encyclopedia of energy research and policy

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENERGY RESEARCH AND POLICY No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENERGY RESEARCH AND POLICY A L ZENFORA EDITOR Nova Science Publishers, Inc New York Copyright © 2010 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Available upon request ISBN 978-1-61324-544-6 (eBook) Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc  New York CONTENTS Preface xi Research and Review Studies Chapter Energy Markets United States Government Accountability Office Chapter Three-Dimensional Simulation of Base Carrier Transport Effects in Back Side Point Contact Silicon Solar Cells K Kotsovos and K Misiakos 53 Multiple Effect Distillation of Seawater Water Using Solar Energy – The Case of Abu Dhabi Solar Desalination Plant Ali M El-Nashar 85 Solid State Organic Photoelectrochemical Solar Energy Conversion Based on Conjugated Substituted Polythiophenes Teketel Yohannes 159 Chapter Chapter Chapter A New Approach to Hybrid Systems of Renewable Energy Utilization Yu.V Vorobiev, J Gonzalez-Hernandez, P Gorley, P Horley and L Bulat 201 Chapter Dye-Sensitized Nano SnO2:TiO2 Solar Cells Weon-Pil Tai Chapter Strategies for Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions - The Case of Botswana Rural Communities C Ketlogetswe and T.H Mothudi 231 The Applying of Coatings and Surface Thermal Treatment of Materials in Solar Furnaces: Theory and Experiments V.V Pasichny and B.A Uryukov 245 Chapter 219 vi Chapter Chapter 10 Contents Transparent Conductive Layers of Tin, Indium, and Cadmium Oxides for Solar Cells Yu.V Vorobiev, J Gonzalez-Hernandez, P Gorley, V Khomyak, S Bilichuk, V Grechko and P Horley Dynamic Impedance Characterization of Solar Cells and PV Modules Based on Frequency and Time Domain Analyses D Chenvidhya, K Kirtikara and C Jivacate Chapter 11 Wind Energy Technology Overview United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management Chapter 12 Federal and State Regulatory Requirements Potentially Applicable to Wind Energy Projects United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management 277 301 327 367 Chapter 13 Commercial Wind Energy Projects United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management Chapter 14 Biomass And Bioenergy Research In Tropical Africa: State Of The Art, Challenges And Future Directions Jonathan C Onyekwelu and Shadrach O Akindele 385 Poplar Biomass of Short Rotation Plantations as Renewable Energy Raw Material Bojana Klasnja, Sasa Orlovic, Zoran Galic and Milan Drekic 419 Biobased Polymers by Chemical Valorization of Biomass Components B Kamm, M Kamm, I Scherze, G Muschiolik and U Bindrich 449 Experimental Analysis of Small Combustion Thermal Systems Based on Pellets J.C Morán, J.L Míguez, E Granada and J Porteiro 481 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Negative Emission Biomass Technologies in an Uncertain Climate Future Kenneth Möllersten, Zuzana Chladná, Miroslav Chladný and Michael Obersteiner A Review of the Socio-Economic and Environmental Benefits of Biomass Gasification Based Power Plant: Lessons from India Kakali Mukhopadhyay The Energy Balance and Fuel Properties of Biodiesel Mustafa Acaroglu and Mahmut Ünaldı 377 501 549 589 Contents Chapter 21 An Experimental Study on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Various Biodiesels Nazim Usta Chapter 22 New Materials from Lignin Carlo Bonini and Maurizio D’Auria Chapter 23 Offgas Recycle for Increased Heat Production from Aerobic Thermophilic Treatment of Swine Waste: Pilot Studies and FullScale Design James W Blackburn, Zhe Wang and Mahesh Mudragaddam Chapter 24 Nuclear Dynamics Modelling by Recurrent Neural Networks F Cadini, E Zio and N Pedroni 675 Chapter 25 Primary Cosmic Ray Studies Based on Atmospheric Cherenkov Light Technique at High-Mountain Altitude A.L Mishev, S Cht Mavrodiev and J.N Stamenov Chapter 26 Development of Subchannel Analysis Code for CANDU-SCWR Yu Jiyang, Wang Songtao, Jia Baoshan Chapter 27 Application of Best Estimate Computational Tools for Safety Accident Analysis in Nuclear Plants Anis Bousbia Salah, Tewfik Hamidouche and Francesco D’Auria vii 603 625 653 675 731 779 811 Chapter 28 Advanced Fuel Fusion Reactors: Towards a Zero-waste Option Massimo Zucchetti 829 Chapter 29 Solar Thermal Power Generation on Mars Viorel Badescu 843 Chapter 30 Equilibrium Phases in Zirconium Alloys of Concern to the Nuclear Industry: Isothermal Sections of the Zr-Cr-Sn and Zr-Cr-Ti Systems S.F Aricó, R.O González and L.M Gribaudo 893 Nuclear Nonproliferation: IAEA Safeguards and Other Measures to Halt the Spread of Nuclear Weapons and Material Gene Aloise 915 Radial-Bias-Combustion and Central-Fuel-Rich Swirl Pulverized Coal Burners for Wall-Fired Boilers Zhengqi Li 939 Chapter 31 Chapter 32 Chapter 33 Chapter 34 Fuel Cell Combined Cycle Power Generation System Installed into Micro-Grid Shin’ya Obara 1061 Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources: A Multi-Criteria Evaluation Framework of Technologies Fausto Cavallaro 1107 viii Contents Chapter 35 Gas Turbines and Electric Distribution System Francisco Jurado 1139 Chapter 36 Micro CCHP: Future Residential Energy Center R Z Wang and D W Wu 1173 Chapter 37 Sensitivity Calculation in Real Time Transmission Network and Energy Markets Jizhong Zhu 1199 Wide-Area Monitoring and Analysis of Inter-Area Oscillations Using the Hilbert-Huang Transform A R Messina, M A Andrade and E Barocio 1219 Chapter 38 Chapter 39 Unconventional Problems in Power Systems Protection Mahmoud Gilany and Mohamed A Mahmoud Chapter 40 BME-Generated Temperature Maps of the Nea Kessani Geothermal Field Konstantinos Modis, Hwa-Lung Yu, George Christakos, Robert Stewart and George Papantonopoulos Chapter 41 Chapter 42 Chapter 43 Chapter 44 Chapter 45 1251 1265 Advances in Studies of Thermal-Fluid Geochemistry and Hydrothermal Resources in China Jianguo Du, Youlian Zhang and Heping Li 1281 A Comparative Analysis of the Geothermal Fields of Larderello and MT Amiata, Italy Giovanni Gianelli 1321 Sedimentary Characteristics of Coal Beds in Intramontane Basins (Massif Central, France) Wang Hua and Xiao Jun 1349 Coupling of Thermal and Chemical Simulations in a 3-D Integrated Magma Chamber-Reservoir Model: A New Geothermal Energy Research Frontier Surendra P Verma and Jorge Andaverde Determination of the Damage Effect in Geothermal Wells Using Inflow Type Curves A A Aragón, S L Moya and A M C Suárez 1361 1403 Expert Commentaries 1443 Commentary A Innovative Techniques for the Simulation and Control of Nuclear Power Plants Antonio Cammi and Lelio Luzzi 1445 Contents ix Commentary B Analysis and Characterization of Complex Inter-Area Oscillations from Measured Data: A Time-Frequency Perspective A R Messina, E Barocio and M A Andrade 1449 Index 1453 1482 Index particulate matter, 591, 594 partition, 1395 passivation, 62, 178 passive, 735, 1290 passive techniques, 735 pasture, 478 pathways, 420, 838, 1113, 1341 pattern recognition, xxi, 675 payback period, 1180 Pb, 155, 1324, 1400 PCBs, 376 PCs, 1368 PCT, 477 PDEs, 1446 PDI, 262 peak demand, 