Báo cáo " Các hình thức của quyền lực trong quan hệ quốc tế." pot

CAC HE^H THlfC CUA QUYEl^ LlJC TROMG QUAJV HE QUOC TE PGS. TS. Hoang KhSc Nam Khoa Qudc te hoc - Dgi hoc Khoa hoc Xd hot vd Nhan vdn Quyen luc cd nhieu hinh thirc khac nhau. Mdi hinh thirc quyen luc lai cd nhirng dae diem khac nhau, hien dien trong thirc tien khae nhau va tae ddng tdi quan he qude te (QHQT) theo nhii'ng each thire khdng gidng nhau. Cac hinh thirc nay dugc phan dinh theo nhii-ng each phan loai khac nhau. Cd nhieu each phan loai quyen lire trong QHQT va deu dugc xay dung tren mdt tieu chi nao dd. Mdi each phan loai cd mdt y nghia iing dung nhat dinh trong nghien ciru va thuc tien QHQT. Cac each phan loai nay dem lai nhirng hinh thirc quyen lire khac nhau. Dudi day la mdt sd each phan loai dd. 1. each phan loai thu nhat dua trin cff sff thffi gian. Cach phan loai nay ed y ngliTa dac biet quan trpng trong xay dung chien lirgc dai han cho su phat trien sire manh tdng hgp ciia minh ciing nhu trong quan he vdi cac ddi tac. Theo each nay, quyen lire dugc chia lam hai loai: - Quyen lice thuc tgi (Actual Power) hay cdn dugc gpi la quyen lire boat ddng [Operational Power) la quyen lire hien ed thire nhu lire lugng quan sir, tdng thu nhap qudc dan thirc te, trinh dp khoa hpc-cdng ngbe, sd lugng dan cu, dien tich lanh thd - Quyen lice tiem ndng (Potential Power) la kha nang se cd quyen luc tang len trong tuong lai dua tren su phat trien ciia nliii'ng nang lire nao dd nhu kha nang phat trien ban ve quan sir, kha nang tang trirdng ve kinh te Vi du, su phat trien kinh te cua Trung Qudc hien nay dang duge nhieu ngudi coi la quyen lue tiem nang ve ea chinh tri va quan su. Tuong tu, kha nang cdng nghe va tai ehinh eiia Nhat Ban ciing cd the dem lai tiem nang cudng qudc quan sir cho nude nay. Viee hoaeh dinh chinh sach ddi ngoai hay ke ca phat trien trong nudc deu ddi hoi phai cd tu duy dai ban va tam nhin chien luge, vi the phai tinh den ca hai loai quyen luc nay. Quyen lue thuc tai cd tinh ngan ban hoae trung ban, cdn quyen lire tiem nang cd tinh dai ban. Viee tinh den ca hai loai quyen lire ap dung trong tim hieu khdng chi cae ddi tac ma cdn ve chinh minh. Hai loai quyen lire cd quan he vdi nhau. Quyen luc thuc tai la CO sd cho quyen lire tiem nang, trong khi quyen lire tiem nang neu dugc thii'a nhan thi lai la su hd trg true tiep cho quyen lire thuc tai. Tuy iiliicn, vice .\a) dung qu) cn luc qudc gia phu thude vao nhieu yeu td khac nira chir khdng phai chi dira tren quyen lire thuc tai. Vi the, mdi quan he giira ehimg chi la tuong ddi. Trong lich sir, cd vd sd trudng hgp quyen lire thuc tai manh nhung sau lai trd 20 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011 thanh yeu hoac nguge lai ma sir hung thinh va suy vong ciia cac cudng qudc la nhirng vi du eua dieu na\ 2. Cach phan loai thii hai dim trin hinh thifc biiu hiin ciia quyen lire. Cach phan loai nay giup dem lai cai nhin toan dien trong hoaeh dinh chinh sach va sir quan tam tdi nhirng dieu kien cu the trong thuc thi chinh sach. Theo do. quyen lire ed hai loai: - Quyen lue hieu hinh (Tangible