09 intermediate arabic workbook

The Appendix 'B App', paragraphs 2 to 5 Tables 7 to 10 of the Basic Arabic Workbook gives the pronoun, possessive, relative and verb forms.. B App, Tables 9 and 10 show the dual verb end

INTERMEDIATE

ARABIC

WORKBOOK FOR REVISION AND PRACTICE

Other titles by John Mace:

Basic Arabic Workbook Arabic Verbs

Arabic For Today: A Student, Business and Professional Course

in Spoken and Written Arabic

Arabic Grammar: A Revision and Reference Guide (3'd edition)

Teach Yourself Arabic Verbs

Teach Yourself Arabic Script (2"d edition) Persian Grammar: For Revision and Reference

This edition © 2007 by John Mace

Typeset by John Mace

All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval

system, without permission in writing from the publishers

ISBN-13: 978-0-7818-1177-4 ISBN-10: 0-7818-1177-5

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HIPPOCRENE BOOKS, INC

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Cataloging-in-Publication data available from the Library of Congress

Printed in the United States of America

Contents

ruq'a script; numerals in handwriting

Irregular nouns 'ab, ' akh

Vocabulary: The community

Expressions of circumstance;

re-Vocabulary: Development aid

Structures - 5

Topic and comment; proposals and wishes

Vocabulary: Geography, climate, space

Revision - 2

Structures

Correspond ence

Formal and informal letters

Vocabulary: Correspondence and computers

Introduction

This Intermediate Arabic Workbook is intended as a sequel to the Basic Arabic Workbook; the two books have the same purpose and format Most of the Introduction to the Basic book is valid here also

In the Basic book you will have revised, consolidated and exercised the essential elements and patterns of the practical Arabic of today This Intermediate book explores further word- and sentence-structures to make your Arabic more varied and more expressive As before, the emphasis is on practical use in a working environment; the vocabulary

is expanded to 2,100 words in a variety of domains ranging from the community to computing

In the text, references preceded by the abbreviation 'B' are to chapters (or the Appendix) of the Basic Arabic Workbook

The Basic book introduced real-life text in the form of a few short adapted extracts from the Arabic press This Intermediate book includes

a greater number and variety of real-life items, all without simplification, from varied sources

The level of knowledge also permits exercises with activities such as filling in forms, interpreting charts and statistical tables, writing letters, and seeking and recording information

You should note that throughout the exercises, nouns and adjectives are

in the nominative case unless otherwise indicated or necessitated

I am especially grateful to the following authorities for their kind permission to reproduce very useful material held under their copyright:

• Al-Arab newspaper for the extracts from articles reprinted on pages 26 and 72

• Al-Hayat newspaper for the extracts from articles reprinted on pages 32, 64 and 86

• the Ministry of the Interior of the United Arab Emirates for the

6 I NT E R M EDIATE A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

visa application form reprinted on page 65

• the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (BADEA) for the passage reprinted on page 79

• the Arabic Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

for the passage reprinted on page 90

• Bayerische Motorenwerke (BMW) for the passage reprinted on page 1 04

the Commercial Bank of Kuwait for the passage reprinted on page

1 14

• the United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), more especially the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), for the table reprinted on page 1 1 5

My sincere tbanks also go to Nicholas Awde and to Marilyn Moore for their proofreading Any remaining errors are my responsibility

1 Reading and Writing

All the handwritten forms shown in the Basic Arabic Workbook,

Chapter 1 (B 1), are used in ruq' a, with the following additions or variants:

• Final/isolated � , � and J are written 11 ;v./ �

8 I NT E R M E D I ATE A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

Remember that in all print and handwriting you will often find:

• omission of initial hamza: I for initial j or I ,

" " ( �

• omission of tanwln: 1.5\o\ I for 1.5\i\ , and e.g �u for �u,

"

• 1.5 (undotted) for both 1.5 (' alif maq$ura) and final/isolated 1.5 ,

ruq' a is a prestigious form of handwriting It is important to be able' to read it

2 W _; ruq �a in print

ruq ' a is imitated, with certain variations, in print Compare standard print, handwritten ruq' a and printed ruq' a:

�W.I "IJ)WI i:Y- u oi �j � 4>�1 � ,.:JI J� Li_r.->i JJ

r i � ��";"t;_, � oj�! IJJ:, �li c:.5 c.D� ��Lo �

-cr c.rL.:JI .t.;.J, t.;JI (-'"={,.)'""I JJI cr ��I i ;-_rJI J_ :., L.:dl �

cr.: .i ,�l � � �_, cr- � ;�1 ()J I L;Li ;.; ;f e.&.:�'-""" '-'

/ ; JI (�I� �., Z ; ,.;WI �WIJ �t.;JI �WI The supervisor of the morn ing shift for the day before yesterday Tuesday 8th March has informed us that you were absent without leave from your duties ('job') in Engineering Department between nine and ten o'clock approximately on the aforementioned day

1 - R EA D ING AND WR ITI NG 9

3 Numerals in handwriting

In all handwriting (ruq' a or other) the numeral � is usually ( ; l" is usually \" or l Avoid writing the numeral2 by hand as �,since it can be mistaken for handwritten r

Exercise 1 Read aloud:

e.g.: ·-":�� oW�I [L ;.:,;t � \ _r.Jt c.-�� �

ja: at jar'idat al-yawm bi-$uwar iftitii/:1 al-barlamiin al-jad'id ·

_ ;:,� c_.t, , pt J > 0� aj_,L.WJ '-"""_ ;� JL &.It � 0 lut '

-�·

� •t - _, �� • • � _,- _ , -"' �_,j;, lf.J :_ :JI � • c, J?L;.: !)I i/ • l.4,A.:1 1 " r

-�WI _.L& ,.j.ll tlL._, !)