1142 peat, xxx, 422, 1349, 1350, 1356, 1357, 1358 pectin, 466 pectins, 452 PEMFC, 1105, 1179, 1180, 1182, 1183, 1185, 1192, 1194 penalties, 510 penalty, 510, 523 Pennsylvania, 351 pepsin, 469 peptide, 469, 479 per capita, 551 perception, 238, 580 percolation, 1388 perfect gas, 1145 perforation, 1421 performance indicator, 864 performers, 1134, 1135 periodic, 10, 40, 171, 238, 305, 1246, 1400, 1450 periodicity, 694, 1397 peri-urban, 403 permeability, xxx, 1328, 1335, 1338, 1339, 1341, 1342, 1414, 1415, 1437, 1440 permeation, xx, 625 peroxidation, 601 Persia, 333, 596 Persian Gulf, 596 personal communication, 362, 363 personal computers, xxxi, 1361, 1375, 1387 perspective, 340, 475 perturbations, 1231, 1451 Peru, 932 pesticide, 395, 463 petrochemical, 450, 472 petrographic, 1325 petroleum products, xi, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 49, 50, 390, 420, 1181 Petrology, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1394, 1395, 1397, 1398 pH, 115, 422, 424, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 473, 476, 656, 1301, 1302, 1308, 1338 pH values, 1301, 1302 Phalaris arundinacea, 460, 461 pharmaceutical, 455, 463, 472 pharmacodynamics, 600 pharmacological, 463 phase boundaries, xxv, 894, 904 phase diagram, 895, 904, 908, 910, 913, 1032, 1335 phase transformation, 269, 894, 895, 896 phase transitions, 896 phasor measurement units (PMUs), xxviii, 1219, 1237 phenolic, 466, 467, 478, 626, 628, 644 phenolic compounds, 466, 467, 478 Philippines, 932, 1283 philosophy, 567, 755 phonons, 290 phosphoric acid fuel cell, 1185 phosphorus, 424 photocorrosion, xii, 159, 161, 178, 183 photodegradation, 640, 644 photoelectrical, xii, 160, 185 photons, 78, 181, 183, 186, 188, 190, 191, 208, 219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 226, 734, 736, 738, 739, 743, 750, 751, 756, 757, 759, 760, 765, 766, 771 photoresponse, 191 photosynthesis, 426, 427, 428, 429, 442, 446, 450, 455, 503, 504 photosynthetic, 160, 161, 446, 590 photovoltaic, xi, xiv, xxiii, 159, 160, 161, 177, 178, 182, 190, 202, 203, 204, 208, 213, 217, 236, 238, 239, 240, 244, 277, 280, 292, 458, 555, 843, 844, 887, 1120, 1128 photovoltaic cells, xxiii, 161, 843, 887 photovoltaic devices, xi, 159, 161, 178, 182 Photovoltaic Solar Panel, xii, 201, 202 photovoltaics, 194, 278, 279 phthalocyanines, 161 phyllosilicates, 1331 physical properties, 169, 266, 515, 650, 1369, 1372, 1376, 1414 physicochemical, 246, 267, 466, 475 physicochemical properties, 475 physico-chemical properties, 168, 465 physicochemical transformation, 267 physics, xxi, 163, 164, 171, 183, 194, 691, 694, 731, 732, 735, 754, 762, 833, 891, 1144, 1222, 1392 Index physiological, 426, 428, 429, 442, 445, 446, 464, 466, 474 physiology, 446, 474 pigments, 453, 455, 466, 470 pilot study, 237 pions, 746 Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, 8, 16, 46 pipelines, xxvii, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 16, 19, 20, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 50, 510, 522, 525, 943, 1139, 1143, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1165, 1166, 1168 PISA, xxiii, 812 pitch, 116, 123, 155, 336, 339, 344, 352, 357, 1000, 1002 plagioclase, 1326, 1330, 1331, 1372, 1381 planar, 54, 165 planetary, 329, 1347 planned investment, 45 planning, xxvi, 93, 118, 244, 394, 488, 559, 581, 924, 1061, 1107, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1115, 1117, 1136, 1137, 1151, 1191 planning decisions, 1112 plasma, xxiii, 246, 250, 278, 280, 281, 829, 830, 833, 834, 835, 836, 838, 839, 840 plasma current, 834 plastic, xxx, 162, 262, 452, 632, 639, 736, 1322, 1327, 1339, 1341, 1342 plastic deformation, 639, 1339, 1342 plasticizer, 266 plastics, 342, 357, 397, 469, 626 platforms, 335 platinum, 96, 167, 184, 221, 425, 1029, 1182 Pleistocene, 1322, 1394 PLUS, 519 plutonium, 830, 918, 920, 922, 926, 927, 934, 935, 936 PMMA, 213 PMS, 247 poisonous, 594 Poisson, 759, 765 Poisson distribution, 765 Poland, 49, 932, 934 polar groups, 469 polarization, 188, 856 policy makers, 43, 504, 556, 1112 political, 423 political affiliations, 583 politicians, 1200 pollutant, xvii, xx, 481, 483, 654, 940, 1143 pollutants, xiii, 13, 16, 23, 231, 482, 554, 594, 940, 1126, 1134 1483 pollution, xiii, xviii, xix, 41, 86, 231, 401, 470, 550, 552, 570, 603, 604, 656, 940, 1026, 1029, 1114, 1300 Pollution Prevention Act, 374 poly(methyl methacrylate), 651, 652 polyamides, 626 polyaniline, 163 polycarbonates, 472 polycrystalline, xiv, 161, 278, 280, 302, 325 polyelectrolytes, 465 polyene, 462 polyester, 472, 648, 649 polyesters, xx, 625, 626, 645, 648, 649, 650 polyethylene, xx, 625, 626, 632, 635, 637, 641, 643, 650, 652 polyethylenes, 626, 631, 643, 644, 650 polymer blends, xx, 625, 652 polymer chains, 176, 626, 644 polymer composites, 643, 644 polymer electrolytes, xii, 160, 162, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 183, 190 polymer film, 168, 178, 183, 184, 189, 190, 192 polymer films, 178, 184, 190 polymer materials, xii, 159, 161 polymer matrix, 168, 176, 644 polymer molecule, 177 polymer networks, 651 polymer structure, 174, 452 polymer synthesis, 169 polymer-based, 186 polymeric materials, xvi, 449, 472, 626, 649 polymerization, 162, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 183 polymerization process, 168 polymers, xi, xii, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 182, 183, 189, 190, 451, 452, 460, 472, 626, 628, 631, 633, 634, 637, 639, 640, 641, 643, 644, 649, 650 polynomial, 100, 107, 1407 polynomials, 485, 699 polyolefins, 650 polypeptides, 468 polyphosphazene, 175 polypropylene, 626, 642, 644, 650 polysaccharides, 452, 459, 462, 466, 473 polystyrene, xx, 489, 625, 627, 632, 637, 641, 643, 644, 650 polythiophenes, xii, 159, 160, 162, 164, 166, 167, 173, 183, 184, 187, 190, 194 polyurethanes, xx, 472, 625, 626, 645, 646, 647, 648, 650, 651, 867 polyvinylacetate, 626 polyvinylchloride, 626 polyvinylpyrrolidone, 466 1484 Index population growth, xv, 385 population size, 236 pore, 665, 674, 1341 pores, 280 pork, 462, 665 porosity, 219, 1328, 1330 porous, 219, 221, 223, 1183, 1317, 1396 porphyrins, 161 portability, xii, 160, 162, 183 portfolio, 503, 507, 539 ports, 5, 10, 14, 15, 16, 33, 38, 43, 489, 525, 1044, 1446 Portugal, 49, 500, 932, 934, 1056, 1283 positive correlation, 428 potassium, 863, 1183, 1185 potato, 456, 462, 470 potential energy, 424, 1296 poultry, 467 poverty, xviii, 386, 391, 402, 403, 550, 559, 561, 579 poverty line, xviii, 550, 559, 561 powder, xx, 162, 164, 469, 625, 897, 914 powders, 163, 468, 975 power lines, 1109 Power plant, 569, 577, 1027 power stations, xviii, 422, 510, 523, 550, 580, 584, 892, 1109 powers, 302, 372, 883, 1168 PPM, 350 PPO, 174 Prandtl, 860, 861 precipitation, 160, 261, 262, 387, 388, 465, 474, 478, 901, 1294, 1315, 1341, 1343, 1396, 1415 prediction, xxi, 340, 357, 359, 486, 675, 679, 694, 695, 696, 697, 724, 727, 728, 729, 813, 814, 818, 824, 1056, 1142, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1157, 1358, 1391, 1404, 1406, 1439, 1451 pre-existing, 1121, 1341 preference, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120 premium, 22, 76, 585, 1190 preparation, xx, 