Power) la nhirng ngudn quyen lire mang tinh vat chat cd the sd dem dugc. Vi du, sd lugng quan dpi va vii khi, san lugng kinh te, tai nguyen - Quyen luc vd hinh (Intangible Power) la nhirng ngudn quyen lire mang tinh tinh than khdng sd dem dugc. Vi du, tai nang lanh dao, tri tue, uy tin, y ehi tinh than, sir iing hd ciia qudc te, Trudc kia, quyen lire dugc do dac va tinh den chii yeu la loai quyen lire hiru hinh. Day la each nhin phien dien bdi quyen lire vd hinh ciing la mdt sire manh vira cd y nghTa thuc tai, vira cd y nghTa tiem nang. Trong lieh sir, khdng thieu nhiing cude xung dot ma ket cue ke thang la ngudi ed siic manh tinh than Idn ban trong khi quyen lire hiru hinh kem ban. Trudng hgp chien tranh Viet Nam la mgt vi du dien hinh. Ngudi Viet Nam da ehien dau va ehien thang bang tu tudng dan tdc, tinh than yeu nudc, ldng qua cam va sir lanh dao diing dan. Bdi the, hien nay cac yeu td tinh than thupc quyen lire vd hinh da ngay cang duge md rdng va bd sung vao thanh td ciia quyen lire. Hai loai qu\-en luc nay cd sir gan bd \-a bd sung cho nhau. Quyen lire hiru hinh la ca so de phat trien quyen lire vd hinh, cdn quyen lue \d hinh lai ed y nghTa bd trg rat quan trpng \a nhieu khi cdn la ddng lire cho quyen luc hiiu hinh. Dang chii y, vai trd ciia qu\-en lire \'d hinh dang cd xu hudng tang len trong QHQT hien dai khi viec sir dung chiing thuan Igi ban qua eae phuang tien thdng tin dai chiing, trong khi viec sir dung mdt sd quyen lire hiiu hinh, nhu lire lugng quan sir chang ban, khdng cdn de dang nhu trudc. - - • •'''-' 3. each phan loai thir ba dura trin linh virc hoat dpng. Ngudi ta cd the chia quyen lire theo nhiing ITnh \-uc eu the khac nhau nhu quyen lire chinh tri, quyen lire quan su, quyen lire kinh te, quyen lire van hoa Cach phan chia nay giup tim hieu mat manh hay mat yeu, sd trudng hay sd doan ciia ea ban than chu the va ddi tac quan he, giiip chon lira uu tien ehinh sach, cdng cu thuc bien \a ITnh vuc quan he. each phan loai nay khdng chi ed y nghia trong xay dung quyen lire qudc gia ma cdn ca trong hoaeh dinh chinh sach va thuc thi chinh sach trong thue tiln QHQT. Mac dii cac qudc gia deu mong mudn cd dugc sire manh tdng hgp, nhung thudng do ngudn lire ed ban nen phai ed ehgn Ipc va uu tien nhiing loai hinh quyen lire nao dd ma minh cd the manh va phii hgp vdi xu the phat trien chung ciia the gidi. Viec tim hieu cac loai hinh nay ciing can thiet trong quan he vdi timg ddi tac cu the khi ddi tac ciing ed nhiing loai quv In ^le hinh thiie eiia quijeu lue 21 luc manh yeu khac nhau. Viec dimg sd trudng ddi phd vdi sd doan thudng dem lai ket qua tich cue hon. Trong nhirng van de cu the cimg vay, khi phai lua ehpn cac quyen luc thirc thi cho phii hgp vdi hoan canh va sir viee, viec ehpn lua quyen lire thirc thi khdng phii hgp cd the la Igi bat cap hai. Va cudi cimg, cac loai quyen luc nay deu cd gia tri bd sung cho nhau va cd the sii dung thay the cho nhau trong nhieu trudng hgp. 4. each phan loai thir tu dua trin phiim vi ben trong hay ben ngodi ciia mdi quan hi quyin lire giiia cdc chii thi QHQT. Cach phan loai