Mấy vấn đề về lược khảo văn học (3 nghiên cứu và phê bình văn học) phần 1

Be H • VANH NGHIEN • e cau VA PHE BiNH VAN HQC Tront chU'O'ng trinh Vi?t dq.i Khoa, chUng toi phg trach Cfl'fYftg ,; mpt giiJ' lOp lJ'tl' hi vI! Van ht;c T3ng quae ChIing toi dil nhiY dip giang dq,y tren d! say nghi van dl lien quan den van hl}c if not ck:tng va van s kpe ViII nam noi rieng Trong hai t4p Llrq'c Khao 1, II, chUng tOt dO triM iay ve dink nghia, cong dltng cia van ht;Jc va loq.i tli' 1'an "hQc thuyet, kich thO') Tront t4P III nay, dank etto van de Nghien ctru va Phe bin" van ht;Jc ChUng toi khOng phai la nM phi binh van hfl', khOng phdi din, 121 nM nghien czru van hf)c vi khOng «U kh, nhrrng chi 121 ngzriri hay muon suy luqn ve mf!.C flick, tang ml}i S1f, nen cling muon tim nhz tang cua vdJI eua c8ng trink nghien czi'u viz phi binh van h9c Nkfi:ng suy ngki nh¢n xet tq.p nay, neu co b_ ham m{Jt quan gi thi ding chi cO mf!.C dick nhdm g(fi y den viii j, nlur mpt gid thuyet nhiim gki to-i nhfi:ng de, va nhfit Nn iJ.¥& ia glh to-i nhii'ng nha nghien am vi! phi Khi nh1n vao sinh hogt pM binh vtfn Tz!'c 6- Vi'! nom (fir trU'tYc (ten chUng tM nhqn tMy sinh ho(}t tren phe binlz tay phll'O'ng - d¥,a vew nhfi'ng q11an rna chung !Juan tM glli la nhfi'ng eli so v6'i nhii'ng quan hifn aaf 6' tay phU'O'ng chtra du:fJ'c ti" dq.ng vao pM binh van nam - nhii:ng qu.(l-n h9C (nhrr phi binh gido khoa, tam ly xQ Mi••• ) deu abi hOi nhii'ng kien thu-c lich ve tae gid, tac phlim, th?ri aq.i, th?Yi dieu khOng' nghien Ct1'U szr sang tac nhu: ml)t khong co Chinh vi dM hoi tren, ma van h9C tro' thank quan tr.;mg, din thilt Nhl1'ng nhin vao tinh trq.n.g van gid, tac phiim, th?Yi dq.i, thiYi 6' Vi?t nam tUe sang tdc, ngU'l/i ta khOng khai Jail 1(m'! nhq.n t!z:]v: - Hoar; til chtillR dm "iIi liqu gi Va vinh viln chdt; kh8ng tim QU'(yc, - Hoqc Iii Can ehUt it, nl:cmg clura du:r;rc chli'n, x6c dang Chll'a noi den nhii-ng quan ni?m p1,e binh eli ,,', iflInE sai, cM n6i (Un c6 tH "he blnh thea nhii:Ji" ';'.?' nif,n trb! kh1ng hoan cinh thiJ'1 ad U¢u haije,:' f;;" Ch1JNA dll'!rC ki?m clzli'ng? Lam soo c6 qua guy'!t g Du rruy¢n [{ieu chu'a xac Ci{'l!l 1'(: dim 5,1" tho; sting tac tTuyijn K teu Ltl Imb'c hay saa nhO viln T4' tam quan l1tj-inha NguyJn? Lam dam phtin tam hlJc HlJ xudn HU'O'ng chU'a biet chac chtin xadn HuO'ng, va co hay khOng m nhfi:ng thO' tem phdn tach c6 thf!c S(l' Ii« da HO xutin H uO'ng hay khOng '? z.