14, 122, 167, 413, 433, 440, 442, 457, 463, 465, 466, 467, 568, 625, 626, 629, 648, 650 prepolymer, xx, 625, 645, 646, 647 present value, 146, 1113, 1114 press, xvi, 399, 412, 413, 416, 417, 449, 450, 453, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 477, 546, 547, 575, 599, 776, 1103, 1104, 1196, 1441 pressure gauge, 1062 prevention, 114, 152, 469 preventive, 144, 146, 1404 PRI, 340, 361 price effect, 4, 10, 39 price signals, 9, 22, 515, 538 price stability, 43 primaries, 743, 744, 745, 747, 749, 750, 751, 752, 753, 754, 762, 763, 764, 765, 766, 770, 771, 773, 774, 775 priming, 116, 118 principle, 334, 335, 451, 452, 472, 473, 505, 509 printing, 98, 575, 913 prior knowledge, 1272 private, 4, 8, 11, 32, 37, 40, 41, 50, 239, 394, 395, 396, 398, 562, 584, 1113, 1121 private sector, 4, 11, 41, 394, 395, 396, 398, 562 private sector investment, 562 private-sector, 398 probability, xxviii, 190, 718, 1111, 1253, 1254, 1263, 1265, 1267, 1308 probability density function, 718, 1267 probability distribution, xxviii, 1265 probe, 282, 293, 897, 954, 1005, 1006, 1044, 1398 problem space, 529 procedures, xxii, 16, 221, 242, 316, 342, 360, 367, 678, 711, 735, 761, 811, 813, 819, 821, 926, 935 process, 451, 454, 456, 460, 461, 465, 466, 467, 469, 472, 473, 476, 477, 478, 479, 848, 849, 850, 851, 855, 856, 892 process control, 655, 668 producers, 27, 606, 1109, 1151 product market, 3, 9, 11, 16, 21, 40 production costs, 528, 1121 productive capacity, 430 productivity, 215, 391, 392, 393, 394, 404, 414, 416, 417, 430, 433, 444, 447, 505, 595, 1388, 1406, 1407, 1411, 1412, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1421, 1422, 1438 profit, 5, 35, 402, 527, 528, 529, 578, 1113 profit margin, 5, 35, 578 profitability, 9, 19, 23, 27, 45, 578, 669, 674 profits, 4, 9, 23, 26, 28, 29, 30, 46, 578 progenitors, 333 programming, 97, 679, 1149, 1150, 1157, 1172, 1191, 1196, 1387 proliferation, xxv, xxxi, 5, 13, 17, 27, 31, 38, 43, 780, 830, 915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 925, 926, 927, 935, 1445 PROMETHEE II, 1135 promote, 176, 193, 238, 241, 267, 398, 399, 423 propagation, xxviii, 169, 268, 341, 353, 421, 678, 679, 682, 694, 706, 728, 729, 733, 734, 736, 737, 824, 967, 1025, 1220, 1239, 1242, 1249, 1400 propane, 165, 669, 1176, 1183 properties, 452, 460, 463, 466, 467, 468, 469, 470, 473, 474, 476, 477, 479, 480, 849, 856 property, xxii, 185, 234, 258, 484, 779, 786, 794, 941, 1179, 1284, 1301, 1369, 1370, 1377, 1378 Index proportionality, 253, 881, 1062 propylene, 174, 472 protected area, 417 protective coating, 247 protein, 450, 455, 462, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 470, 471, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 606, 655, 671 protein denaturation, 470 protein function, 471 protein structure, 463, 474 proteins, xvi, 449, 452, 453, 455, 460, 462, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 627, 656 proteolysis, 467 proteolytic enzyme, 466, 469 protocol, 232, 244, 918, 924 protocols, xiii, 231, 233, 238, 240, 594, 924 proton exchange membrane, xxv, 1061, 1063 protons, xxi, 628, 732, 735, 739, 743, 745, 748, 751, 752, 753, 756, 757, 758, 759, 760, 761, 762, 763, 765, 770, 772, 773, 774, 775, 833, 834 prototype, 213, 336, 421, 1126, 1178, 1179 proxy, 1335 PSA, 629, 631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 728, 822 PSD, 629, 631, 632, 634, 635, 636, 637, 639, 640, 641, 643, 644 pseudo, 659, 660, 664, 749, 895 Pseudomonas, 601 PSG, 578 PST, 1130, 1133, 1134, 1135 p-type, 56, 163, 180, 181, 189, 192, 204, 205 public, xxiii, 8, 16, 28, 40, 41, 238, 241, 243, 244, 347, 394, 397, 584, 829, 830, 831, 840, 921, 1108, 1111, 1114 public enterprises, 394 public funds, 584 public interest, 243, 1108 public safety, 8, 41 public schools, 241 public sector, 1114 publishers, 415 pulp, xvii, 444, 459, 460, 482, 502, 507, 508, 509, 514, 515, 516, 517, 519, 520, 521, 522, 523, 525, 526, 527, 532, 538, 541, 542, 543, 545, 546, 547, 652 pulp mill, 502, 507, 508, 514, 516, 520, 523, 525, 526, 527, 532, 538, 542 pulsars, 755 pulse, 95, 97, 98, 249, 278, 279, 823, 836 pump, 821, 826 pumping, 116, 128, 130, 141, 145, 155, 552, 553, 554, 556, 569, 578, 668, 1300, 1362, 1390, 1438 1485 pumps, 116, 117, 121, 140, 555, 566, 578, 579, 580, 1446 purchasing power, 577 pure water, 608, 659, 1414, 1415 purification, 225, 454, 460, 463, 466, 469, 474 PVC, 208, 212, 651 PVM, 216, 816 pyramidal, 56, 62, 355 pyrite, 1354 pyrolysis, xix, 278, 292, 398, 401, 483, 553, 590, 603, 605 Q Qatar, 932 quadratic programming, 1149, 1157 qualifications, 813 quality, 452, 453, 460, 461, 467, 476, 479, 876, 877, 879, 889 quality control, 357 quality of life, xviii, 550, 554, 561, 568, 570, 571, 573, 579, 584, 1110, 1114 quanta, xxi, 731, 732, 736, 739, 741, 745, 746, 747, 751, 752, 754, 755, 756, 757, 758, 759, 760, 761, 762, 772, 773, 774, 775 quantum, 190, 205, 206, 208, 225, 770 quantum dots, 205 quartz, 277, 897, 1326, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1333, 1339, 1341, 1352, 1354, 1398 quasi-equilibrium state, 821 quasi-periodic, 1246, 1450 quaternary systems, xxiv, 893 R R&D, xv, 327, 346, 353, 355, 356, 358, 359, 1121, 1122 radial distance, 759 radiation, 99, 122, 123, 152, 252, 848, 859, 1061 radiation detectors, 735, 736 radical, 168, 172, 916, 917, 920 radio, 236, 248, 263, 278, 280, 297, 573, 844, 866, 946, 947, 951 radioactive waste, xxiii, xxxi, 829, 830, 831, 832, 840, 1445 radiological, 831, 832, 840, 934, 935 radionuclides, 831 radius, 155, 253, 254, 255, 259, 745, 834, 835, 852, 946, 949, 954, 955, 978, 980, 993, 1036, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1368, 1371, 1377, 1410, 1416, 1417 radon, 1302 rail, 5, 7, 14, 37, 38, 49 rain, 392, 393, 414, 594 rain forest, 392, 393, 414 1486 Index rainfall, 126, 233, 386, 388, 393 rainforest, 404, 415, 417 random, xxviii, 165, 174, 680, 691, 692, 707, 708, 715, 718, 721, 897, 1053, 1111, 1156, 1158, 1159, 1265, 1266, 1271, 1277, 1451 randomness, 528 rape, 604, 611, 623 rating scale, 1128 ratings, 348, 352 rationality, 1111 reactants, 1144 reaction mechanism, 168 reaction temperature, 608, 1092 reaction time, xix, 591, 604, 1404 reactive nitrogen, 1043 reactivity, 470, 714, 715, 716, 717, 718, 722, 724, 728, 819, 822, 823 reading, 98, 1373, 1436 reagent, 645 reagents, 178, 473 real terms, 30 real time, 676, 718, 770, 774, 1100, 1109, 1200, 1202, 1216 reality, 72, 239, 338, 343, 515, 525, 576, 657, 1115, 1266 real-time basis, 1244, 1248 recall, 678 reception, 264 recession, 5, 14 reclamation, 371, 423, 468, 565 recognition, xxi, 4, 10, 40, 232, 389, 486, 503, 675, 678 recombination, 53, 56, 57, 62, 63, 66, 70, 73, 74, 76, 181, 183, 193, 220, 226, 227 reconcile, 403 reconstruction, 588, 736, 737, 738, 745, 747, 754, 760, 761, 765, 766, 768, 770, 774, 775, 943 record keeping, 574 recovery, 39, 397, 465, 466, 476, 477, 502, 508, 510, 512, 514, 515, 517, 519, 520, 523, 525, 542, 585, 651, 654, 655, 656, 671, 672, 673, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1181, 1342, 1438 recrystallized, 1331 rectification, 188 rectilinear, 252 Recurrent Neural Networks, xxi, 675, 676, 677, 699, 724, 727, 729 