nay giiip xac dinh duge quyen lire ma mdi ben cd trong quan he vdi nhau. Nd cd y nghia dang ke trong viee phan tich quyen lire, so sanh lire lugng va hoaeh dinh chinh sach. Theo each nay, quyen luc dugc chia lam hai loai: i - Quyen lite tieang ddi (Relative Power) la quyen lire ciia cac chii the dugc dat trong sir so sanh true tiep vdi nhau. Vi du, A cd quyen luc tuong ddi so vdi B khi ed uu the ve nang lire nhung lai khdng cd quyen luc tuong ddi khi sue manh thua kem C. - Quyen lice ca cdu (Structural Power), theo Susan Strange, la "Quyen lice quyet dinh cdc viee se dugc ldm nhu the ndo. Id quyen luc dinh hinh nen khung khd trong dd cdc nhd nudc quan he vdi nhau, quan he vdi nhdn ddn vd quan he vdi cdc cdng ty xuyen qudc gia. "' Ndi each khac, dd la kha nang tao ra hoac tac ddng den nhimg yeu td thupc CO cau ben ngoai bao quanh nidi quan he do. Co can nay lai chi phdi sir lira ehpn cua mdi ben va quan he quyen luc giira chimg. Cho nen ed dugc quyen lire co cau thi cd kha nang dieu tiet nhat dinh tdi hanh vi cua ngudi khae. Giira hai loai quyen luc nay cd mdt sd diem khac nhau dang ke. Quyen luc tuong ddi xuat phat til' ITnh virc QHQT va chiu anh hudng nhieu ciia cbu nghTa hien thuc. trong khi quyen lire co- cau xuat phat tii' ITnh vuc kinh te chinh tri qudc te (IPE). Quyen luc tirong ddi dugc nhin nhan dudi lang kinh cua each tiep can dira tren eae bd phan ciia quyen lire qudc gia, trong khi quyen luc co cau dugc hinh thanh qua each tiep can quyen lire cd tinh quan he va each tiep can quyen luc CO cau. Ve mat lich sii', trudc kia, quyen lire trong QHQT chii yeu la quyen lire tuang ddi va dugc ap diing nhieu trong quan he song phuong. Quyen luc co eau xuat hien mudn ban ciing vdi su phat trien ciia quan he da phuong va he thdng qudc te va mdi trudng qude te. Khi dd, quyen lire co can mdi dugc van dung vao de dieu ehinh cac quan he quyen lire. Trong thuc te QHQT, cd nhieu qudc gia ed quyen lire tuong ddi, nhung chi mdt sd it cudng qudc cd kha nang dat dugc quyen lire co eau. -:. • • ^ •• Tat nhien hai loai quyen lire nay cd tinh tuang hd vdi nhau. Quyen lue tuong ddi la dieu kien can de dem lai kha nang cd dugc ' Susan Strange. Stales and Market, 1994. Din theo Graham Evans & Jeffrey Newnham, The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations. Penguin Books. London 1998, p. 519. 22 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011 quyen lire co cau. Nguge lai, quyen lire co cau cd the lam cho quyen luc tuong ddi tang len hoac giam di. Cac hpc gia IPE da dua ra bdn CO cau rieng re nhirng cd quan he vdi nhau cua qu}cn luc trong QHQT la: 1/ Co cau tri thirc tire la quyen lire anh hudng den tu tuong cua ngudi khac; 2/ Co cau tai chinh tiic la quyen lire ban che hoac tao dieu kien cho ngudi khac tiep can dugc tin dung (sau na}' da cd su bd sung them co eau thuong mai); 3/ Co- cau an ninh dinh hinh trien vpng an ninh ciia chiing; 4/ Co can san xuat tac ddng tdi co- hdi ed duge cude sdng tdt ban ciia ngudi san xuat va ngudi tieu dimg. Viee ap dung each phan loai nay cd the hiru ich trong nhieu trirdng hpp. Vi