Green Chemistry and Chemical Engineering NUCLEAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION H A N D B O O K Edited by Xing L. Yan Ryutaro Hino 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 270 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10016 2 Park Square, Milton Park Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK an informa business www.taylorandfrancisgroup.com K10540 w w w . c r c p r e s s . c o m NUCLEAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION H A N D B O O K Yan Hino ISBN: 978-1-4398-1083-5 9 781439 810835 90000 “e fact that nuclear hydrogen production is now almost reality is not widely known. is handbook gives us the most thorough review of the state of art of nuclear hydrogen, which could be used not only for scientific and technological communities, but for the potential users to assess its reality.” —Dr. Toru Ogawa, Japan Atomic Energy Agency “…this book is exceptional as a textbook or primer guide for professional researchers.” —Dr. Yoshimi Okada, Chiyoda Corporation Written by two leading researchers from the world-renowned Japan Atomic Energy Agency, the Nuclear Hydrogen Production Handbook is an unrivalled overview of current and future pros- pects for the effective production of hydrogen via nuclear energy. Combining information from scholarly analyses, industrial data, references, and other resources, this handbook illustrates hydro- gen’s versatility and potential both as a clean, sustainable energy carrier (e.g., fuel for vehicles and power generators) and feedstock material for industry (agriculture, oil, chemical, and steel, etc.). Packed with details about the science, engineering, and production involved in nuclear hydrogen generation, this handbook presents: China, Korea, the US and the EU, among others electrolysis of steam and biomass gasification exchangers, and thermochemical iodine–sulfur process construction and operations Far exceeding the limited introductory detail offered in other books on the topic, this book offers an all-encompassing international perspective on nuclear hydrogen production. Addressing a wide range of pertinent technologies, scientific trends, and technical details, this resource will be a useful tool for readers at all levels of understanding. NUCLEAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION H A N D B O O K Nuclear Hydrogen Production H a n d b o o k GREEN CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Series Editor: Sunggyu Lee Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Contamination and Mitigation Strategies Hui Li, Shanna Knights, Zheng Shi, John W. Van Zee, and Jiujun Zhang Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Materials Properties and Performance David P. Wilkinson, Jiujun Zhang, Rob Hui, Jeffrey Fergus, and Xianguo Li Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Materials Properties and Performance Jeffrey Fergus, Rob Hui, Xianguo Li, David P. Wilkinson, and Jiujun Zhang Efficiency and Sustainability in the Energy and Chemical Industries: Scientific Principles and Case Studies, Second Edition Krishnan Sankaranarayanan, Jakob de Swaan Arons, and Hedzer van der Kooi Nuclear Hydrogen Production Handbook Xing L. Yan and Ryutaro Hino Nuclear Hydrogen Production H a n d b o o k Edited by Xing L. Yan Ryutaro Hino CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-1084-2 (Ebook-PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti- lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy- ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com vii© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents Foreword ix Preface xi Editors xiii Contributors xv Section I Hydrogen and Its Production fromNuclear Energy 1. The Role of Hydrogen in the World Economy 3 Ryutaro Hino, Kazuaki Matsui, and Xing L. Yan 2. Nuclear Hydrogen Production: An Overview 47 Xing L. Yan, Satoshi Konishi, Masao Hori, and Ryutaro Hino Section II Hydrogen Production Methods 3. Water Electrolysis 83 Seiji Kasahara 4. Steam Electrolysis 99 Ryutaro Hino, Kazuya Yamada, and Shigeo Kasai 5. Thermochemical Decomposition of Water 117 Seiji Kasahara and Kaoru Onuki 6. Conversion of Hydrocarbons 155 Karl Verfondern and Yoshiyuki Inagaki 7. Biomass Method 165 Jun-ichiro Hayashi 8. Radiolysis of Water 177 Ryuji Nagaishi and Yuta Kumagai Section III Nuclear Hydrogen Production Systems 9. Water Reactor 191 Charles W. Forsberg, Kazuyuki Takase, and Toru Nakatsuka viii Contents © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 10. High-Temperature Gas Reactor 211 Xing L. Yan, Ryutaro Hino, and Kazutaka Ohashi 11. Sodium Fast Reactor 293 Takamichi Iwamura and Yoshiyuki Inagaki 12. Gas Fast Reactor 317 Yoshiyuki Inagaki and Takamichi Iwamura 13. Fluoride Salt Advanced High-Temperature Reactor 329 Per F. Peterson and Edward D. Blandford 14. STAR-H2: A Pb-Cooled, Long Refueling Interval Reactor for HydrogenProduction 347 David C. Wade 15. Fusion Reactor Hydrogen Production 377 Yican Wu and Hongli Chen Section IV Applied Science and Technology 16. High-Temperature Electrolysis