence? Grammar is universal and plays a part in every language, no matter how widespread it is A All languages, whether they are spoken by a few people or a lot of people, contain grammar. B Some languages include a lot of grammar, whereas other languages contain a little. C Languages which contain a lot of grammar are more common that languages that contain a little D The grammar of all languages is the same, no matter where the languages evolved. 8 All of the following are features of the new Nicaraguan sign language EXCEPT: A All children used the same gestures to show meaning. B The meaning was clearer than the previous sign language. C The hand movements were smoother and smaller. D New gestures were created for everyday objects and activities. 9 Which idea is presented in the final paragraph? A English was probably once a creole. B The English past tense system is inaccurate. C Linguists have proven that English was created by children. D Children say English past tenses differently from adults. 10 Look at the word 'consistent' in paragraph This word could best be replaced by which of the following? A natural B predictable C imaginable D uniform Your answers: 10 Part 4: Read the passage and the following task (15pts) Questions – The reading passage on Deer Farming In Australia has paragraphs (A – H) From the list of headings below choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs A – H Write the appropriate number (i – viii) next to questions – on your answer sheet NB There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all i Arabian Expertise ii Traditional Paper Producers iii Superstition iv The Origins of Paper v The Development of Mass Production vi The Journey to the West vii The Prospects for Paper viii The Age of Experimentation ix The Father of Modern Paper x The Modern Process xi A Change of Material Paragraph A Paragraph B Paragraph C Paragraph D Paragraph E Paragraph F Paragraph G Paragraph H The History of Paper A When we think of the origins of paper, our minds might wander back over 5000 years ago to the Nile river valley in Egypt It was there that a marsh grass called Cyperous Papyrus flourished The Egyptians cut thin strips from the plant’s stem and softened them in the muddy waters of the Nile These strips were then layered in right angles to form a kind of mat The mat was then pounded into a thin sheet and left in the sun to dry The resulting sheets were ideal for writing on Since they were also lightweight and portable they became the writing medium of choice of the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans for record keeping, spiritual texts and works of art B Paper as we know it today comes from another source, China It wasn’t until the 3rd century that the secret art of papermaking began to creep out of China, first to Vietnam and later to India It made its true push westward in 751AD when the Tang Dynasty was at war with the Islamic world During a battle on the banks of the Tarus River, Islamic warriors captured a Chinese caravan which happened to include several papermakers They spirited them away to Samarkand, which soon became a great centre for paper production Finally, when the Moors from North Africa invaded Spain and Portugal they brought the technology with them and so it was that papermaking entered Europe in the 12th century C In Europe, the use of papyrus had dropped out in the 9th century The preferred medium for the artists and literati of the time was the smooth and lustrous parchment However, parchment made from animal skin - was extremely expensive The notion of paper being used as a practical everyday item did not occur until the 15th Century when Johann Gutenburg perfected movable type and sparked off a revolution in mass communication The birth of the modern paper and printing industry is commonly marked from this time D Printing technology rapidly developed and created an ever increasing demand for paper Early european paper was made from recycled cotton and linen - and a huge trade quickly developed around the trading of old rags It is said that the black plague entered England from Europe on these old rags Others experimented with fibres such as straw, cabbage, wasp nests and finally wood This resulted in inexpensive - and replaceable - materials for paper making Today, the long soft fibres of softwoods such as spruce have become the most suitable source of pulp for mass production E The demand for paper also created the need for greater efficiency in production In the late 18th century the labours of Nicholas Luis Robert resulted in the creation of a machine that could produce a seamless length of paper on an endless wire mesh with squeeze rollers at one end Perfected and marketed by the Fourdrinier brothers, the new machine made papers that soon replaced traditional single sheets made by hand In Europe and America, the mass-production of paper became a thriving industry supplying huge volumes of paper for a huge variety of purposes F Papermaking in essence is a simple process Whether using recycled materials or fresh organic matter, the process starts as the material is shredded into small strips and soaked overnight to loosen the fibres Next, the fibres are boiled for to hours, being turned every so often When finished, the fibres are washed with fresh water to remove impurities and then small particles or specks are removed by hand The fibres are beaten in a blender creating a creamy pulp At this stage, dyes can be added to create coloured papers The pulp is then poured into a large tub and the fibres are suspended in the water Framed screens are lowered into the water and then lifted to the surface catching the fibres onto the screen The screens are then dried, pressed and smoothed G In the west, as industrial paper production boomed, the art of hand paper-making has been driven nearly to extinction - being practiced only by a few fine artists and crafts people However, in small areas throughout Asia, the tradition has lived on through regular and rice paper made by hand Incidentally, the traditional Asian paper which is often referred to as “rice paper” is not made from rice fibres at all More commonly it is made from the versatile mulberry tree varieties of which are also used for feeding silkworms and in medicine In contrast to the cold precision and standardisation which industrial production demands, the soft, subtle textures and natural feeling of handmade paper is said to echo the warm heart of the papermaker who makes each sheet with devotion H The new Millennium will be dominated by the tremendous progress that has been made in computer science, thus triggering a complete change in our commercial and private communication and information behaviour Does this mean that the paper era will come to an end? The answer is most definitely “No” Clearly there will be a huge amount of data being generated electronically, but the issue is how to preserve it The difficulties of data storage over a long period of time are well known (for example, the durability of disks; frequent changes of hardware and software, electronic breakdowns etc.) Once again, paper offers the most convenient and durable storage option Questions – 10: Using the information in the passage, complete the flow chart below Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer The Paper Production Process The paper raw material is (eg) _shredded and then saturated in water The sodden material is then boiled while being turned periodically Material fibres are washed and checked manually Fibres are then blended to (9) _ Coloring added if desired and mixed with water (10) are added into the liquid Liquid paper is then pressed, smoothed and dried Dried paper is cut packaged and distributed Your answers: 10 PART FOUR: WRITING (60 PTS) Part 1: Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the given word You must use between three and eight words including the given word Do not change the given word (5pts) We still had a slim chance of reaching the summit before midday, but then Jean hurt her ankle (PAID) Jean’s injured ankle……………………………………… remaining hope we had of reaching the summit They tiptoed up the stairs because they didn’t want to wake the baby up (SO) They tiptoed up the stairs ………………………………………….the baby Twenty push-ups is my limit, then my arms give out (BEFORE) I can’t do…………………………………………… my arms give out It never occurred to me that there’d be a cashpoint machine in the supermarket (CROSSED) It never……………………………………………… have a cashpoint machine We had to go home early from our holiday because of a strike threat from airport workers (SHORT) We had to ……………………………………………………….threatening to strike Part 2: The charts below present a picture of recent, and predicted, trends in the percentage of single parent families headed by women and men in the UK Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant Write at least 150 words (20pts) Family headed by women Family headed by men ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………… Part 3: Write about the following topic: (35pts) In what ways can new technology help maintain our traditions? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience Write at least 250 words ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………