.;_,1-_ ;_.1�1 � .; """": �.JI yt_, :.; !)l: , W1 �t:.- � � JJI 'I"

• , , .J.YI JL L;il -':': L.: �I cr �I_ _;J I L ;.:l _ .Jl • �

J� dt � � wl_,., ;• J r" _,JI �a_? c� �_,t.,; _; i

.JL a-U e;_;, _.r.; �j.l c,r: ll l_: il �.J (� � _.,.; L,L,.; di' _; �· 0

.�1 �_,_; J:,_,_.,.;

�L:-� - � t: ,Y!' ,_,� o• � WI d :r-: � � "\

.I�� [_ :.4 JI �U .• Z., !)I � o lJ ��L,.t JI

.J.:-4 JI t � J)I J� \La.JI -. 11

��l_:il � V�J4J.!1 :_; J1.; � � � �_1 :.: \

-�WI.; �I�c�l

iJ.& � ��I 1.1 <) �Ul-1 t �I � � �.1Sl.: • o �.bo! r

J� �.: l.: o i� Ji; �j>;.J

1.1 � �l:;:j! '-41� U.A �_;; /Y � ��I iJI £

o.J <T' J,io .,; ,:,1 \;.ho � ,_.L:ll JL i)l <T' � C

ij L:.: ll � J W:-l' I � .)J I

� I.J !_,.U J � .J iJ U_r.JI iJ I� j> iJJ� lA:a I iJ:;; '\

� .�1 �� iLol ��I I_,AJ Lo�

� �I �J C L J.J� .J � .J �.;$J I �J\.i L:.U � �Y- l' V

�� sabbii.k plumbing, plumber

.)(r barr ad metalwork, -er

.14.;- khayyiit sewing, tailor

�? jarrii./:l surgery, surgeon

'-':.r::' �arrii.f moneychanger

J� /:laffii.r driller

4.Y" 8' kannii.s sweeper

i\J li/:lii.m (NB) j G la/:l/J.ii.m welding, welder; butcher(y)

• Remember that verbal nouns (B 28) also express an activity:

�l.:S' I writing 4,)1� I aviation, flying

� .J J.J _r.J tabrid wa-takyif II refrigeration and airconditioning

12 I NTERMED IATE A R A B I C WOR KB O O K

• Plurals of the persons are sound Any can be made feminine where appropriate: � 4.; khayyara dressmaker

• Often an active participle (B 26) is used for the person:

J � r: l; I trader .;� II reporter

� lx.o III accountant � .;� X importer

3 Instrument and place

For the instrument used in a task, we have models &"li.o (L: i.o miftiil; mafiitfl; and �Lb o � mitbakl; matiibikh 'stove':

mibrad mabiirid

mithqab mathiiqib

key, switch nail, rivet

s aw

gauge, meter stove file, rasp

drill, bit

� i.!.l.: o � minshafa (NB) maniishif towel

For the place of activity we have models �Lb o � matbakh matabikh 'kitchen', J _; � J ra.o ma�rif ma�iirif 'bank' and �

�� maktaba makiitib 'library':

makhraj makhiirij mafraq mafiiriq mal' ab mala' ib rna( am mat a' im

kitchen residence entrance exit

crossroad stadium , playground restaurant

coffee-house library, bookshop kingdom

stop, station

• with a few roots, the place form indicates time:

root�_,, noun �l_, o � _, o maw' id mawii' id appointment

• some passive participles (B 26) of Forms VII- X are used also as noW1s of place:

.) _j.A vm conference � vm laboratory

�I inqalaba vn to be overthrown,

� munqdlab place of defeat

��� istaw$aja X to consult (a doctor),

� � mustaw$aj clinic

"

04.7.-; listashfa X to seek a cu re, 04 7.-; hospital

4 Using a dictionary

The newest dictionaries (e.g Arabic Dictionary, N Awde & K Smith,

2004) list Arabic entJ.ies alphabetically by the word Older dictionaries (e.g Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, Hans Wehr) list Arabic entries by the root; thus� is found under rl.c When using a root­based dictionary, remember that '-.S \I are not root letters; for example U: ) appears under _,.s; .), u .J l ::, under�· and �under�

5 Vocabulary: �.)1 0.J� shu'iinal-muwa,u.afin

Personnel

i�l istakhdama X to recruit, engage

14 I N TE R M E D IATE A R A B I C WOR K B O O K

(NB: root J:i) JLA.:w ,l istaqiila X to resign

�I ishtaghala vm to work L1A j 'ahllya qualification J1�i-J� badal 'abdiil benefit, allowance