of Steam 417 James E. O’Brien, Carl M. Stoots, and J. Stephen Herring 17. Thermochemical Iodine–Sulfur Process 461 Kaoru Onuki, Shinji Kubo, Nobuyuki Tanaka, and Seiji Kasahara 18. The Hybrid Sulfur Cycle 499 Maximilian B. Gorensek and William A. Summers 19. Nuclear Coal Gasication 547 Karl Verfondern 20. Nuclear Steam Reforming of Methane 555 Yoshiyuki Inagaki and Karl Verfondern 21. Hydrogen Plant Construction and Process Materials 571 Shinji Kubo and Hiroyuki Sato 22. Nuclear Hydrogen Production Process Reactors 603 Atsuhiko Terada and Hiroaki Takegami 23. Nuclear Hydrogen Production Plant Safety 639 Tetsuo Nishihara, Yujiro Tazawa, and Yoshiyuki Inagaki 24. Nuclear Hydrogen Plant Operations and Products 661 Hiroyuki Sato and Hirofumi Ohashi Contents ix © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 25. Licensing Framework for Nuclear Hydrogen Production Plant 679 Yujiro Tazawa Section V Worldwide Research and Development 26. Hydrogen Production and Applications PrograminArgentina 695 Ana E. Bohé and Horacio E.P. Nassini 27. Nuclear Hydrogen Production Development in China 725 Jingming Xu, Ping Zhang, and Bo Yu 28. European Union Activities on Using Nuclear Power for Hydrogen Production 739 Karl Verfondern 29. HTTR-IS Nuclear Hydrogen Demonstration Program in Japan 751 Nariaki Sakaba, Hirofumi Ohashi, and Hiroyuki Sato 30. Nuclear Hydrogen Project in Korea 767 Won Jae Lee 31. NGNP and NHI Programs of the U.S. Department ofEnergy 777 Matt Richards and Robert Buckingham 32. International Development of Fusion Energy 795 Satoshi Konishi Section VI Appendices Appendix A: Chemical, Thermodynamic, and Transport Properties of Pure Compounds andSolutions 801 Seiji Kasahara Appendix B: Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Coolants for NuclearReactors Considered for Hydrogen Production 837 Seiji Kasahara xi© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Foreword Two enabling technologies for nuclear hydrogen production existed as early as the 1950s. Soon after President Dwight D. Eisenhower of the United States of America spoke about the Atoms for Peace plan to the United Nations General Assembly in 1953, ground was broken for the construction of Shippingport, the rst large-scale nuclear power generating plant in the world. The light water reactor went online in 1957, and hundreds more civilian reactors were to follow. At the time electrolysis had been in practice for decades. However, direct combina- tion of the two able to mass produce hydrogen (a manufacturing material in high demand) was not sought after in the market because of plentiful and more affordable oil and natural gas (the hydrocarbon fuels), off which hydrogen can be stripped via a chemical route. Today, the world demand for the fossil fuels has risen fourfold and the price for them more than doubled. Their proven reserves are estimated to run dry in another 40 and 60years for oil and natural gas, respectively, at current paces of use. On the day of my writ- ing this foreword, the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP15) gathered 192 nations in Copenhagen, Denmark for negotiation of an international agreement to limit air-borne emission of climate-altering carbon dioxide gas, a product of fossil fuel con- sumption. Many came to this meeting with a pledge of deep emission cuts by 2020 includ- ing 17% below the 2006 national level in the United States, 25% in Japan and Russia, and 30% in the European Union below the 1990 levels. The threat of climate change is too great to people all around the world and a global accord to mitigate it is imperative. The Japan Atomic Energy Agency has recently formulated a Nuclear Energy Vision 2100 that proposes how nuclear energy may contribute to a low-carbon society. Relying on a sus- tainable mix of fast and thermal neutron spectrum ssion reactors and future magnetic inertial fusion reactors, our Vision seeks, together with renewable energy and energy ef- ciency saving, to reduce carbon emission by 25% and 90% below the 1990 level in the coming decade and by the end of the century, respectively, in Japan (our nation is now 16% above that level). In particular, nuclear hydrogen is called upon to replace the majority of fossil fuels used today in the transportation sector through fuel cell engines and in the manufacturing sector through alternative industrial processes such as direct hydrogen reduction of iron ore for steelmaking. In my ofcial capacities in JAEA and AESJ, I am advised by scientists, notably Dr. Xing Yan and Dr. Ryutaro Hino who have over 50 years of collective experience, in the eld. I nd that scientists here and abroad have invented more technologies to produce nuclear hydrogen since the dawn of peacetime atomic energy. Besides electrolysis, there are ther- mochemical, hybrid chemical, thermal reforming, and radiolysis methods combined with several designs of nuclear reactors and systems and with minimal or zero carbon emis- sion. The details of the sciences, engineering, and production applications of these tech- nologies are included in the Nuclear Hydrogen Production Handbook. Through development, in which signicant public and private interests are currently engaged, these technologies are expected to be put to wide uses, to serve humanity in a low-carbon world. Dr. Hideaki Yokomizo Executive Director, Japan Atomic Energy Agency President, Atomic Energy Society of Japan [...]