recycling, xviii, 473, 550, 554, 664, 831, 832, 836, 840 redox, xii, 160, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 189, 192, 194, 220, 228, 1308, 1333 refineries, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 19, 20, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31, 34, 35, 36, 397, 451, 1109 refiners, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 16, 19, 22, 23, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 35, 36, 44, 45 refinery capacity, 9, 14, 19, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 refining, xi, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 44, 45, 50, 458, 598, 621 reflection, 72, 77, 161, 253, 254, 258, 266, 278, 342, 1335, 1404 reflectivity, 62 reforms, 925 refractive index, 975, 976 refractory, 241, 246 refrigerant, 1186, 1187, 1189 refrigeration, 1179, 1188, 1190, 1195 regenerate, 523 regeneration, 220, 523, 881, 883, 885, 890, 1189 regression, xix, xxxi, 399, 400, 484, 486, 589, 660, 666, 672, 1362, 1375, 1387, 1424, 1436 regression analysis, 484 regression equation, 399, 400, 484 regression line, 486 regression method, 1375, 1424, 1436 regressions, 493, 672, 1385, 1441 regrowth, 466 regular, xvi, xix, 5, 113, 174, 396, 421, 481, 485, 576, 589, 1072, 1087 regulation, 10, 40, 368, 370, 468 regulations, xv, xvii, 13, 15, 16, 27, 41, 367, 481, 499, 1109, 1121, 1181 regulators, 18, 41, 1151 regulatory bodies, 813 Regulatory Commission, 3, 5, 8, 11, 46, 48, 576, 586 regulatory oversight, 42 rehabilitation, 241 rehydration, 221 Reimann, 477, 651 rejection, 759, 1184, 1315 relaxation, 172, 635, 826, 1400 relevance, xviii, 550, 837, 1239, 1248, 1412 reliability, xi, xxvii, xxxi, 39, 40, 85, 86, 151, 152, 262, 335, 354, 357, 358, 359, 360, 402, 582, 724, 780, 824, 935, 1122, 1127, 1161, 1173, 1175, 1179, 1181, 1185, 1190, 1192, 1200, 1263, 1445 Reliability, 151, 728, 813, 935 remote sensing, 399, 400, 404 Renewable Fuel Standard, 22 renewable resource, xxvi, 590, 652, 1107 repair, 8, 42, 50, 347, 574, 1421 reparation, 1027 repetitions, 708, 716 replacement, 238, 355, 454, 577, 582 replacement rate, 577 replication, 529 Index reprocessing, 15, 831 reproduction, 263, 284 Republic of the Congo, 387, 929, 932 researchers, 161, 191, 345, 347, 395, 404 reserves, xix, 45, 50, 424, 603, 604, 1143, 1282, 1295 residential, xxvii, 234, 482, 500, 553, 1072, 1128, 1151, 1173, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1254 residential buildings, 1175, 1179, 1195 residuals, 456, 1274, 1327 residues, 389, 391, 403, 404, 420, 423, 489, 521, 539, 553, 554, 558, 576, 598, 649, 1126 resin, 262, 466, 472 resistive, xiv, 76, 277, 278, 280, 292, 307, 309, 321 resistivity, xiv, 204, 277, 278, 279, 280, 282, 284, 285, 288, 294, 295, 296, 297, 1288 resolution, 400, 676, 691, 736, 1117, 1190, 1450 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 376 response time, 305, 322, 1095 responsibilities, 917 restitution, 948 restoration, 114, 116, 130 retail, 5, 7, 9, 10, 14, 17, 19, 26, 43, 46 retardation, 402 retention, 466 retirement, 525, 526, 533, 535, 536, 537 returns, 26, 27, 28, 29, 42, 88, 91, 342, 934, 1223 revenue, xvii, 502, 527, 570, 574 Reynolds, 861, 955, 1152, 1153 Reynolds number, 955, 1152, 1153 rheology, 1388, 1397 rhodium, 1029 ribulose diphosphate, 474 rice, xvii, 4, 5, 35, 36, 149, 150, 333, 340, 390, 398, 502, 507, 527, 530, 531, 532, 543, 565, 572, 1114, 1202 rice field, 333 rigidity, 167, 262, 626, 643 rings, xxvi, 164, 166, 172, 252, 266, 627, 1107, 1447 risk, 34, 41, 512, 514, 515, 529, 533, 546, 575, 676, 724, 927, 1127, 1133, 1179 risk assessment, 724 risk profile, 1133 risks, 594, 926, 1110, 1134 Rita, 9, 19, 20, 21 river ports, 525 rivers, 422, 569 RNNs, xxi, 675, 676, 724 robotic, 844, 866 rocky, 344 rods, xxii, 364, 779, 781, 782, 786, 792, 1446 1487 ROI, 333, 343 Romania, 444, 445, 843, 932, 934 Rome, 414, 444, 445, 599 room temperature, 162, 174, 184, 205, 211, 212, 262, 263, 264, 282, 296, 425, 465, 895, 911 room-temperature, 264, 288, 291, 292, 296 root-mean-square, 958 rotations, 338, 343, 364, 396, 429, 430, 432, 433, 440, 442, 1068 roughness, 263, 955, 1151, 1152 routines, xi, 85 rovers, 844 Royal Society, 1249 rubber, 262, 388, 396, 459, 565, 579 rubber products, 262 rubbers, 266, 626 rubidium, 845, 863 ruminant, 462 rural areas, xv, xviii, 240, 333, 385, 390, 391, 401, 402, 403, 550, 551, 552, 553, 557, 559, 560, 576, 580, 581 rural communities, xiii, 231, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 241, 243, 398 rural development, 584, 586 rural people, 388 rural population, 244, 586 Russia, xxv, 201, 831, 915, 916, 917, 918, 926, 927, 928, 934, 935, 937, 942, 1283, 1292 Russian, xxiv, 195, 213, 845, 893, 894, 913, 914, 919, 927, 928, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937 rust, 118 ruthenium, 221, 228, 229 Rutherford, 1362, 1393 Rwanda, 388, 391, 409, 411, 932 S SAE, 620, 622, 623, 1103 Safe Drinking Water Act, 371 safeguard, xiii, 231, 240 safeguards, xxv, 915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 920, 921, 922, 923, 924, 925, 926, 933, 934, 936 safety, xxii, xxiii, xxxi, 8, 16, 41, 43, 45, 138, 143, 676, 725, 780, 811, 813, 814, 821, 822, 824, 826, 829, 830, 831, 833, 834, 840, 921, 935, 1109, 1110, 1149, 1445, 1447 sales, xix, 232, 572, 575, 589, 1439 saline, 86, 511, 512, 513, 524, 1334, 1335, 1338, 1342, 1422 salinity, 105, 106, 114, 1302, 1306, 1331, 1333, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1403, 1404, 1416, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1430, 1432, 1434, 1435, 1436 1488 Index salt, 101, 115, 139, 158, 173, 174, 175, 184, 1123, 1138, 1185, 1189, 1305, 1306, 1317, 1415, 1420 salts, 173, 174, 176, 466, 467, 472, 608, 1124, 1415, 1422 Samoa, 932 sample design, 658 sampling, 262, 400, 660, 718, 1018, 1044, 1062, 1070, 1071, 1079, 1084, 1085, 1087, 1095, 1147, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1234, 1303, 1308, 1390 sanctions, 918, 922 sand, 107, 117, 948 sandstones, 1353, 1354 saponins, 463, 467 satellite, 160, 216, 264, 267, 303, 400, 735, 867, 890, 921 satellite imagery, 921 satisfaction, 578, 745 saturated fat, 596 saturated fatty acids, 596 saturation, 57, 59, 62, 114, 188, 664 Saudi Arabia, 924, 932 savannah, 387, 388, 394, 404, 415 Savannah River Site, 927 savings, xxvi, 36, 399, 570, 572, 573, 580, 669, 672, 844, 1107, 1175, 1205 sawdust, 482 scalable, 1189 scaling, 117, 118, 136, 342, 357, 524, 539, 750, 1438 scanning calorimetry, xx, 625 scanning electron microscopy, xx, 280, 625 Scanning Electron Microscopy, 282 scarcity, 390, 392, 403, 523, 570, 586 scatter, 284, 739, 748, 749, 750, 751, 752, 753, 757, 758, 761, 763, 818, 1303, 1310 scattering, 222, 265, 285, 288, 290, 291, 296, 738, 855 scheduling, xxvii, 1199, 1200, 1205 Schottky barrier, 179, 186, 193, 216 science, 164, 178, 202, 247, 355, 866 scientific, 262, 327 scientific community, xxii, 812, 813, 830 scientific knowledge, xxii, 812, 813 scintillators, 735, 736 SCN, 176, 227, 228 SCO, 1009 SCW, 781, 794, 800, 802, 803, 807, 809 SDS, 464 sea level, 328, 338, 738 search, 252, 266, 414, 525, 552, 604, 688, 727, 749, 750, 751, 760, 916, 1108, 1115 searches, 921, 1071 searching, 