�lli taqii' ada VI to retire

b r.> khibra experience

� l> khidma service

� khatrara II to plan b !z.> Uz.; khitta khitat plan, scheme

� J � J rutba rutab grade, rank

�! rr_).i �.r r}J

·w,l I :.�

� �-� JJ� $anduq $aniidiq fund

r iliiwa benefit, allowance

faf}.:f fuf}.U:j examination, inquiry

quwa r iimila workforce ma'iish (taqii'ud) (retirement) pension

v- r mu' ahhil qualification;

Uii l.&.; ni?iim 'an?ima regulation, rule J" W �l,ij i niqiibat 'ummiil trade union

and the places of activity from the root shown:

e.g.: majlis majalis voJ� - � � �

1 6 INTE R M EDIATE A R A B I C WOR KB O O K

NB: On a chart the job titles are nominally masc except for designated female posts A woman appointee sometimes uses a feminine title

)'�I � JJ�I l.lA � ( 4;? ) )Lots') 4-S� (r 1.o f '

�JJ 4-1 l.lA � JJJ-A� �J J _r-.l.o � J_,.i.JI_Y' Lo A

i>l_) l 1)-0 t_,.i J5 c) 0 � 0J··· J I l.lA c) "\

Exercise 4 Under what entry in a root-based dictionary do we find: e.g.: lf.T: f-4-S f':'

3 Words - 2

• Irregular nouns yl 'ab, (I 'akh

• Masculine proper names

1 yl 'ab, (I �akh

The nouns • �I u I 'ab 'iibii' 'father' and 'b.P! (i 'akh 'ikhwa

'brother' are irregular in the singular when carrying a possessive suffix other than � , or when used as the theme of a construct In these situations they follow the rn sing pattern of .J � (B 24 ) , i.e nominative

possessive oth er than�-·· :

· �_,.iJI.J� - ��� 'abuhu mukhtiir al-qdriya

His father is m ayor of the village

� L.l>i J rJ � (' akhiiha) Do you know her brother?

-�j � � IJ (bayt 'abihim) This is thei r father's house

He knows my friend's brother

� l1J I � '1 li-' abi t-tiilib tor the student's father

In all other situations (including when suffixed with '-? 'my', and in the plural) these nouns are regular:

They have helped my father greatly -� '-:!' �.Jj 'b_,>! � yaskun 'ikhwat zawjiha.fi mi�r

Her h usband's brothers live in Egypt

�I_,> I �I 'ukht 'akhawiit 'sister', regular

u • j expresses also 'Father' for a Christian cleric:

U W � L; Y j \ y �I al-' ab!' abuna yusuf Father Joseph

(i is also �used for � close colleague or friend:

·�.J (�1\ L;_,>l � (larjar 'akhunalal-'akh rashid

Our friend/colleague Rashid attended

the dual forms �-·· \)IY.i 'abawiinl-ayn and �-·· \:,l_,.; i

'akhawiin/-ayn

the plura10I.P! 'ikhwiin 'brethren' (of an association):

� ,.WI 0 1 _,.; "'jl al-'ikhwiin al-muslimun

the Muslim Brotherhood ('Breth ren')

2 Masculine proper names

Proper names are definite in meaning But masculine personal names not resembling a verb tense and not ending 0 1 -iin, have ind efinite

case-endings; for our purposes this means that in the accusative the name adds the indefinite ending C -an:

-�.J l'i)_,;_, (� �j.) (mu(lammad an wa-tavvfiq an

wa-jamll an) We saw Muhammad, Tawfiq and Jamil

�

But:.0L !.c.J .l.a->1 - J_r.j ('a(lmad wa-'uthmiin)

We know Ahmad and Othman

3 Vocabulary: �I al-mujtamar The Community

�41 ijtimii'f social , ,

� �

j o 1_;1 ll.o) 'armala 'ariimil widow

.

� l_, j (;I) I) "bl ,-o! 'imra'a (al-mar'a) niswiin woman

(y J) �.J rakhkha�a II (li- person, bi- thing) to license,

�Jj

!)lS: o5'�

�

�

rukh�a rukha$ licence, permit

rawcj.a riyiicj (' atfiil) kindergarten

ra' is baladiya mayor

shaykh shuyUkh elder, senator

cj.amiin ijtimii'i social security

'urs 'a'riis wedding

faqir fuqarii' poor

mutazawwij (minlbi-/'ala) married (to)

mukhtiir makhiitir mayor (of a village) markaz jamii'i community centre

mustaf;.iqq ( li-) deserving (of), eligible (for)

muslim Muslim

masi�i Christian

manaf}.a yamnaf}.u I to grant to

manf; granting, award

niidin, an-niidi (weak) 'dndiya clu b

20 I NT E R M ED I ATE A R A B I C WOR KBO O K

�I _-WI C, ,L,j> J �L.:.JI .;_,s.L - J r -� ,.L.,I i

�_)I �_.4.11 c,/1.-r "\ �.;�I �L.; II-'"="' -:: "}f., 0

J �� J CJ-_:1A _ 0 II J CJ" _ ,1 0 lj � \ :_.j �_ , V

�WI � _,JI � �_.4.11 "1_., 1 � � �� �� A

'�' J.c.4.11 � \ � J� .;i/1 ![-'� � '\

• U1 - · · · �j , ���I c i.P " ( · · · ·�i).V��I_;.I JI tU.,�I)��i U.IJ�_ \r

4 Words - 3

• Compound adjectives and nouns

1 General

We have already studied some compound adjectives and nouns, such as

(B 23) and i� (B 28) Here we examine other compounds

2 Compound adjectives: � l& (adim, � U qiibil

r-� tadfm etc The adjectival equivalent of jJ.&., using the same structure, is �.) &, r adi.m 'lacking (in)'' which produces a negative construct, the opposite of_,� (etc., B 24):