du trong quan he giira qude gia va cac chu the phi qude gia nhu cdng ty xuyen qudc gia (TNC) chang ban. Khi so sanh nang lire kinh te (quyen lire luong ddi) thi cd nhiing TNC cd vdn va doanh thu Idn hon GDP ciia nhieu qudc gia nhung lai khdng cd quyen luc co cau nhu qudc gia. vi the ma sir tir tri, kha nang lira ehpn va vi the quyen lire trong quan he qua lai la khac nhau. Hay vi du khac hay dugc de cap den trong quan he giiia cac qudc gia la trudng hgp My vdi mdt sd cudng qudc dang len. Nhieu ngudi cho rang. My cd quyen lire tuong ddi giam siit so vdi mdt sd nudc nhung van cd nhimg ngudn Idn lao ciia quyen lire co eau cho nen cd the van giir duge vai trd ba chii hien nay.' , ,,: ,, 5. each phan loai thir nam dim trin sir kliac biet giua nhan thiic vd thirc tiin. Day la each phan loai kha phd bien Irong chinh tri hpe va dugc Knorr (1973) dua vao nghien ciai QHQT. Cach phan loai nay ed y nghTa kha Idn trong viec ket hpp giira nghien ciru va van dung, giiia ly luan vdi thuc tien va giira nhan thirc va hanh ddng. Theo each phan loai nay, quyen lire dupe chia ra lam hai loai. - Quyen lice dugc nhdn thiec (Perceived Power) hay cdn dugc gpi la quyen luc dugc ngam hieu {Implicit Power) hoac quyen lue gia dinh la quyen luc dugc nhan biet qua nghien ciru va danh gia bang con dudng tu duy nhan thirc. Vi du. su cho rang quyen lire eiia nudc nay nudc kia la nhu the nay nhu the ng. - Quyen liec thuc lien (Real Power) hay cdn duge ggi la quyen lire dugc bieu Id {Manifest Power) la quyen luc da dupe the hien trong thuc tien bang nhiing hanh vi cii the va cd nhiing ket qua rd rang trong thuc tien. Khac vdi loai quyen lire tren, hinh thirc quyen lire nay dugc nhan biet bang nhirng hanh vi quan sat dugc trong thuc tien. Vi du, ket qua ciia mdt cude chien tranh vdi ngudi thang ke thua rd rang. Thuc ra, day khdng phai hoan toan la sir phan loai ma chi nham phan biet quyen lire " Martin Griffiths, Terry OCallaghan & Steven C. Roach, International Relations: The Key concepts, Routledge, New York 2007, p. 260. ' Martin Griffiths, Terry OCallaghan & Steven C. Roach, Sdd, p. 260. . _ _ ^ (^ie hinh thiie eiia quijen lii'e 23 thirc te va quyen lire dupe nhan thirc vdn nhilu khi hay chenh nhau. Va sir khdng triing nhau nay de dan den sai lam trong lira chon chinh sach va cdng cii thirc hien. Hay ndi each khac, quyen lire gia dinh thudng khac vdi quyen lire thuc tien do van de nhan thirc va thilu thdng tin. Gia dinh ed the dung, ed thi sai. Gia dinh ed the chi phan anh dugc mdt phan thu'c tien hoac ddi khi lai vugt qua thuc tien. Gia dinh cd tii- hai phia: tir minh va tir ngudi khac, va hai gia dinh nay hoan toan cd the khdng gidng nhau. Viec thuc thi quyen lue phu thude vao nhieu yeu td khac ma nhieu khi kbdng nhu chimg ta gia dinh. Cd quyen lire gia dinh chua chae da thuc thi du'p'c quyen luc thuc tien. Chinh vi vay, trong gidi hpc gia QHQT da cd tranh luan la quyen lire gia dinh ed phai la quyen lire khdng hay quyen luc se chi la quyen lire khi dugc thuc thi trong thuc tien, tuc la bang nhii'ng hanh vi cd the nhan thay dugc. Tuy nhien, ciing cd