739, 775, 1258 seasonal component, 19 seasonal variations, 340 seasonality, 19 Seattle, 1057 seawater, xi, 85, 86, 87, 88, 92, 102, 104, 105, 111, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 128, 129, 133, 139, 144, 147, 152, 153, 156, 1336 SEC, 1136 Secretary of State, 926 Secretary of Transportation, 44 security, xxxi, 43, 356, 539, 585, 916, 919, 926, 927, 934, 935, 936, 1142, 1190, 1200, 1445, 1451 Security Council, 917, 922 sedative, 596 sediment, 1296, 1310, 1356 sedimentation, xxx, 464, 1349, 1357, 1358, 1366, 1388 sediments, xxx, 1268, 1322, 1328, 1349, 1354, 1355, 1356 seed, xviii, xix, 415, 589, 596, 597, 598, 599, 604, 605, 606, 607, 608, 611, 621, 623, 975 seeding, 597, 975 seedlings, 395, 429, 439, 442 seeds, 422, 596, 599, 606 segregation, 1391 seismic, xxix, xxx, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1287, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1308, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1322, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1342 selecting, 315, 329, 332, 333, 551, 1111, 1126 selectivity, 1262 self, 360, 454, 554, 576, 586 Self, 362, 588, 693, 1396 self-consistency, 61, 694 SEM, 222, 282, 1341 SEM micrographs, 222 semi-arid, 413 semiconductor, xi, xii, xiii, 54, 57, 58, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 171, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 192, 201, 202, 204, 205, 208, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 226, 227, 285, 300 semiconductors, xii, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 170, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 186, 191, 192, 194, 205, 220, 226, 227, 228, 278, 300 semicrystalline polymers, 643 Senegal, 409, 411, 413, 415, 417, 932 sensing, 399, 400, 404 sensitivity, xxiii, xxvii, 468, 533, 537, 602, 676, 718, 727, 762, 812, 813, 824, 826, 1135, 1180, 1182, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1212, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1257, 1447 Sensitivity Analysis, 1209, 1217 sensors, 97, 169, 174, 215, 278, 1262 Index Serbia, 419, 422, 424, 932 service provider, 1108 services, iv, xvii, 15, 347, 388, 390, 395, 401, 501, 566, 567, 568, 569, 1108, 1126, 1151 SES, 1138 settlements, xviii, 237, 550, 573, 1134 sewage, 444, 461 Seychelles, 409, 932 SFT, 1200, 1201, 1205, 1206, 1208, 1216, 1385 SGP, 1347 shadow prices, 529, 530, 531, 1114 Shanghai, 500, 1173, 1176, 1297 shape, xxxi, 90, 225, 228, 306, 334, 339, 355, 468, 632, 643, 692, 696, 697, 732, 735, 743, 744, 745, 746, 756, 758, 762, 775, 817, 940, 954, 1326, 1341, 1362, 1368, 1439, 1445 shaping, 452, 781 shares, 403, 830, 1185 sharing, 404, 568, 926, 1079, 1083, 1087, 1088, 1200, 1247 shear, 174, 329, 355, 592, 967, 1339, 1341 shear rates, 592 shelter, 395 short period, 186, 252, 393 shortage, 7, 41, 86, 391, 421, 551, 559 shortages, 40, 421, 551 short-term, 402, 459, 460, 717, 724, 728, 1294, 1450 short-term memory, 728 shrubs, 388, 390, 400, 554 Siemens, 213 Sierra Leone, 388, 409, 411, 932 sigmoid, 692 sign, 180, 1207 signs, 637, 638 silica, xxx, 213, 948, 1189, 1195, 1310, 1322, 1341, 1394 silicate, 262, 1317, 1328, 1330, 1331, 1393 silicates, 1325, 1330, 1332, 1341, 1342 silicon, xi, xiv, 53, 54, 62, 76, 160, 161, 277, 281, 290, 302, 311, 325, 775, 1044, 1120, 1121 silk, 579 silver, 160, 173, 183 similarity, 174, 833, 1004, 1327, 1384 sine, 718 Singapore, 932 SiO2, 115, 1277, 1302, 1303, 1306, 1315, 1379, 1380, 1382, 1384, 1393 skilled labor, 30, 41 skills, 113, 404, 581, 918, 924 skin, 462, 1413, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1428, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1440 slag, 940, 941, 1052 Slovakia, 501, 932, 934 1489 Slovenia, 932, 934 sludge, 444, 461 small-scale business, xviii, 550, 584 smog, 594 smoke, 241, 401, 490, 491, 492, 493, 605, 610, 617, 619, 1126 smokers, 1366, 1394 smoothing, 10, 31, 36 smuggling, 919, 927 SO2, 483, 489, 606, 610, 617, 618, 619, 1309 social, 395, 396, 423 social development, 550 social factors, 423, 1114 social impacts, 1114 social problems, 582 socialisation, 573 society, 1056, 1108, 1113 sodium, 591, 608, 1124 sodium hydroxide, 591 SOFC, 1179, 1180, 1183, 1185, 1186, 1192, 1195 soft loan, 396, 583 software, xxxi, 355, 486, 900, 1125, 1191, 1196, 1237, 1275, 1362, 1367, 1368, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1385, 1387, 1446 soil, xvi, xvii, 344, 364, 387, 393, 395, 401, 413, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 445, 447, 463, 472, 502, 505, 523, 541, 542, 555, 568, 580, 596, 1300 soils, xvi, xvii, 419, 430, 501, 844 solar collection, xxiv, 844, 876, 1177 solar collector, xxiii, 843, 857, 868, 870, 872, 875, 879, 880, 881, 882, 884, 886, 887, 888, 889 solar collectors, xxiv, 87, 114, 122, 137, 138, 142, 147, 152, 153, 154, 843, 845, 856, 860, 869, 870, 874, 884, 886, 888, 1123 solar panels, 213, 236 solar radiation, xxiv, 843, 844, 845, 846, 847, 854, 855, 877, 879 solar system, 890 solar thermal, xxiii, 843, 878 Solar Thermal Plane Collector, xii, 201, 203 sol-gel, 220, 228 solid oxide fuel cells, 1185 solid phase, 896, 1009, 1335, 1373, 1374 solid solutions, xxv, 205, 894, 895, 896, 902 solid state, 174, 183, 187 Solid Waste Disposal Act, 375, 376 solidification, 901, 908, 1366, 1388, 1395 solid-state, xii, 160, 162, 178, 179, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194 soliton, 171, 172, 173 Solomon Islands, 932 sols, 846, 866, 874, 876 1490 Index solubility, 114, 164, 183, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 473, 474, 1416 solution, 866, 870, 888 solutions, 60, 61, 178, 184, 205, 252, 274, 278, 279, 1447 solvation, 174, 176 solvent, xii, 160, 161, 162, 167, 173, 174, 176, 178, 183, 184, 466, 471, 476, 523, 644, 645, 651 solvent molecules, 176 solvents, 12, 183, 465, 466, 468, 472, 474, 646 Somalia, 392, 409, 411, 932 soot, 266, 622 sores, 596 sorption, 1189 sorting, 1354, 1355 South Africa, 386, 391, 398, 417, 932, 934 South America, 420, 421, 539 South Dakota, 351, 354 South Korea, 219, 827, 917, 922, 934 South Pacific, 936 Southeast Asia, 936 Soviet Union, xxv, 23, 28, 894, 915, 917, 919, 926, 927, 987 soy, 477, 606 soybean, xix, 467, 590, 599, 600, 601, 604, 605, 606, 608, 620, 621, 623, 656 soybeans, 6, 22, 467 space exploration, 844 space shuttle, 1185 space station, 845 Spain, 49, 157, 246, 247, 402, 481, 482, 488, 498, 500, 596, 932, 934, 1121, 1122, 1124, 1136, 1138, 1139 spare capacity, 28 spatial, xxviii, xxix, xxxi, 331, 337, 400, 401, 677, 746, 958, 1112, 1242, 1265, 1267, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1277, 1278, 1282, 1291, 1446, 1449, 1451 spatial location, 1274, 1277 special interests, 460 specialists, xiii, 245, 246, 266 specialization, 677 specific gravity, 615, 660, 1140 specific heat, 94, 97, 98, 101, 103, 110, 112, 128, 139, 213, 628, 630, 794, 860, 1140, 1141, 1145 specificity, 262, 263, 266, 737 spectra, xxi, 190, 191, 209, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 266, 280, 285, 292, 296, 732, 735, 761, 775 spectral analysis, xxxi, 1220, 1239, 1249, 1449, 1450, 1451 spectral techniques, 1225 spectroscopy, xx, 173, 227, 266, 303, 304, 321, 325, 326, 625 speculation, 