i L a "i I i.J.& lack of attention, inattention jl :ai(JI) �J.& 'adi.m (al-)ihtimiim

lacking attention, inattentive

�Iii 711 �J.& 'adim ath:thaqiifa lacking culture,

uncultured (= � � ghayr muthaqqaj)

�� + verbal noun can give the same meaning as� + adjective or participle Remember to define explicitly only the attribute of the construct, not the theme, to make the expression definite Examine the following possible compounds:

• affirmative with_,� (etc.) or with adjective/participle:

� j o � j \�I _, � � j a qualified colleague

•

�l:A �I_,� �j a colleague with an appropriate

qualification

�;11 �)1\��� -'� J :.o)l the qualified colleague

�WI - ���-'� �jl the appropriately qualified colleague

· Jl ,.oi (JI) _,� �L o(JI) ((al-)musiihim) a/the shareholder

i:JlS'{J I) with sufficient funds

22 I N T E R M EDIATE A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

• negative with Ito!� or �:

J;.J.o _r.i; · \�1 ��.�j an unqualified colleague

�j.ll _r.i; �.,;JI\��1 �� �.,;JI the unqualified

colleague

•

\�l; o �I ·�.lc �j a colleague without an appropriate/

�WI ��I the appropriate qualification

�L.:J.I ��� �� J.:.o.,;JI the colleague without the

appropriate qualification

Jt, oi (JI) �� �L (JI) ((al-)musiihim) a/the shareholder

4: H5(J I) without sufficient funds

You may encounter the a1ticle inconectly added to r.): \�.i.e

J �u qiibil li- The active participial expression J �Li qiibil /i­

'susceptible to' + definite verbal noun can express the equivalent of English '-able', '-ible':

• il a)U �u _,LS: ;I\'b� a remarkable idea/remarkable ideas When this compound is made definite, �u itself also has the article, since the expression is not a construct but is prepositional with J:

il a)U �WI i�l oh this remarkable idea

-4� �WI �lhJI ('the') renewable energy

The compound is negated as usual with r.): :

Contrast this last expression with the following, which is an equation:

� lii- A few relative adjectives have a negative form with � lii-:

u-iWr:i\)W! - (Ia-)' insanl (in)human, (in)humane

from which also abstract nouns (B 10) have been derived:

� W !)U I al-Ia-' insiiniya inhumanity

�_;S' .;.4 )U I al-lii-markazfya decentralisation

;.J.J \'1(- )�.rJI �>J�I Euro-Arab cooperation

(the hyphen is optional in the Arabic)

�.)La.:.il' l �4l'l i, ).;JI socio-economic theory

�IJ""" '!I �.rJ I t_l.rJ I the Arab-Israeli conflict

�,Y.>: J W J� a north-south dispute

4 Compound adjectives and nouns: � shibh, � ni$f

The noun o�i y shibh 'ashbah 'resembl�nce', when used m

construct with an adjective, gives the meaning 'semi-', 'quasi-' etc.:

semi-official/quasi-official correspondence

� J y i.J� semi/quasi-officially

�fo ;.ll y JL JI the semi-skilled labour ('workers') The device is also used to make a few compound nouns:

i r'J y shibh jazfra peninsula

(pl .J? o�i 'ashbah juzur; J? i.,.r�J jazfra juzur island) 4.rJI i.,.r��l � shibh al-jazfra l-'arabfya

the Arabian Peninsula

the I ndian Subcontinent

The noun J l :a; j � ni$/ 'an$ii/ 'half' in construct makes some compound adjectives:

24 I NTER M ED I ATE A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

5 Compound nouns: .J� kibiir, .J� $ighiir

In B 2 we had the adjectives r-$ and � in the meanings 'senior'

and 'junior' respectively: � \ r-$ �yo Their plural forms are also used in defmite construct with certain plural nouns to give the same meanings The construct is always definite, the definiteness or indefiniteness in connotation being infetTed from the context:

� JyoUI\�.JJ.-11 _;l,$ (the) senior officials

�I� 7 J l.i aJ ( cj.ubbiitihim) tor their junior officers

�_)-1 , �� JL$ r;:o with (the) senior party members

The attribute may · also indicate a group, which can then be singular:

�_�I J L$ senior (members) of the association

� can also be used in this manner, with indefinite meaning:

uL �I .-AJ -� for various reasons

6 Vocabulary: "b)��� al-'idiira Management

Jl_,.oi 'amwiil (also, in pl.:) funds, resources

J.i.a.j I in' dqada Vll to be convened oL;� bayiiniit (inan pl., also:) details, particulars (�) f::!:-': .7,; tashfi' ('ala) incentive, encouragement (to)

Jwi J.J� jadwal 'a' mal agenda

� � � juhd juhud effort

� \> f.zadda ya}J.uddu I to limit

4 - WO R D S

.)I.J� i.)l � da' ira dawa' ir directorate

).J�' ).J� dawr 'adwar role

i.;.J� dawra round (of talks etc.)