trudng hgp quyen luc duge nhan thirc van ddng vai trd nhu quyen lire thirc tien khi quyen luc nay dugc tat ca cae ben thira nhan va vi vay nd van phat huy tae dung trong thuc tien. Cude tranh luan ve vi the hay quyen lue ciia My va Trung Qudc hien nay la mdt trudng hgp ve quyen lire dugc nhan thirc va quyen luc thuc tien. Trong khi quyen lire sd mdt eiia My cd su gan nhau tuong ddi giiia hai loai quyen lire nay thi ddi vdi trudng hpp eiia Trung Qudc, cac y kien cdn khac nhau xa. Mdt ludng y kien cho rang Trung Qudc dang thach thue dia vi sd 1 ciia My, ludng y kien thir hai cho rang kha nang nay la cd the cd trong tuong lai khdng xa. cdn ludng y kien thir ba thi cho rang kha nang do la khdng the. 6. Cach phan loai thir sau dim trin khd niing tiin cong hay phdng thii ciia quyen luc qudc gia. Cach phan loai nay giiip danh gia dugc kha nang tac ddng khac nhau cua qudc gia nay tdi qudc gia kia, tir dd cd the doan dinh xu hudng va phuong thirc tac ddng ciing nhu de dua ra ddi sach phii hop. Theo each phan loai nay, quyen lire dupe chia lam hai loai: - Quyen luc tdn cdng (Offensive Power) la kha nang eiia mdt qudc gia budc mdt qude gia khae phai hanh ddng theo y minh. Quyen lire tan cdng dugc xay dung cbu yeu dua tren uu the ve quan sir. nhat la cac vii khi tan cdng. - Quyen lue phdng thu (Defensive Power) la kha nang chdng lai sir cudng bach ciia mdt qudc gia khac.'^ Quyen luc phdng thil cd dugc nhd cd cac yeu td dia ly nhu dia hinh, vi tri, thuan Igi va nang lire quan sir phuc vu cho viec phdng thii. Day la each phan loai do Henry Kissingger dua ra. Chiu anh hudng ciia chu nghTa hien tbirc va bdi canh qudc te xung dot khi dd, each phan loai nay thien nhieu ve Henry A. Kissinger, Refections on Power and Diplomacy, E. A. J. Jonhnson edit, The Dimensions of Diplomacy, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1964. Dan theo Nguyen Manh Hung, Bang giao cpidc te nhap mon. Hoi Nghien cuu Hanh chanh, Sai Gon 1971, tr. 78. ^ Henry A. Kissinger, Sdd, tr. 78. 24 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011 nang luc quan sir ban la cac nang lire khac. Cd le vi the ma hien nay each phan loai eiia Kissinger khdng dugc sir diing nhieu. •fuy nhien each phan loai nay cd it nhat hai ban che. Thic nhdt. nd thien nhieu ve nang luc quan sir ma it tinh den cac nang lire khac eiia qudc gia ma van cd the dugc sir dung de budc mdt qudc gia khae phai hanh ddng theo y minh. Vi du, hien nay My va nhieu nudc dang sii' dung cac nang lire kinh te va ngoai giao de ep CHDCND Trieu Tien va Iran tir bd quyen lire tan cdng ciia minh bang vii khi hat nhan. Vi the, khi ap dimg each phan loai nay nen tinh den cac nang lire khac nira ben canh lire lupng quan sir. Thic hai, tuong ddi khd phan biet rach rdi quyen lire tan cdng va phdng thu ciia mdt qudc gia tren phuang dien quan sir. Da phan vii khi deu cd ca hai chirc nang tan edng va phdng thil. cac yeu td dia ly thuan Igi cho phdng thil ngay cang it y nghTa khi vii khi ky thuat cao ngay cang nhieu. Vi the, kha nang tan cdng hay phdng thii dudng nhu phu thude vao y dd trong dau cac nha lanh dao ban