333 speed of light, 1155 speed of response, 1098, 1101 spent nuclear fuel, 934 spheres, 484, 1111 spillovers, 543 spin, 171, 183, 1121 spinach, 473, 480 sponsor, 42 sporadic, 1284 sports, 575 SPR, 5, 16, 49 sprains, 596 springs, 1283, 1284, 1287, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1294, 1299, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1306, 1307, 1309, 1310, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1318, 1319 sputtering, xiv, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 287, 288, 292, 297 square wave, xiv, 301, 302, 305, 306, 307, 308, 321, 322, 324, 325 Sri Lanka, 932 St Petersburg, 201, 218 stabilization, 206, 216, 281, 389, 469, 503, 644, 654, 655, 944, 945, 987, 988, 1142, 1391 stabilize, 161, 206, 945 stabilizers, 459, 642 stages, 240, 282, 356, 517, 540, 574, 1109, 1308, 1333, 1369, 1381, 1387, 1404, 1447 stainless steel, 89, 213, 830, 836, 948, 1044 stainless steels, 830 stakeholders, 4, 8, 11, 1112 Standard and Poor’s, 26 standard deviation, 739, 756, 1241, 1382 standard of living, 398 standards, xiii, xiv, 6, 7, 9, 10, 22, 30, 31, 42, 43, 46, 231, 246, 353, 356, 358, 359, 360, 420, 504, 512, 608, 611, 897, 925, 935, 940, 1109 Standards, 358, 359, 822 starch, 450, 451, 452, 453, 462, 470, 471, 478 stars, 1295 State Department, 925 state laws, xv, 367 state memory, xxi statistical analysis, 427, 488, 493, 495, 757, 1294 statistics, 233, 235, 236, 244, 347, 486, 555, 561, 579, 1196, 1273, 1296, 1299, 1451 statutes, 16 statutory, xv, 367, 368, 369, 371, 374 steady state, 56, 89, 187, 304, 487, 692, 696, 697, 714, 715, 716, 817, 821, 1144, 1145, 1147, 1179 steam boiler, 1126, 1133 Index steam generator, xxi, 675, 679, 680, 689, 690, 691, 694, 724, 726, 819 steel, 30, 41, 89, 91, 143, 213, 241, 336, 338, 342, 352, 355, 836, 837, 948, 1029, 1031, 1044 stilbenes, 627 Stirling engine, xxiv, 844, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 889, 890 STM, 1178, 1184 stochastic, xxviii, 481, 486, 528, 529, 1109, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1271, 1278, 1395 Stochastic, 1267, 1278 stock, xix, 31, 35, 50, 115, 422, 454, 503, 604, 606 stockpile, 16, 49 stoichiometry, 184, 895 storms, 107, 846, 873, 876, 888 stoves, xvi, 243, 401, 404, 415, 417, 481, 491 strain, xxx, 38, 44, 236, 342, 609, 632, 633, 1185, 1322, 1339, 1341, 1342 strains, 656 strategic, 7, 16, 32, 35, 45, 356 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 5, 14, 16, 49 strategic stocks, 7, 16, 32, 35, 50 stratification, 109, 110, 141, 143, 1384, 1399 streams, 510, 654, 748, 941, 942, 943, 1185, 1186 strength, 175, 176, 177, 262, 263, 266, 457, 467, 468, 650, 654, 665, 673, 1119, 1135 stress, xx, xxiii, 37, 174, 216, 625, 626, 631, 632, 633, 641, 643, 644, 829, 833, 960, 962, 1021, 1294, 1314, 1322, 1329, 1341, 1342, 1368 stress fields, 1314 stress-strain curves, 632 stretching, 227, 627, 645, 649, 1394 strikes, 346, 1353 stroke, 609, 615 strong interaction, 821 strontium, 1301, 1306 structural defect, 193, 291 structural defects, 193, 291 structural protein, 464 structuring, 471, 1136 students, 573, 575 styrene, 633 SUBCHAN, xxii, 779, 781, 785, 786, 787, 788, 790, 792, 794, 802, 809 subjective, 530, 531, 532, 1116 subjectivity, 1137 sub-Saharan Africa, 399, 413, 415, 416 subsidies, 562, 580, 583 subsidy, 559, 561, 583, 584, 585, 586, 587 subsistence, 388 substances, 86, 263, 267, 450, 452, 453, 457, 463, 470, 472, 1309 1491 substitution, xiii, 82, 163, 164, 245, 415, 567, 576, 1161 substrates, 54, 76, 281, 283, 284, 285, 288, 292, 295, 296, 472, 654, 655, 656, 673 suburbs, 87 sucrose, 467 Sudan, 387, 391, 393, 402, 409, 411, 932 suffering, 86, 569 sugar, 455, 456, 457, 538, 539, 554, 562 sugar beet, 455, 456 sugar cane, 538 sugar industry, 456 sugar mills, 554 sugars, 462, 463, 541 sulfate, 114, 460, 1388 sulfur, 13, 22, 467, 594 sulfur oxides, 594 sulphate, 236, 591, 627 sulphur, 262, 482, 519, 552, 568, 591, 606, 617, 619, 627, 656 Sumatra, 1357 summaries, 361 sunflower, xix, 590, 597, 604, 606, 608, 609, 620, 621, 622 sunlight, 54, 160, 161, 210, 342 supercritical, xxix, 511, 591, 592, 599, 600, 601, 621, 781, 1321, 1322, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1342 super-heated, xxix, 1321, 1338 superheated steam, 726, 1327, 1365 superlattice, 205 supernatant, 656 superposition, 291, 743, 748, 1440 supervision, 566 supplemental, 517 suppliers, 21, 34, 43, 585, 1182 supply chain, 21, 34, 35, 1128 supply curve, 1114 supply disruption, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 16, 19, 20, 21, 29, 31, 34, 36, 37, 39, 43, 45 suppression, 220, 622, 869, 1150, 1158 surface area, 57, 59, 60, 212, 219, 255, 835, 863, 866, 867, 882, 1125 surface energy, 651, 652 surface layer, 228, 267 surface modification, 178 surface properties, 469 surface reactions, 1305 surface roughness, 955 surface structure, 290 surface tension, 794 surface treatment, xii, 202, 249, 250 surface water, 656, 1302, 1310, 1312 1492 Index surfactants, 466, 467, 469 surplus, 17, 18, 19, 28, 36, 519, 520, 527, 562, 655, 935, 1113, 1114, 1143, 1178 surprise, 537, 583, 757, 771 surveillance, 920, 923, 924 susceptibility, 677 sustainability, xxxi, 233, 239, 389, 391, 399, 450, 454, 542, 780, 1110, 1127, 1143, 1445 sustainable development, 232, 402, 415, 551 sustainable economic growth, 49 sustained development, xxii, 811 suture, 1287, 1295 swamps, 1356 swarm, 1362, 1394, 1397 Sweden, 49, 498, 499, 500, 515, 531, 532, 538, 544, 545, 933, 934, 1300 swirl burners, xxv, 939, 940, 986, 988, 1010, 1020, 1103 swirl burners., xxv, 939 swirl coal burners, xxv, 939, 941, 1026 swirl coal combustion, xxv, 939 swirl coal combustion technology, xxv, 939 swirling vane angle, xxv, 939, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960 switching, xv, 385, 509, 526 Switzerland, 49, 228, 246, 414, 601, 731, 933, 934, 1172 symbiotic, 395 symbols, 217, 725, 743, 762, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1053, 1437 symmetry, 169, 253, 748 synapse, 679, 699, 700, 701, 724, 727 synapses, 677, 679, 699, 700, 701, 702, 706, 727 synchronization, 1234, 1238 synchronous, 344, 345, 364, 1068, 1092, 1247, 1294 synchrotron, 732 synergistic, xx, 140, 654 synergistic effect, 140 synthesis, xx, 164, 165, 167, 168, 169, 246, 247, 450, 451, 452, 472, 473, 477, 510, 516, 517, 519, 594, 621, 625, 626, 645, 650, 652, 673, 729, 1385 synthetic, 164 synthetic polymers, 626, 628, 643 systematic, xvi, 17, 18, 419, 422, 424, 1448 systematics, 1318 T TACR case, xxii, 779, 800 Taiwan, 1284, 1285, 1290, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1298, 1300, 1301, 1314, 1315 Taiwan Strait, 1285 Tajikistan, 924, 933 tank farms, 14 tanker vessels, 5, 15 tankers, 5, 7, 10, 14, 15, 33, 86 tanks, xx, 5, 7, 14, 34, 91, 109, 111, 138, 654, 662, 1155 tannins, 467 tantalum, 897 Tanzania, 387, 390, 398, 409, 411, 933 targets, 506, 512, 514, 557, 1109 tariff, 240, 570, 572, 573, 574, 585, 586, 1191 tariffs, 8, 16, 240, 1121 task force, xxxi, 1445 tax credits, 6, 583 tax incentives, 396 taxation, 434 taxes, 5, 9, 46 taxonomy, 426 TBP, 706, 711 Tc, 100, 101, 127, 204, 780, 838 technological, xiv, 34, 164, 174, 202, 247, 252, 255, 262, 