C:� C":.J rabifw yarba}J.u I to profit

eL l I C":.J ribJ; 'arbaJ; profit

�')L I dL silk 'aslak wire

� j r-t""" sahm 'as-hum share (of stock)

(�) �.;L! sharaka III (fi) to participate (in)

� l? � �_r! sharik shuraka' partner, associate

� shaghghala II to operate

� (y�i) �L.:, $al;.ib (pl 'a$1;.ab) 'amal employer

1 � � W:, (iabit cj.ubbt'i! officer

J J ) J ) ?arf ?Uruf circumstance

4$ � � r adi ordinary ; � � _d g hayr r adi extraordinary

J1_,.; 'b 0u fa' ida jaw a' id (monetary) interest

.;

_;JJ qaddara II to estimate

JLo mal (also, in sing.:) wealth

i.;b! � majlis 'idara board of directors

26 I NT E R M E D IATE A R A B I C WOR KBO O K

e.g.: J &.LI _d: cl ,;.i"il � J� _d: cl ,;.il �

�I Jlll ��� 1_ • .+1 Y t,�l � cL.J"il \

�_;� t�l £ i� &.u� "'

� i_;l�f'l � _;l$ "\ ��WI _d: � "i� o

G ,.s ti.ill �WI i.,ljWI A � "i u�l_, o V

�_,.;l.i V"'L ,I �� � ' �L o t-.Ah.;J � t,.JW.) �.r 4� 'Y L:J �� &- w_,_> <) ''

Exercise 2 Recast, using a relative clause (B 35):

i�_,� ul.,.i LA.�\ y i_;b! � �

majlis 'idiira !aha/ r indaha quwiit ma/:lduda

G_,;--� ,.iJ o ,ljl_.,j Y � � .r- liill � LiJ I �I� I \ i:- � ol�l �i t J_, JI � �� �� r

i �I o ll r.- c.} � _,� r.): _, i _; l.i.o _d; C L.J I o

Exercise 3 Read the passage and answer the questions:

i�I_,JI w.JJJ l_.i_.�i JL ! (1)�1,_,_ c.I.JIJ! JWI � �

\VJ \o � L (3)i�l J)l ,; ( �) (2)�1� �)li.JIJ

r o - � JW'il J s: �l :a >-7 LI.) J ':_S.J�I ���

0; w1 "I.J.lliJ "�j_rJI i.JJ JI , :u JLL!.i � d.J�J _;.1�1J '-="' ,.DIJ l:U�.JJ-" �J JW'il JJ l :' � �� : L.: :,.-U

.01J_, JIJ �J �1(4).����J�_,:.J (from y .,.aJIAl-Arab newspaper, 9.2.05)

(1) �1_,-o mawiini' ports (alternative pl of� �)

(2) �1_,.1 tariibulus Tripoli (3) ul_? i_? fatra fatariit period

(4) t, r.A4 jamiihlrzya Jamahiriya ('State of the Masses')

�.);tl.� - �_)t.;, - 4r Y � �W"il � �i J_,� � � uA - � '

�.);tl J�l Lo� f �£ ��.N��-'-" �� �lS' � r

� ;1 Jw c.} �LA tJ'-'-" �.) ,s-�1 o

The Appendix ('B App'), paragraphs 2 to 5 (Tables 7 to 10) of the

Basic Arabic Workbook gives the pronoun, possessive, relative and verb forms Here we explore the use of these forms

Dual forms are the same for animate or inanimate Feminine plural forms are only animate, and refer only to all-female groups Further, there is no shortened pronunciation for the feminine plural endings Beyond these provisions, all the rules we have studied for suffixing and for sentence structure apply equally to the dual and the feminine plural

2 Dual subject pronouns and sufiiXes

See B 5, 12, 15 and App, Table 7 Dual subject pronouns and dual suffixes do not vary for gender They are formed by adding 1 -a to the appropriate (masculine) animate plural form:

•

���l1\��l1 l ;.il J ('antuma) Are you (two) students?

� W'� �l.S' 1�1 ('indakuma) if you both h ave work

L.A�I.; ra' aynahuma We saw both of them (people/things)

L y �I (bihima) We contacted them both

Remember that in an English plural there may lurk a dual:

� L.,.-;.).i jA �l r u:dl b� (qaranahuma)

He has the two estimates Has he compared them (= both)? � � j�l J5 �I_,; �I J i: !.l (ishtdghal al-' akhawan

28 I NT E R M ED IATE A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

3 Dual verbs

See B 1 1, 14, 17, 25 and App, paragraphs 3-5 and Tables 9, 10

B App, Tables 9 and 10 show the dual verb endings for past and present B App, paragraph 5 shows the dual subjunctive, jussive and imperative Note:

• The 2nd-person forms do not vary for gender; the 3rd-person forms do

• The dual ending 1 , however pronounced without a suffix, becomes -&- (long and stressed) when an object suffix is added