... by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 12 Nuclear Hydrogen Production Handbook TABLE 1.3 Estimated Coal Feeds and Emissions of Direct CTL Using Coal-Sourced Hydrogen and Nuclear Hydrogen Coal-Derived Hydrogen Synfuel production capacity Synfuel production process Process heat and power supply Coal consumption Hydrogen supply CO2 emissions a Nuclear Hydrogen 250,000 BPDa Direct coal liquefaction Coal-fired plant... Francis Group, LLC 10 Nuclear Hydrogen Production Handbook times the mass of hydrogen produced based on current performance of industrial natural gas reformer plant) Hydrogen can be produced from other sources In 2002, Iceland produced 2000 tonnes of hydrogen by hydropower electrolysis for the production of ammonia Future options can include hydrogen produced from water by nuclear, solar, and wind energy... gravity of 0.0708 at the boiling point (−282.78°C) and is about 7% the density of water A leak of liquid hydrogen, which is 59 times heavier than air, would evaporate © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 6 Nuclear Hydrogen Production Handbook and rise quickly in ambient air due to the low boiling point and specific gravity of hydrogen 1.2.3 Chemical Property Hydrogen forms a vast array of compounds with... outer space and that it is chemically active and readily forms compounds with other elements Notable compounds containing hydrogen include organic matters and water In fact, the oceans are the largest terrestrial reservoir of hydrogen This handbook concerns the subject of producing hydrogen by splitting it off various chemical compounds including water and describes a range of processes and technologies,... from the hydrogenation of vegetable (soybean, sunflower, corn, etc.) oils and some unsaturated animal fats • Chemical manufacturing for soaps, plastics, ointments, and so on by hydrogenating nonedible oils; chemical production of methanol (CH3OH), a common industrial chemical (H3OCl) (of worldwide demand of about 30 million tonnes a year) © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 12 Nuclear Hydrogen Production. .. primary nuclear energy into chemical energy of product hydrogen Hydrogen can be produced from nuclear energy in such manners and quantities that suffice it as a clean and widely available fuel to substitute the fossil fuel uses across the economy, including transportation, stationary and mobile power generation, and energy sources for business, hospital, and home, while meeting substantial demand for hydrogen. .. today and 2050 Regarding the large-scale hydrogen production, in the early phase up to 2020, hydrogen production will rely on steam reforming of natural gas, electrolysis, and by-product contributions On the longer term, by 2050, production will be based on centralized electrolysis and thermochemistry from renewable feedstock and CO2-free or lean sources (coal and natural gas with carbon capture and. .. fuel tank Alternatively, hydrogen may be stored and resupplied via hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of various types of hydrides such as saline (e.g., NaH), covalent (e.g., NaAlH4), and interstitial (e.g., Pd) hydrides The density of hydrogen gas (H2) is 0.08375 kg/m3 and specific volume is 11.940 m3/kg at standard conditions of 20°C and 101.325 kPa To estimate density ρ (and specific volume being... Furnace 31 1.5 Hydrogen Production 35 1.5.1 General Requirements 35 1.5.2 Chemical Reforming 36 1.5.3 Electrolysis 39 1.5.4 Thermochemical Process 41 1.6 Summary and Conclusions .44 References 45 © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 3 4 Nuclear Hydrogen Production Handbook 1.1 Introduction Hydrogen, though... demand for hydrogen by tationary applications than for transportation, which is actually reflected s © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 16 Nuclear Hydrogen Production Handbook (Gm3/Year) Amount of hydrogen demand 60 Fuel cell for household Fuel cell vehicle 54.4 38.7 40 10 GW 20 15 million cars 5 million cars 2.1 GW 50,000 cars 0 12.5 GW 7.3 0.15 2000 2010 2020 Year 2030 FIGURE 1.5 Hydrogen demands . all levels of understanding. NUCLEAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION H A N D B O O K Nuclear Hydrogen Production H a n d b o o k GREEN CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Series Editor:. industry (agriculture, oil, chemical, and steel, etc.). Packed with details about the science, engineering, and production involved in nuclear hydrogen generation, this handbook presents: . Atomic Energy Agency, the Nuclear Hydrogen Production Handbook is an unrivalled overview of current and future pros- pects for the effective production of hydrogen via nuclear energy. Combining