263, 265, 267, 277, 278, 280, 282, 286, 290, 291, 293, 294, 297, 342, 353, 356, 430 technological change, 926 technological revolution, 1108 Technology Business Incubators, 585 technology transfer, 454 TEG, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209, 211, 212 Tel Aviv, 841 telephone, 575 television, 236, 267, 575 TEM, 1341 temperature annealing, 280, 289, 290, 291 temperature dependence, 211, 212, 860 temperature gradient, 109, 262, 1367, 1368, 1376, 1377 Tennessee, 361, 413, 1265, 1278 Tennessee Valley Authority, 361 tensile, xx, 262, 263, 625, 631, 632, 643, 644, 650 tensile strength, 262, 263, 650 tensile stress, xx, 625, 631, 632, 643, 644 tension, 41, 574, 794, 1262 terminals, 5, 7, 10, 14, 33, 41 terpenes, 450, 590 territory, 919 terrorism, 1175 test data, 712, 1438, 1440 testimony, xxv, 232, 915, 928 tetrahydrofuran, 165 Texas, 5, 42, 44, 45, 335, 336, 351, 601, 1172, 1439, 1441 textile industry, 472 textiles, 463, 468, 472 TGA, 628, 630, 631 Thailand, 301, 326, 586, 933, 1283 Index Thermal Conductivity, 786, 810 thermal decomposition, 647 thermal efficiency, 212, 515, 615, 619, 780, 1054, 1082, 1083 thermal energy, xvi, 89, 91, 111, 143, 203, 208, 215, 216, 274, 419, 434, 437, 442, 834, 844, 863, 881, 882, 1174, 1175, 1195, 1282 thermal engine, xxiii, 843, 844, 853, 857, 868, 871, 872, 879, 881, 887, 888, 889 thermal equilibrium, 1152 thermal evaporation, 278 thermal expansion, 89, 161, 911 thermal hydraulic analysis code, xxii, 779, 781, 809 thermal load, 91, 1179, 1182 thermal modeling, xxxi, 1361, 1367, 1375 thermal plasma, 834 thermal properties, 267, 268, 271, 860, 862, 1390 thermal radiation, xxiii, 843, 849, 887 thermal resistance, 858, 859, 860, 861, 862, 882, 883 thermal treatment, xiii, 245, 247, 267, 275, 276, 630, 650 thermodynamic, xxiii, xxx, 205, 291, 329, 658, 780, 781, 786, 833, 843, 844, 845, 848, 849, 853, 887, 891, 892, 1125, 1144, 1303, 1308, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1396 thermodynamic cycle, 833, 845, 1125 thermoelectric generators, 203 thermo-mechanical, 1391 thermophilic, vii, 653, 654, 655, 656, 673 thermoplastics, xx, 472, 625, 626, 643, 644, 650, 651 thin films, xii, xiv, 92, 160, 162, 183, 184, 189, 190, 220, 221, 228, 277, 278, 297 thorium, xxii, 779, 792, 800, 802, 810, 936 threat, xviii, 391, 515, 549, 570, 927, 1110 threatened, 387, 920 three-dimensional, xi, 53, 54, 186, 464, 781, 826, 983, 1227, 1266, 1270, 1273, 1274, 1278, 1279, 1318, 1362, 1370 three-dimensional space, 1227 threshold, xxx, 6, 281, 678, 770, 771, 772, 814, 869, 874, 881, 886, 889, 1119, 1135, 1338 Tibet, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1287, 1292, 1294, 1296, 1298, 1300, 1304, 1305, 1310, 1311, 1313, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1320 timber, 388, 482 time consuming, 925 time frame, 506, 780 time periods, 504, 512, 876, 1200 time resolution, 1190 time series, xxi, xxviii, 675, 694, 727, 1220, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1249, 1450, 1451 timing, 22, 42, 535, 536, 622, 718, 818, 1246, 1385, 1387 1493 tin, xiv, xxiv, 167, 221, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 893, 896, 904 tin oxide, 221, 280 TiO2, v, xii, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 1324, 1379, 1380, 1382 tissue, 466 titanium, xxiv, 161, 178, 893, 894, 896, 976, 977 Titanium, 220, 839, 908, 914, 975 titanium dioxide, 161, 178, 976, 977 Title III, 374 titration, 608, 631 TMP, 461, 1323 tobacco, xix, 390, 463, 464, 469, 470, 473, 479, 604, 605, 606, 607, 608, 623 Togo, 409, 411, 933 tokamak, xxiii, 829, 833, 834, 840 Tokyo, 162, 547, 600, 1071, 1085, 1104, 1105, 1179, 1194, 1318, 1319, 1345 Tonga, 933 topographic, 329, 353 topological, 172, 1238 topology, 678, 1156, 1200, 1201, 1205, 1208, 1216, 1450 torque, 344, 345, 356, 605, 613, 1140, 1146 total energy, xxvii, 203, 206, 207, 208, 216, 246, 390, 420, 439, 520, 553, 1173, 1299 total internal reflection, 266 toxic, 263, 278, 591, 604, 606, 642 Toxic Substances Control Act, 376 toxicity, 644 Toyota, 621 toys, 463 TPI, 342, 357, 363 trace elements, 455, 466, 1385 tracking, 203, 216, 217, 247, 248, 249, 251, 585, 1125, 1449, 1450 trade, xi, xxv, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 33, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 49, 50, 331, 347, 458, 531, 539, 915, 916, 917, 918, 921, 923, 926, 1201 trade-off, 50, 331 trading, xvii, 35, 44, 423, 502, 514, 515, 521, 531, 580 traits, 446, 1186 trajectory, 278, 530, 678, 705, 728, 729, 1149, 1157, 1158, 1228 transesterification, xix, 590, 591, 592, 599, 601, 603, 605, 608, 611, 620, 621 transesterification reaction, 590, 591, 592 transformation, xiv, 54, 249, 269, 277, 445, 541, 557, 599, 600, 907, 908, 912, 1257, 1262, 1400, 1441, 1451 transformations, xxiv, 267, 285, 894, 895, 899, 907, 912 1494 Index transgenic, 479 transglutaminase, 471, 478 transition elements, 912 Transition Initiatives, 935 transition metal, 165, 176, 896 transition temperature, 184, 630, 633, 634, 635, 643 transitions, 171, 173, 192, 456, 896, 1196, 1387, 1388 translation, 914 transmits, 337 transparency, xiv, xxiv, 225, 277, 278, 279, 280, 282, 285, 292, 297, 893 transparent, 115, 167, 208, 213, 217, 223, 225, 278, 280, 282, 286, 292, 293, 296, 297, 857, 858, 859, 860, 861, 862, 867, 868, 869, 881, 888, 927, 1110, 1112, 1116, 1121, 1135 transport phenomena, 1388, 1395 transport processes, 220 transpose, 687, 1200 trapezium, 252, 263, 264 traps, 190, 193, 296, 591 travel, 14, 15, 37, 39, 49, 126, 181, 186, 273, 733, 734, 923, 1327 travel time, 1327 treaties, 919, 936 treatment, 450, 451, 455, 457, 466, 468, 469, 470, 848 trend, xv, xxvi, 9, 17, 19, 44, 45, 302, 320, 342, 385, 392, 393, 394, 398, 421, 508, 631, 632, 635, 637, 642, 659, 694, 697, 817, 940, 1107, 1122, 1190, 1230, 1240, 1241, 1242 trial, 142, 394, 424, 438, 1098, 1099, 1263 trial and error, 1098, 1099, 1263 Triassic, 1328, 1333 tribal, 560, 565 triggers, xxii, 290, 732, 737, 770, 773, 776 triglyceride, 611 triglycerides, 590, 591, 602, 607, 608, 622 Trinidad and Tobago, 933 triphenylphosphine, 167 tritium, xxiii, 829, 830, 831, 832, 833, 834, 839, 840, 1317 tropical forest, 387, 388, 391, 392, 393, 413, 414, 415, 417 tropical rain forests, 392 trucks, 7, 11, 13, 49 trust, 586, 600, 1155 trypsin, 467 tubular, 336, 338, 352, 355 tuff, 1354, 1355, 1392 tungsten, xxiv, 894 Tunisia, 386, 933 tunneling, 205, 206 turbulence, 143, 329, 330, 332, 335, 346, 357, 364, 888, 958, 960, 963, 977, 980, 981, 1407, 1422, 1439 turbulent, 782, 784, 785, 788, 861, 862, 869, 954, 957, 958, 959, 960, 962, 967, 1036, 1039, 1058, 1122, 1153, 1389, 1407, 1421, 1422 turbulent mixing, 958, 960 Turkey, 49, 589, 596, 597, 599, 601, 603, 933, 934, 1283, 1300, 1389 Turkmenistan, 933, 1143 turnover, 573, 579, 918 Tuscany, xxix, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1326, 1341 Tuvalu, 933 TVA, 340, 361 two-dimensional, 54, 60, 79, 81, 963, 1228 U U.N Security Council, 917, 922 U.S Department of Agriculture, 336, 606, 623 U.S Geological Survey, 866 Uganda, 401, 402, 409, 411, 415, 417, 933 UGR, xxx, 1322 Ukraine, xiii, 201, 245, 247, 264, 277, 299, 300, 933, 934 ultraviolet, xx, 625 