The (two) colleagues sat and drank their coffee

.�Li:JI � l@47l �I �l·)z7,.l � �)JI �! (lti yasta(i'an

'an yattdfiqa) The two parties cannot agree on the details

-.oW_,_, J i.JJI I.) qara'a 1-'aqd wa-waqqa'ahu

They (both) read the contract and signed it �I ijlisa Sit down (both of you)

4 Dual relative pronouns

See B 35 and App, Table 8 The dual relative pronoun varies for gender and (unlike the singular and plural) for case Note also the spelling For the rest, all the rules for relative clauses apply:

�WI � 0l.illl �I.J:,.UI (alladhan kataba)

the two reporters who wrote the article

�� &:.illl ��)l 0�l (alladhayn yabtunahuma)

the two chief products which they selll

tarakkazufihima the two points they concentrated on

5 - WO RDS 29

5 Feminine plural subject pronouns and suffixes

See B 5, 1 2, 15 and App , Table 7 For subject pronouns and for

suffixes the feminine plural is formed by substituting t) -nna for the final j··· -m of the appropriate (masculine) animate plural form:

�

�ul:Jlb '-IJI � ('antunna) Are you students?

J.c &s-� t)l5' 1�1 ('indakunna) if you have wo rk

- � � �� ra'ayniihunna We saw th em w �� (bihinna) We contacted them

6 Feminine plural verbs

See B 1 1 , 14, 1 7 , 25 and App, paragraphs 3-5 and Tables 9, 10

B App, Tables 9 and 10 show the feminine plural verb endings for past and present B App paragraph 5 shows the feminine plural subjunctive, jussive and imperative Note:

• As with pronouns and suffixes, the verb forms are best derived from the c orresponding (masculine) animate plural; replace f···

-tum with ,:_,; -tunna and 1_, \t)_, -unal-u with t) -na

• Care is needed with the doubled, hollow and final-weak verbs The unwritten final short vowel -a remains short and unstressed when an object suffix is added

The directors sat and drank their coffee J_,41 � wi4�! ) w-·h; ! 'i ul WI �! (Ia yastati'na

'an yattafiqna) The teachers cannot agree on the timetable

.�_,_, J.i.JI L,l.) qard'na 1-'aqd wa-waqqd'nahu

They read the contract and signed it

.�1 (ijlisna) Sit down

7 Feminine plural relative pronoun

See B 35 and App, Table 8 The feminine plural relative pronoun is

30 I NTER M ED IATE A R A B I C WOR KB O O K

invariable Note also the spelling The rules for relative clauses apply:

�l.ill � �!)JI vi) all (allawati katabnaJ

the newswomen who wrote the article L1s' w_r; � l_,lJI ��I (allawati na'rifuhunna kulluna)

the doctors whom we all know

� J :.a.i u� ('alayhinna) doctors we rely on

8 Vocabulary : �1_�1_, J('l'l al-'akl wa-sh-shariib

Food and drink

See also B 10, paragraph 1

"

j.; I ' aruzz rice

� .J � biirid cold

'b � � barr ada refrigerator

$al;n sul;un plate

tabakha yatbukhu I to cook

tal;in flour

r ashii' , 6' shiya dinner, supper

'a$ iT juice 'atshan, f 'atsha, pl 'itiish th irsty

ghada' , aghdiya lunch

ghidha' 'dghdhiya food( stuff)

fakiha fawakih fruit

fatur breakfast

finjan faniifin cup

kas ku'us a glass

laban milk

lal;m lil;iim meat

ma' water

�J.a o � Lo ma' ma' dini mineral water

w .J_r; ,o mas hrub drink

c:'.ioi E.o mill; ' amlal; (m.lf.) salt

�"Jwo � mil'aqa mala'iq spoon

Exercise 1 Make dual the underlined words and suffixes:

.p_� l.ii J.J� � ' .�La � �.l,; '

Why are JS'b (no 4) and �.J (6, 7) not made dual too?

32 I NT E R M ED I ATE A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

Exercise 2 Make feminine plural:

e.g.: yatbukhna al-ghadd' � · " I WI � f- · " I WI !)� ,

• 1 �.) - L.o I S' t l �I • �JJ ,-• • t ,_ ) I S' ., J o q �JJ • �I • 1,) · • I \

-.s'L,AJ I l_,_, o Li iJ I 1_, :.; 'i '\ �_; I c=o iJ� 1_,; LS' o

Exercise 3 · Make the dual and feminine plural expressions (a) masculine singular, (b) feminine singular, (c) masculine plural:

�_,) 1 � W: , l l f� l ., �� L� \

j.:L I \t! 'i � r1 '\ ::,; � � iJ.)� _ra.o c)! iJ.) � o

Exercise 4 Read this report and then retell it in your own words: 0i �; (al-jabi1r'i) �J�I � � �� � 6J 4-=J I >=jJ J u 6_,_b ; u-A �.l c:'i l cz>.ly!.J L� <I>� Cw u)l cl � :: i 1.:> b J�

(7)� tlb.:i � (6}J I i.J I_, (5)�� � iJ-o :: 1� (4)� (3) U

:: IJ'i_,.J I (S) :: I J �

._jjj ' • ly!.J � ew �L-;t :: � bJ ij_,J I 0; �J� I J u_,

(l l)y._:AJ-'1 �J ' A"> •01 1 � ( 10}� 1 (9)"J-:> :iJ" � iJ-o 0-1

uJ: i.J i \ " I y!.J t>� i 4 Ai Cu 4-= _;A y 'i ·,; ,._, : U _;:u � I u-k

� i .!J l:.A u� wJ · �I iL.i L;-' l-;t.J I · � �f .J l <:.i_, �J·'i l 0-o

· �_;:u� 1 u-k 0� ·� 'Js (l2}6l-;t� (from i � I A/-Hayat newspaper, 22.7.2004)

-(1) � � munaqa$a call for tenders (2) " l_p shira' pu rctlase

(3) .U , (+ present tense) perhaps (4) � j 'anha IV to bring to an end

(S) ��s i rr 'i ya secrecy (6) .)Wjastid corruption

(7) � � q'ima qiyam value (8) .J � mll i yti r milliard (109)

(9) J u.) �.) daq'iq diqaq fine (10) (� � qamaf,z qumuf.z wheat ( 1 1 ) til ,-o ti JA mawqi' mawaqi ' site (12) i�� muf.zaba favouritism

· r ):JI._ ·.;hfl � \� katablyaktub at-tab"ib at-taqr"ir

All the tenses we have used so far are active

With a verb in the passive voice (J�I al-majhul) the subject

undergoes or suffers the action of the verb:

._;-�p i �\� kutiblyuktab at-taqr"ir

The report was/is (being) written Here the grammatical subject is .;-� ):J I ; it does not perform the action but undergoes it We have met the passive concept in two instances:

• Form VII verbs (B 22), active but many with passive meaning:

.�1 J ,w\�1 in}Jallatltan}Jall al-mushkila

The problem was/is solved

the passive participle (B 27):

� _,J.x.o ll>: ! o a resolved problem The Arabic passive tenses differ from the active tenses only in the vowels of the prefixes and of the verb root The passive vowel pattern

is regular throughout all classes of verb, in Forms I to X The personal endings and all the consonants are the same as those of the active

We need to learn only the past and present tenses, and of these only the

third persons � �· w, �· �) The other tenses and persons are too rarely used to concern us

The rules for short pronunciation and sentence structure apply equally

to passive verbs The rules for agreement also apply, but with some valiations examined in paragraph 3 below

34 I NTE R M E D I ATE A R A B I C WOR K B O O K

Passive verbs are often avoided and replaced b y other structures; some

of these are explored in Chapter 12

The passive has no imperative and no verbal noun

2 Passive past and present tenses

To make the passive past or present tense, take the corresponding active

tense and vowel it as follows (the pattern shown is for �\_, ):

-Past tense: V/VI VIII/X Root vowels Personal

Short vowels in root tu- u- -u- -l- -al-at

Present tense: Personal VNI Root vowels Personal

Short vowels in root yu-/tu- -ta- -a- -a- -u

For the past tense, note:

• The vowel of Form V and VI prefixes, and the initial weak vowel

of Forn1s VIII and X, are all u

The 'root vowels' (i.e those found in the passive form of the root) are -u-and -i-: this means -u- for a root of one syllable, -u-i­

for a root of two syllables Form IV past counts as two syllables This is the pattern for roots ending in a consonant For roots ending in a vowel, the last -i- becomes -f in short pronunciation and -iya in full pronunciation for _, , and becomes -iyat for�­Where a root vowel ls long in the active form, its replacement vowel is also long in the passive form

• Add feminine, dual and plural personal endings as usual They are the san1e as for the active voice

For the present tense, note:

• The personal prefix (including the initial vowel of Forms IV, VII,

6 - WO R D S 35

Vill and X) is yu- or tu- (ywtu in Form IV of initial-waw verbs)

• The prefixes of Forms V NI remain ta-

• The root vowels are -a- throughout the root

This is the pattern for roots ending in a consonant For roots ending in a vowel, the last -a incorporates both final root letter and vowel of the personal ending in both forms of pronunciation Where a personal prefix vowel or a root vowel is long in the active fmm, its replacement vowel is also long in the passive

• Add feminine, dual and plural personal endings as usual

This is the theory In practice it is easier to imitate patterns, e.g (for �):

past nresent 'he/it was/is .'

� yuktabu I written

• yu'maru I ordered

;A.;!

:J� dull a J-4 yudallu I shown

J-.f- yursalu IV sent

� ,.: yujabu IV imposed

J ,-1 u}J.tulla � yu}J.tallu VIII occupied

Root is two syl l ables in length:

J ,-o muwwila J� yumawwalu n financed

if.) rubbll-iya t.fJ yurabba II brought up

J J� }J.iiwila (NB .J.J) J_,� yu}J.awalu Til attempted

36 I NTERM ED IATE A R A B I C WOR KB O O K

found put ( * initial root letter J , dropped in the active present, is restored in the passive present and combined with the present prefix For the fonn

�-' wujid see also B 37 ; for the form �Y yujad see also B 11, 23)