la vii khi va dieu nay lai cang khd xac dinh, dd la chua ke each tinh toan lay kha nang tan cdng thay cho phdng thii. Hien nay, Trung Qudc dang phat trien cac loai vii khi hien dai va tuyen bd rang de phdng thii, nhung nhieu ngudi khdng he nghT nhu vay. Nhin chung, ddi vdi nhirng nude nhd, mdi lo ngai la nhu nhau khi cac nudc Idn phat trien vii khi tan cdng hay phdng thii. Mac dii vay, each phan loai nay ciing cd the ap dung nhat dinh trong thuc tien va nghien ciru QHQT. NIU qudc gia ed quyen lire tan edng, nd cd the gay ra nhirng de dpa an ninh, nghi ngd va lo ngai cho qudc gia khac. Til' dd, tinh trang ludng nan ve an ninh va nhii'ng phan u'ng nhu chay dua vii trang. lien minh, kiem che, ngan chan cd the se xay ra. QHQT se de cang thang khi tat ca cac ben deu ed quyen lire tan cdng. Ngugc lai, neu qudc gia chi cd quyen lire phdng thu, nhirng hien tupng tren se khd xay ra ho-n. Cd the each phan loai nay da dem lai ggi y cho cac nha Chii ngliTa Hien thire khi de ra Chii nghTa Hien thuc tan cdng va Chu nghTa Hien thuc phdng thii. 7. each phan loai thir bay dira trin phwffng thirc thire hiin quyin luc. Day la each phan chia xuat hien chua lau nhung hien nay dang dugc sir dung kha nhieu. Cach phan chia nay giiip hieu them thuc tien QHQT hien nay ca ve nang lire lan phuang each sir dung nang lire, theo dd, quyen luc dugc chia lam bai loai: . ^ :u<\n - Quyen luc cicng (Hard Power) la kha nang ep budc chii the khac thuc hien dieu minh mudn cdn ehii the kia khdng mudn bang lire lugng quan su hay bang trimg phat kinh te nhu bao vay, cam van - Quyen luc mem (Soft Power) la kha nang dimg anh hudng thuyet phuc chii thi khac lam theo y minh hay theo Joseph Nye la kha nang anh hudng tdi ngudi khae thdng qua su hip din. Anh hudng hay sir hi; .ign ed thi duge tao ra bdi uy tin ehinh tri, j-ip (?fft hinh thiie eiia qiiqen lue 25 lire phat triln kinh tl eao, sire cudn hiit ve van boa tu tudng, va nhieu khi bao gdm ea kha nang ve quyen luc cimg. ,, .,.•, '^^VM Trong lieh sir, quyin lire dugc sir dung trong QHQT phin Idn la dang quyen lire cii'ng vdi rit nhieu each thuc khae nhau nhu chiln tranh, ran de, ngan chan, de dpa sir dung vii lire, phong tda, bao vay, cam van Trong thdi hien dai, quyen luc cirng van la cai gi dd ed tinh phd bien. My la nudc dien hinh trong viec sir dung quyen lire cimg khi dimg lire lugng quan sir de ep bude Nam Tu trong cude chien tranh Kosovo nam 1999, ep budc Taliban d Afganistan nam 2001, ep budc Iraq nam 1991 va 2003 Quyen luc mem chii yeu la san pham eiia thdi hien dai. Nhat Ban la mdt vi du ve viec tim each xay dung cho minh quyen lire mem bang sire manh kinh te to Idn, vai trd nudc chau A duy nhat trong G-7, va nhimg cd gang boa binh nbu boa giai xung dot qudc te d Campuebia, tham gia cd tinh toan vao cac chien dinh gin giii boa binh cua Lien hgp qudc, Nhat Ban ciing tim each gia tang anh hudng van hda ciia minh theo hai con dudng la phat buy cac gia tri van hda truyen thdng ciia minb ra the gidi, tiep thu thanh tuu van hda tir ben ngoai de xay dung cac gia tri mdi va pbat trien nen van hda ciia minb. De hieu rd ban ve sir phan loai dang dugc sir dung phd bien nay, cd the tham khao bang dudi day ve sir Idiac nhau giiia hai loai quyen lire nay. Sy khac nhau giua quyen luc cung va quyen lye mem ;. •• i . 