uncertainty, xxiii, 23, 41, 329, 507, 515, 527, 528, 542, 718, 812, 813, 819, 821, 824, 989, 1010, 1111, 1136, 1266, 1271, 1274, 1277, 1423, 1448 unconventional geothermal resource, xxx, 1322 UNEP, 549 UNESCO, 414 UNFCCC, 502, 506, 545, 547 uniform, 3, 11, 22, 268, 273, 302, 328, 420, 421, 434, 452, 482, 572, 707, 709, 718, 746, 759, 760, 765, 766, 770, 781, 782, 814, 874, 940, 961, 969, 970, 1015, 1041, 1043, 1145, 1270, 1438 uniformity, 386, 421 unit cost, 572, 1126 United Arab Emirates (UAE), xi, 85, 87, 126, 933 United Kingdom, 44, 45, 49, 361, 362, 414, 545, 919, 933, 934 United Nations (UN), 232, 400, 413, 415, 502, 506, 544, 545, 547, 919, 1313, 1439 United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 240, 400, 415, 551, 588 universality, 748 universe, 732, 746 updating, 678, 682, 684, 687 uranium, 792, 800, 802, 827, 918, 921, 922, 924, 927, 934, 935, 936 uranium enrichment, 918, 922, 924, 935 urban, 241, 390, 397, 398, 402, 416 urban areas, xxv, 241, 403, 551, 1061 Index urban centres, 390, 397, 402 urbanization, 550 urethane, 645 Uruguay, 933 USSR, 247, 892 Utah, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 1218, 1390, 1398 UV, xx, 190, 212, 222, 223, 229, 247, 625, 627, 628, 640, 641, 642, 643, 644, 650 UV light, 223 UV radiation, xx, 247, 625, 640, 644, 650 UV spectrum, 627, 628 Uzbekistan, 246, 247, 933 V vacancies, 285, 291 vacuum, 88, 89, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 121, 130, 145, 152, 155, 179, 184, 221, 250, 263, 278, 279, 280, 281, 292, 489, 671, 834, 839, 845, 870, 886, 888 Valdez, 14 valence, 170, 173, 180, 181, 284, 673 Valencia, 1346 validation, 708, 709, 718, 720, 722, 727, 813, 814, 821, 824, 1387, 1435, 1447, 1451 validity, 403, 786, 818, 1121, 1375, 1384, 1422, 1450 vanadium, 836, 838 Vanuatu, 933 variability, 329, 332, 333, 340, 364, 392, 424, 426, 429, 442, 445, 447, 534, 1249, 1357 variance, 427, 486, 537, 907, 1274, 1275 vector, xxii, 680, 779, 781, 833, 1118, 1140, 1141, 1154, 1227, 1257, 1267 vegetable oil, xix, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 599, 600, 601, 603, 604, 605, 606, 607, 620, 621, 622 vegetable oil methyl esters, xix, 589 vegetables, 456, 479, 568, 605 vegetation, 328, 346, 388, 390, 391, 400, 401, 414, 427, 429, 554, 1300 vehicles, 18, 50, 623, 935, 1185 vein, 1330, 1331, 1354 Venezuela, 596, 933 ventilation, 657 venture capital, 585 VENUS, xxi, 731 versatility, 389, 1192 vessels, 5, 7, 14, 15 veterinary medicine, 463 vibration, 116, 262, 627, 1092, 1094, 1182, 1249 video, 216, 920 Vietnam, 586, 933 Viking Landers, xxiv, 843, 845, 846, 847, 888 1495 village, xviii, 236, 237, 238, 240, 244, 395, 396, 550, 553, 556, 557, 558, 559, 562, 563, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 573, 575, 576, 579, 581, 582, 584, 585, 588 violent, 1287 viscosity, xix, 176, 262, 265, 467, 589, 592, 603, 605, 611, 612, 613, 615, 619, 631, 655, 785, 794, 860, 1151, 1366, 1389, 1414, 1437 visible, xi, 105, 159, 161, 178, 183, 189, 190, 213, 217, 223, 226, 253, 259, 278, 292, 343, 846, 899, 902 vision, 398 visual, 296, 341, 921 visualization, 1250 vitamin A, 463 vitamins, 466 vitreous, 177 volatility, xix, 4, 8, 9, 10, 21, 28, 37, 39, 40, 42, 45, 603, 605, 987, 1027, 1190 volcanic activity, 1287, 1290, 1294, 1313, 1314, 1363, 1376, 1394 voltage sensitivity, xxvii, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1209, 1217 vortex, 96, 97, 98, 1039, 1055 vulnerability, 935 W wall temperature, 785, 818, 1029, 1030, 1031 Washington, xxv, 7, 39, 44, 45, 49, 50, 218, 298, 350, 351, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 416, 417, 727, 890, 915, 936, 937 waste, 232, 244, 263, 390, 395, 654, 655, 656, 657, 659, 662, 664, 665, 667, 671, 672, 673, 674 waste disposal, 552 waste incineration, 244 waste management, 831 waste treatment, 455, 673 waste water, 468, 673 wastes, xxxi, 347, 390, 397, 554, 654, 674, 830, 840, 1445 wastewater, 654 wastewaters, 657 water absorption, 1189 water heater, 657 water resources, 244 water table, 1338 water vapor, 668 water-soluble, 464, 466 waterways, 15, 25, 38, 390 wavelengths, 78, 190, 296, 867 wavelet, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1244, 1246, 1249, 1451 wavelet analysis, 1240, 1241, 1246, 1249 1496 Index weak interaction, 737 weakness, 918, 923, 924 wealth, 576, 599, 1249, 1266 weapons, xxv, 915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 920, 922, 923, 924, 925, 926, 927, 928, 933, 934, 935, 936 weapons of mass destruction (WMD), 917, 926, 935, 936 wear, 247, 267, 344, 619, 623, 948, 1158, 1182, 1185 weight loss, 630, 631 Weinberg, 1366, 1400 welding, 250, 575 welfare, 571, 1113 West Africa, 387, 388, 391, 392, 393, 398, 402, 414 Westinghouse, 691, 1263 wetting, 469 wheat, 462, 464, 470, 471 wheat germ, 462 Whitewater, 350 wholesale, 5, 7, 9, 20, 22, 28, 46 wide band gap, 208 wildlife, 388 wind farm, xv, 328, 329, 331, 332, 333, 335, 336, 337, 340, 343, 344, 345, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 353, 354, 355, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 364, 365, 377 Wind Generator, xii, 201, 203, 214 wind gusts, 329 wind maps, 331 wind speeds, 329, 331, 333, 338, 340, 344, 345, 365 wind turbines, xv, 327, 329, 332, 333, 335, 337, 339, 341, 344, 346, 347, 349, 351, 357, 361, 364, 1121, 1122, 1134 windows, 278, 1242 wine, 673 winter, xxiv, xxvii, 16, 19, 105, 109, 111, 112, 119, 126, 138, 140, 342, 659, 843, 847, 870, 872, 873, 874, 875, 876, 879, 880, 885, 888, 889, 890, 1071, 1085, 1173, 1180, 1191, 1192, 1303 wintertime, 265 wires, 1261 Wisconsin, 883 withdrawal, 820, 920, 933, 1391 wood density, 400, 430, 436 wood products, 444, 482, 547 wood waste, 554 woodland, 387, 417 words, xvii, 495, 501, 506 work, 334, 337, 360, 463, 484, 490, 493, 498, 506, 511, 519, 522, 538, 542, 553, 575, 587, 597, 626, 650 workers, 25, 160, 165, 853, 928, 1371, 1372, 1383 working conditions, 61, 202, 203, 215 working hours, 207 World Bank, 389, 390, 400, 416, 417, 1113 writing, 846, 866, 1387 WTP, 1114 Wyoming, 351, 365, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 1390 X xanthophyll, 458, 462, 463 xenon, 222, 248, 727, 728, 845 xerophyte, 1355 X-ray, xxiv, 280, 282, 296, 894, 897, 900 X-ray analysis, 900 X-ray diffraction, xxiv, 280, 894, 897, 1396 XRD, 282, 290, 897 Z zero-waste, xxiii, 829, 831, 832, 836, 840 Zimbabwe, 392, 398, 400, 409, 411, 416, 933 zinc (Zn), 166, 229, 455 Zircaloy-4, xxiv, 893, 894 zirconia, 1183 zirconium, xxiv, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 907, 911 ZnO, 220, 223, 228, 229 zoning, 370, 1389 ... Commercial Wind Energy Projects United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management Chapter 14 Biomass And Bioenergy Research In Tropical Africa: State Of The Art, Challenges And Future... understanding of wind technology This appendix provides an overview of the fundamentals of wind energy and wind energy technologies, describes the major components of modern wind turbines, and introduces... discussed.[1] An overview of the current state of wind energy technology and ongoing research and development (R&D) is provided Descriptions of a typical wind energy project and the major actions