- N1u ci1.r _c l' vuo nhii'ng dOi hoi chink xdc khoa """i 1u}c, c6 Ie phdi xet fie nhi'eu nhii:ng cong tTinh bien soq., l1iln h{Jc szi- vet pM binh viln ht)c til' tTU'6'c (ten nay, trrrirng h{Yp xet lq.i ma thf!C la khong va thOa miin aU'p'c- nhii'ng toi hOi tren, phdi chiing nghien Ctt!Z va pM binh rO'i Vclo tinh cdnh M tite ? Th"c khOng phdi Ii phi binh van hoc M tiic ma chi mQt so quan pM binh bi bl tac, nhii:ng quan ni?m dOl hOi ki€n thli'c lich szi- ve tac gia, tac phlim, thiri dq.i •• nhU' d,i'eu kifn khOng tM thieu V t,Zy nel/ co nh:ii:ng quan nifm pM binh kltae khOng aM hoi kien thttc lich szi- nhU' il.{eu ki?TI tlIt)'lu, vi chi yeu cEiu bam sat vaa chinlz tac pMm va tim m{Ji Sf! (tam quan ly, xii Mi, tTilt iy v.v.) til' tae phlim, nhii:ng tren c6 the 411't)'c coi nhU' mQt IOl thodt eho phi- binh viln hf)c khOng, dq.c bift III pM binh nhii:ng tac pMm v(} dank, kkuyet dank? Trong viin tU'f)'ng pM binh khong d"a vaQ nhii:ng gicii thfch tac phtim Mng lich szi-, thi tU't)'ng vti- IcMn.t A&a IG "'" , ngu'lJn tir mvt quan l1iln A9c? ' 4anht khuyet danh pluJi chang ci1ng xot dang dec, vl no Mt Lam Sao c6 tM khdo dfnh hi4u dink cbtnh x.c van khong phdi vi ella tM hay 4fIQ I'iin ma lil fIMII sang tac, ve van chuO'ng t vl nhiJ vdn t:Da "grri 1f.lZGI nicm •• -Ngay cd trulmg h{J'p co vdn Ula 4trlJ'c kilza -t=hlhzgt c6 the pM blnh dling tac giat tac pUnt khlJag" Van dl khOng phdi' III tili rna Ia chink kba n8DI cua pM binh, 116Jz iR chan 1y Cua tde phhtn t1l4o Chang hq.n, gid thu: chUng ta tac gid tim tflzv£ nkitat tili li#ta kMng eMi clii nhtr nh4t kjt di cao ghi 7tb4n qad thQ:t Nguy'in Du co My to tam s'F Hoai I.e trOllf trllYfIC Ki"El1, thi (/6 £iing ehtra M.n th'l!c S'I! Nguy'in Do 4{J c9 • vi c6 Nguyln Du khOng c6 tdm s'F tren JIiIrrIIg ghi ill co nham h9 cha minh sau nay; {;(l/tIli chUng ta tf€u khOng co cti£h ncio xac 71:lz4n *rc , 11 czia lac ph?im thea tcit: gid to Jim Nhung phe blnh phdi chang chi cIJ 7Rf!C did-day nldit chan ly cua tac ph?im theo ta(: &ii miJ e6 th., kh ol1g baa gilr dQt d1r,t}'c hay elm ly eua tac ph1i.m ? N6i nMc lin qua Mm tim hilu nhi'tng cMn , each khac phe binh kh6ng phdi ia _ : mQt qua quyei Ifl.i nhiing gi ttk gid dO muim nil f lac phlim, ma elm za nhii'ng sang tflO tir tac pM",_ ' co Vall hibJ drin: kp-c tdm lj tee Iii ",ollf viln tU'Q'nt trhc,,, tlNnh "tIn de c6 sf!: ttii gi& qUI! t£',1i3ttc iMfl' 9IIll tac ph_ can *n lfdI lay nMt • caa ,ke bmh,r V an trin citi tW eft! gidl tuytt 1trf"C hang c6.ch dln chinlt ttic pMnt 'nIut: mit kiift ttQl; ltioff Rgi- ti!ta trin se My to _ i ,nfhra clia dinh ,ki Wni long , dink giU' htpl, oda 1ffI)i phi Mtti ;,oat ,£)o la mf1y y kien then rMt m4 chliIlt t6i _6tt My iii lIong tqp S&;h nuy C1urung mpt niU lin nhiJ:ng kit khan 'lien qUQn den