1 [. • . . , • Phieffng tiin sii dung quyin lire Cdch thirc sii dung quyin lire Tam ly cua doi tirffng bi tdc dpng Y chi cua doi twffng tiip nhan Quyen luc cung Cdng eu hiru hinh Ep budc, ap dat Sghai Trai vdi y mudn Quyen luc mem Cdng cu vd hinh la ehu yeu Thuyet phuc Tin tudng Y mudn thay ddi u^ jmiij Vf; .•'.>: I.M !.; ••'::.! ;;ii ;!i! •••v! •-r. •Jill (i'V{il|j .i:l; i -^ .rr;(!fi rev q'jii :iJ, '.I riiiUjj :;-ul tvjvjri.i cr. '• ,:iiS. :^u'u\> /i / •;rii;;. ::i .ii;; :juril Dul ii-Jnjp i:! :;irViJt(! /i JI rf:r; l 26 NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (1261.2011 Cach phan loai thir ba\- dang dugc sir dung kha nhieu trong nghien cim QHQT \-a dugc coi la thich hpp de phan anh xu hudng su dung qu\-en lire dang tha\' ddi trong QHQT. Tu\' nhien. trong \an de na\ chiing tdi cd ba nhan xet: Thir nhdt: Qu\-en lire mem khd dugc su dung hieu qua trong thuc te neu khdng cd quyen lire ciing. Tren thuc te. cac cudng qudc \di uu the \ugt trdi \c quyen lire cimg nhu My, Phap, Trung Qudc ciing dang la nhirng nudc cd kha nang phat hu\- anh huong \an hda. gia tri \a uy tin ra QHQT nhieu ban la nhiing nudc khdng cd dii qm'en luc cimg cho dii cd mdt nen \an hda rue rd nhu Kn Dd. .A.i Cap, H\ Lap 7"/?;? hai: Viec sir dung thuat ngir "quyen luc mem" ddi khi cd dung y tm'en truyen nham xoa diu sir phan irng cua cac nudc \ira va nho trong trat tu the gidi mdi ma sir phan chia nudc Idn-nirdc nhd van cdn manh me. cae cudng qudc \an ddng \ai trd chi phdi. sir cudng quyen \an phd bien trong QHQT. Khdng it trudng hgp cac cudng qudc thudng sir dung qu\-en luc cirng sau khi su dung quyen lire mem khdng thanh cdng va dimg sir khdng thanh cdng cua quN'en lire mem de bien minh eho viec su dung quyen luc cimg. Thic ba: Tren thuc te. cac qudc gia it khi sir dung rieng re mdt loai quyen luc nao do ma thudng la cd sy ket hpp hay lira ehpn linh boat tiiy trudng hpp cu the. My la dien hinh cua sir ket hgp quyen luc cirng \-a mem khi su dung ca \\ the chinh tri lan sire manh quan su, ca ddn ba\ kinli te lan bao \a\ \a cam \-an kinh te, ca tu\-en truyen gia tri dan chu \-a nhan quyen lan trimg phat sir N i pham, Vi the, vao nam 2004. trong cudn sach Soft Power: The Means lo Success in World Politics. Joseph N}e - ngudi dua ra khai niem. quyen lire mem - da bd sung them thuat ngir quyen lire thdng minh {Smart poMer). Theo dng. qu}-en luc thdng minh la nang luc ket hpp quyen lire cirng \a niem trong mdt chien luge thang Igi. Viec dua ra khai niem quyen lire thdng minh cho thay ke ca trong thdi dai nga\- na\ chi su dung qu\en lire mem khd dem lai thanh cdng ma can cd su ket hgp vdi qm'en luc cu'ng. Hien na> nudc My. dudi thdi Tdng thdng Obama. da tu} en bd di theo each thirc cua qm'en lire thdng minh. Tdm Igi, viec phan dinh qu\ en lire thanh cac hinh thirc theo nhieu each phan loai cho tha\- quyen lire trong QHQT la mdt hien tugng da dang \-di