� _,_, wUfiq (NB JJ) � � yuwafaq Ill agreed

·-(.r."o' tunubbi' a t: • j - _vutanabba ' u v forecast

J _,_,;.J tunuwila J _, 4 yutanawalu VI taken (food)

t ;-;; .�.1 ushtU.rll-iya 4-S� yushtdra VIII bought

� I ustuthnll-iya yustathna X excepted The passive is common in newspaper Arabic Care has to be taken to read the vowels correctly; even television and radio newsreaders make

, mistakes Sometimes a significant first vowel u is pointed in the text:

_, , , ,

01 �� � 'ulim 'ams ' anna

It was learned yesterday that

-� JSL.! o i�l � � Ia tub}Jath al-yawm mashakil tibbiya

Medical problems are not being discussed today

• • � .J J � La.o ,:r JS1 ' ukkid min ma�adir rasmiya

It was confirmed from official sources

3 Instru�ent, agent, agreennent

All the provisions given in B 27 relating to the instrument and to agreement apply equally to passive tenses; but see below for the agent:

Instrument; as for the participle:

.Lo� �fo 04.�.;.,11 J� � lam yumawwal al-mustashfa

6 - WO R D S 37

bi-nuqii.d 'amma The hospital was not financed with public money

Agent; strictly speaking not possible in Arabic, but some newspapers imitate foreign practice, using the compound preposition ( �) ,:yo min ( qibali) 'on the part of' :

.WWI - �l l b ( � I 6) � ( (? • )WI 1

uqturi(l al- 'ilaj min ( qibal) muna?-;amat G$-$ib}:La l- 'alamlya

The treatment was proposed by the World Health Organisation

Many still, however, prefer an active tense for this kind of sentence:

. � ()I J I �?: iqttirahat al-r ilaj muna??amat

The W H.O proposed the treatment

In Chapter 13 we study an alternative structure with similar emphasis

Agreement; the passive verb agrees normally with its subject where that subject would be the direct object (B 12) of the active verb:

,

._;�l'l � �I a.;._.;, (.?.' juri(l shakh$tinfi 1-infijar

Two people were inj u red in the blast But where the object of the active verb is prepositional, the passive is impersonal, and always stands in the masc sing (like the participle):

.�1 � ;,r-v:.;o! yufattash 'an mutakha$$i$i l-qalb

H eart specialists are being sought

·� ·��� i� yuqam bi-baramij talql(l

Vaccination programmes are being u ndertaken

This impersonal use is found also with verbs not taking an object at all:

" ,

.i UI b.i ;:, ·� ��.} turuddid bi-sabab £j.agh! ad-dam There was hesitation ('It was hesitated') because of the blood pressure

4 Passive tense and passive participle

Compare two passive sentences, one with a tense, one with a participle

as predicate (B 27):

• $ , .,.J'A.:J I ,:yo J_,JI � yulaqqa(l ' ulUfmin an-ntis

Thousands of people are being vaccinated

38 I N TE R M E D I ATE A R A B I C WO R K B O O K

!)� U"'L:.JI � J)l ' ulufmin an-ntis mulaqqal;un

Thousands of people are vaccinated Both are present in time But the tense indicates an action: people are bein g vaccinated (now), whereas the participle shows a state: people are (now) vaccinated (= in a vaccinated state)

5 Vocabulary: �I a$-$i/:l./:l.a Health

�.J � (r_l? \�) (tabTb/jarral;) baitdrT veterinary

ta' dlaja VI to undergo treatment

jurthUm( a) jartithl.m germ, microbe

jaral;a yajra}Ju I to injure

jism 'ajsam body

J;artira fever, temperature, heat J;aqana yaq}Junu I to i nject J;uqna J;uqan injection dakhkhana II to smoke

darajat l;ariira temperature

dawa' , adwiya medicine, medication

rash!; a cold

sinn 'as nan tooth

�adr �udur chest

�aidall �ayadila pharmacist

�aidallya pharmacy (iaght cjughut pressure tabTb 'as nan dentist '?ahr '?Uhur back

r djiz r ajaza disabled

6 - WO R D S

� r ajz disability

39

(�) · � laqqai,La II ( rj.idd) to vaccinate (against)

y _r!lj\y _r:JI � Lo mti' ash-shurb/li-sh-shurb drinking water C:' J� (.Jr majrui,L majiiri/.1 injured

� ,.,.o murashshai,L (also:) having a cold

J:' 4 J:' ,.,.o mararj.a yamrarj.u I to fall ill

�fl � ;A mafid marrj.a sick

jj Ui; ni?ti,fa cleanness

� naz?afa II to clean

� liJ2j � na?if nu'fafii' clean

t.�_,j C::.J waja' 'awja ' pain

*C;:': Jo! C;:':.J waji 'a yawja ' u I to be painful, to feel pain

� l-.J wasakha dirt

(* NB irregular; initial root letter .J is kept in the active present tense)

Exercise 1 Complete, with the verb in the passive, past tense and present tense:

e.g.: kutibatlt'�ktab ar-risiila )Jl- )I �\� �.AJL )I (�)

·rYLJI � � ( � :J�) r � _) 1 �� (�Lc) , 4J� I � � I.J UI (��I) L .�l.r.- � (r _ril) r

� �li.o:JI (J.,&.I) "\ -�)1 I� � (�I) o