phllit nghien cli'U van 1u)c Chu:O'ng hal" gitH sf) quan cii, su-a S0tl.1l dft: vifa ttl y nghia va gigi hrpz coo mlli quan phi binh _&It cTr«-uRe La! MO BAU VAN DE - QUAN DIEM van chtrO'ng c6 dung de chi dinh nhfrng "de ph?im nM van sang mQt cuon m9t bai thO', mQt vcy kich Van chU'O'ug bicu 19 sinh laID van tren binh sang taco Suy nghien cfru, phe bioh van chu-O'ng lil sinh van hc Nha nghien ciru van hQc chuyen ve kb:io d1n11, dinh, cM giai tac ph'tim; aha phe binh van hQc nMm phe phan t:k pharo v&i ttl' each la m!}t t:k pham Nha lam van hQc str thU'o-ng kiem luonca hai cong lac tren : nghten Ctl'U ve lich SU- va phe blnh Vf ngh? NhU'ng dli Mn, nghien ctru, phe binh, deu kh6ng Q:trem phan tam hQc eua Freud "ao phan tach ngU'Cri Ho xuan HU'O'ng qua thO' dU'Q'c gan cho Ho xuan IDQt phU'O'ng pMp doi hoi phai biet tU'Crr g deri song tinh dm tham kin ella ngU'Cyi bi Phan tach nhfrng dieu ta biet ve Ho xuan HU'O'ng chi la giai truyen vi ehU'a co bang e& lieh Str nao xac th\fc va chinh thtrc ve tieu Str nft S1, phai chang 130 lam cc,ng tac pM binh mQt each moo lieu Hnh va thieu nghiem tue? Do do, tfU'&e pM binh phai xac dinh tac pham co ph:ii la ehinh tac dinh pM binh hay khOng, co phai la ella ehfnh tac gia dU'gc' cong n h?n hay khOng'? N oi each kh:k, phai khao dfnh va hieu dinh tac pham, tac gia mQt cach khoa hQc nghia d\fa vao nhfrng sil' xac th\fc, chtr khOng phai vao ]y Nhtrng trtt'erng hgp khOng hy vQng tim fa str li?u lien quan den tac tac nhtr trU'Crng h9'P van chU'O'ng vo khuyet danh thi phai nghi t6'i !lImng phU'O'ng pMp nghien etru va phe binh tranh o'(1ng phai) nhfrng kho khan ve str khOng vU'gt qua dttgc & tren ? de nghien cuu qch sUo ve van hQc Ya doi hOi tranh khOi nhii'ng k1a6 khan nhu ·diu Str gay nbt can thiEt nam tinh caub van hQc V tim nhfrng phuO'ng phap CHtTO'NG ClfU VAN HQC I : Chung ta tim tinn tr*ng thieu sUo ve tae lac thai ve flho-i sang tac va clui Uch sang t:k van hqc nam, nhat la van kQc vi nhirug van neu len til' nhung kh6 khln vl ir tren en a, CHU"O'NG II: PHE BINH VAN HQC ChUng ta sE tim 1) NhO'ng quan : binh cO nhu : - PM binh lu!in If : - PM binh xi - A l y' Phe" b'm htam - Phe binh giao khoa' (theo Lanson) 2) NhO'ng quan 'p dvng (theo Taine, Mac xit) thea phan tam hQCo , theo dnh tmh hQc binh hoc d"i, chua duQ'c nam nhu: - TAm phAn hQc sinh (psychaaalyse e.istentielleY ciia Saltre - TAm phAn hQc vtt cMt (psych matt! riellet G Bachelara cu 1 "(, ' :, : - ,TS pllAn bh! w.u (M4he eatilC}'t1e} < , :? - Pl\e blJlh chid! {ôitique tite.atiquet ã P Weber J P.ÃRichatd - 1IiW blah Co- cia: structurale} R Bartl1es - L 0I!."