nhieu dac diem, sac thai khac nhau. Nhirng dac diem, sac thai na\ cd the dem lai nhirng uu the ha\- ban che khac nhau \a tac ddng tdi chiing ta cimg khac nhau. Vi the, chiing cd the dugc ap dung rieng re trong tirng trudng hpp hay tinh hudng cu the de lam ndi rd dac diem ha} sac thai nao dd. Dieu nay la can thiet ca trong nghien eim lan thuc thi qu\-en luc trong QHQT. Tuy nhien, cae each phan loai tren chi mang tinh tuong ddi va cung cd the dugc su dung kit hpp \di nhau. Vi du. qu\lr luc cimg dugc xay dung dua tren qu\-en luc . _ an sir. kinh te va thudng la qu\en lire thuc ui. ^ie hinh thiie eiia qiiijen lue. 27 quyen lire hiru hinh, quyen lire tuong ddi, quyen lire tan cdng, Quyen lire nay thudng cd tinh thii'c te hon la gia dinh. Trong khi dd, quyen luc mem dugc xay dung dua tren mdt sd loai hinh quyen lire ITnh vuc nhu chinh tri, van hoa va thudng bao gdm ca quyen lire tiem nang, quyen lire vd hinh, quyen lire ca cau Quyen luc mem ciing thien ve quyen lire gia dinh ban la thue te. Tai lieu tham khao •!i;ri 1. Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse & Beth A. Simmons, Hanbook of International Relations. Sage Publications, London, 2005. 2. Graham Evans & Jeffrey Newnham, The Penguin Dictionary of International Relalions". Penguin Books, London, 1998. 3. Joshua S. Goldstein, International Relalions, Longman, New York, 1999. 4. Martin Griffiths, Terry OCallaghan & Steven C. Roach, International Relations: The Key concepts, Routledge, New York, 2007. 5. Conway W. Henderson, Quan he qudc te budc vdo the ky XXI - Xung dpi vd Hgp tdc, Khoa Qudc te hpc, Trudng DHKHXH&NV, Ha Ndi, 2000. 6. Nguyen Manh Himg, Bang giao qudc te nhap mdn, Hdi Nghien cim Hanh chanh, sai Gdn, 1971. 7. Ly ludn Quan he qude te, Hpc vien Quan he qudc tl. Ha Ndi, 2007. 8. Joseph S. Nye, Public Diplomacy and Soft Power, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Pollitical and Social Sciences, 616, March 2008. 9. W. Phillips Shively, Power and Choice: An Introduction to Political Science, Mc Graw-Hill, Boston, 2003. I 111 ) lj ;l; wi.d ••:[• J,; i ,.! Uj ir!:j ;•',)': -'jrl :,,|: _, '., i/l qijrij i;-:jf. :;,r::/i.:,, ;_-;;i ll/ib lijd KVI (,T,I1, ,-j :; . qoif 0? j<>b .ii,-: -fr . ii : 'f^iy. 'y<'. \ti\v,-: r!' : ';! . ' 'I iifii;il (iru;:; •.''.i _. IK.fll .)!li uL-l - •,: iliJOt fi' |i I;,.;; r. ' tVj-/lli\-> jn',\, i;; . nrli! I'lFMji ;;':,•!: ,;, I •fi;.;; '<.;i •.'•y.'-; ni-rj ;i>;jH lilJ.i'Mj.',; n -'J I li) :j/rj iiftiir' 111 .lu^ll ii.ri'/ f^M .x>i/0 'j,! , qij-i/. .ij;j/1 urin :jiv.Hi 'jnm mjilt uL j-;:. . phan loai nay ed y ngliTa dac biet quan trpng trong xay dung chien lirgc dai han cho su phat trien sire manh tdng hgp ciia minh ciing nhu trong quan he vdi cac ddi tac. Theo each . a ITnh vuc quan he. each phan loai nay khdng chi ed y nghia trong xay dung quyen lire qudc gia ma cdn ca trong hoaeh dinh chinh sach va thuc thi chinh sach trong thue tiln. dugc ldm nhu the ndo. Id quyen luc dinh hinh nen khung khd trong dd cdc nhd nudc quan he vdi nhau, quan he vdi nhdn ddn vd quan he vdi cdc cdng ty xuyen qudc gia. "' Ndi each