TISSUE REGENERATION – FROM BASIC BIOLOGY TO CLINICAL APPLICATION Edited by Jamie Davies Tissue Regeneration – From Basic Biology to Clinical Application Edited by Jamie Davies Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Dejan Grgur Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Tissue Regeneration – From Basic Biology to Clinical Application, Edited by Jamie Davies p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0387-5 Contents Introductory Tissue Regeneration – A Clinical Chapter Science Whose Time Has Come 1 Jamie Davies Part 1 Understanding and Manipulating Endogeneous Healing of Tissues 11 Chapter 1 The Role of Physical Factors in Cell Differentiation, Tissue Repair and Regeneration 13 Monica Monici and Francesca Cialdai Chapter 2 Effect of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound on Nerve Repair 35 Jiamou Li, Hua Zhang and Cong Ren Chapter 3 Disinfection of Human Tissues in Orthopedic Surgical Oncology by High Hydrostatic Pressure 55 Peter Diehl, Johannes Schauwecker, Hans Gollwitzer and Wolfram Mittelmeier Chapter 4 Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Mimetics Promote Tissue Regeneration: An Overview 69 Johan van Neck, Bastiaan Tuk, Denis Barritault and Miao Tong Chapter 5 Angiogenesis in Wound Healing 93 Ricardo José de Mendonça Chapter 6 Platelet and Liver Regeneration 109 Nobuhiro Ohkohchi, Soichiro Murata and Kazuhiro Takahashi Chapter 7 Shared Triggering Mechanisms of Retinal Regeneration in Lower Vertebrates and Retinal Rescue in Higher Ones 145 Eleonora Grigoryan VI Contents Part 2 Application of Stem Cells 165 Chapter 8 The Therapeutic Potential of Stimulating Endogenous Stem Cell Mobilization 167 Christian Drapeau, George Eufemio, Paola Mazzoni, Gerhard D. Roth and Susan Strandberg Chapter 9 Spermatogonial Stem Cells: An Alternate Source of Pluripotent Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine 203 Liz Simon, Marie-Claude Hofmann and Paul S. Cooke Chapter 10 Therapeutic Application of Allogeneic Fetal Membrane-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in Regenerative Medicine 221 Shin Ishikane, Hiroshi Hosoda and Tomoaki Ikeda Chapter 11 Mesenchymal Stem Cells in CNS Regeneration 237 Arshak R. Alexanian Chapter 12 Therapeutic Potential of MSCs in Musculoskeletal Diseases (Osteoarthritis) 261 José Ramón Lamas, Pilar Tornero-Esteban and Benjamín Fernández-Gutiérrez Chapter 13 Stem Cell-Mediated Intervertebral Disc Regeneration 283 Namath S. Hussain, Vickram Tejwani and Mick Perez-Cruet Chapter 14 Towards Clinical Application of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Perspectives and Requirements for Orthopaedic Applications 305 Marianna Karagianni, Torsten J. Schulze and Karen Bieback Chapter 15 Oral Tissues as Source for Bone Regeneration in Dental Implantology 325 Dilaware Khan, Claudia Kleinfeld, Martin Winter and Edda Tobiasch Chapter 16 Technologies Applied to Stimulate Bone Regeneration 339 Arnaldo Rodrigues Santos Jr., Christiane Bertachini Lombello and Selma Candelária Genari Part 3 Use of Scaffolds 367 Chapter 17 Preparation of Deproteinized Human Bone and Its Mixtures with Bio-Glass and Tricalcium Phosphate – Innovative Bioactive Materials for Skeletal Tissue Regeneration 369 Magdalena Cieslik, Jacek Nocoń, Jan Rauch, Tadeusz Cieslik, Anna Ślósarczyk, Maria Borczuch-Łączka and Aleksander Owczarek Contents VII Chapter 18 Endochondral Bone Formation as Blueprint for Regenerative Medicine 399 Peter J. Emans, Marjolein M.J. Caron, Lodewijk W. van Rhijn and Tim J.M. Welting Chapter 19 Tissue Engineering in Low Urinary Tract Reconstruction 425 Chao Feng and Yue-min Xu Chapter 20 Novel Promises of Nanotechnology for Tissue Regeneration 453 Abir El-Sadik Part 4 Modeling and Assessment of Regeneration 471 Chapter 21 Non-Invasive Evaluation Method for Cartilage Tissue Regeneration Using Quantitative-MRI 473 Shogo Miyata Chapter 22 A Mathematical Model for Wound Contraction and Angiogenesis 489 Fred Vermolen and Olmer van Rijn Introductory Chapter Tissue Regeneration – A Clinical Science Whose Time Has Come Jamie Davies University of Edinburgh UK 1. Introduction Tissue engineering is the application of knowledge gained in the study of basic developmental cell biology to the construction and repair of human bodies. The surgically-focused side of the field has a long history, resting mainly on experience with wound healing and ad-hoc attempts to improve it. A well-known and long-standing example is modulation of bone healing by the application of physical force that gives rise to the image of a patient in traction, so common on humorous 'get well soon' cards. The more cell biological side of the field is younger because its development had to await the gaining of significant amounts of basic knowledge in molecular cell biology, a field that is only a few decades old. The coming together of cell biology and experimental surgery to drive forward the development of tissue engineering is therefore a relatively recent phenomenon and only in this century has tissue engineering really taken off as a major area of research (Fig 1). Fig. 1. Rapid growth of tissue engineering as a 21 st century discipline. The graph shows the number of publications returned by a Pubmed search for ' “tissue engineering” <year>'. Tissue Regeneration – From Basic Biology to Clinical Application 2 Unlike many other young sciences, tissue engineering is growing very much as a global enterprise, perhaps because of the ubiquity of surgery and therefore the visibility of obvious need. It is noticeable, for example, that the contribution of China to research into tissue engineering is currently approximately equal to that of the European Union (judged by numbers of publications on a simple search: Figure 2). Fig. 2. Growth of tissue engineering output by country. This graph was produced by searching PubMed for '<year> “Tissue Engineering” xxxx', where <year> was '2000', '2005' or '2010' and 'xxxx' was the name of a country, or a Boolean expression combining, with a logical OR, a list of countries such as constituents of the European Union. This global spread of research effort stands in marked contrast to the pattern seen in other new fields such as synthetic biology, which has grown more-or-less in parallel to that of tissue engineering and which is again very much of the twenty-first century. A comparison of pie charts of the national origins of papers in the two young sciences shows the difference immediately, about a third of research in tissue engineering coming from outside the USA and the European Union while only around fifteen percent does so in synthetic biology. The active engagement of so many countries and cultures in problems and applications of tissue regeneration ought to be a great strength for the field, encouraging the development of techniques suited to a wide range of problems and also to a wide range of health care economies. Wherever it is done, research into tissue regeneration can be divided into three complementary sub-fields, and this book is organized around them. First, there is research that aims to understand and manipulate the endogenous healing processes in human tissues. This is the oldest part of the field. Second, there is the application of stem cell science to the regeneration of tissues (or to their de novo generation). Third, there is the construction of engineered scaffolds to guide normal healing processes and the behaviour of stem cells either in culture or in vivo. These different aspects of tissue regeneration link and overlap but, for convenience of organization, they will be considered in different sections of this book. [...]... used to promote regeneration of muscle and bone In Chapter 2, Li illustrates how a very specific type of mechanical force, pressure waves from ultrasound, can be used to promote the repair of damaged nerves Again, this technology holds particular promise because it can be applied from outside the body 4 Tissue Regeneration – From Basic Biology to Clinical Application One of the major problems faced by. .. changes, with mitochondrial disassembly and organelles/cytoplasmic NAD(P)H redistribution, as evidenced by autofluorescence analysis Moreover, cells were not able to respond to angiogenic stimuli in terms of migration and proliferation (Morbidelli et al., 2005) 18 Tissue Regeneration – From Basic Biology to Clinical Application In contrast, after exposure to hypergravity (10xg), no significant changes were... in tissues, caused either by injury or by congenital abnormality, simple stem cell treatments – however well they can be made to work – are unlikely to be able to make a proper repair In terms of directly producing new tissues, stem cells are expected to work by recapitulating the processes of natural development or tissue maintenance Embryonic development tends to take place at small scale and tissues... promoting tissue repair and formation of functional tissue constructs We also briefly mention how, in past centuries, the role of physical factors in biological processes has been understood and physical stimuli have been applied for therapeutic purposes 14 Tissue Regeneration – From Basic Biology to Clinical Application 2 Mechanical stresses The importance of gravitational and mechanical factors in... followed by purification of stem cells, perhaps with additional steps of 6 Tissue Regeneration – From Basic Biology to Clinical Application proliferation and reprogramming, followed by injection into systemic blood or directly into a site of damage In chapter 8, Christian Drapeau and colleagues discuss an alternative approach that involves much less invasive manipulation Their strategy is to use the... TAU is associated with the protofilaments in neurites and MAP2 is a microtubule-associated protein found predominantly in the cell body MAP2 function is 20 Tissue Regeneration – From Basic Biology to Clinical Application not required when the cell disassembles microtubules in the cell body to give rise to the formation of neurites, while TAU is required to add new subunits to microtubules which are forming... possibility to develop phototreatments aimed at favouring cell proliferation could be very useful in the production of vaccines and hybrid cell lines as well as in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine 22 Tissue Regeneration – From Basic Biology to Clinical Application In a review concerning the literature from 1960 to 2008 on the use of laser treatments for the improvement of tissue repair, the authors... upregulation and RANKL downregulation Funk., 2009 Review on Electromagnetic effects from cell biology to medicine McLeod & Rubin, 1993 Hartig et al., 2000 Chang et al., 2004 26 Tissue Regeneration – From Basic Biology to Clinical Application Physical stimulus Parameters EF Static and pulsing direct current (DC) EFs EMF 50 Hz, 25 to 180 μT ELFMF 50 Hz, 0.020 T EMF EMF MF EMF ELFEMF EMF EMF Experimental model... The chapter includes a review of clinical data on reconstruction of human bladder and urethra, with an encouraging rate of success In the last chapter in this section, chapter 20, Abir El-Sadik connects the rapidly developing field of tissue engineering with another 'hot topic': nanotechnology Nanotechnology is 8 Tissue Regeneration – From Basic Biology to Clinical Application young and still raises... laboratory show that pulsed NIR radiation enhances the production of inflammation cytochines (not yet published data) The treatment could thus have the effect of accelerating the transition from inflammatory to the remodelling phase in tissue repair Advanced laser systems allow to apply more complex treatment protocols, to try to potentiate or to exploit synergistically the effects produced by emissions . TISSUE REGENERATION – FROM BASIC BIOLOGY TO CLINICAL APPLICATION Edited by Jamie Davies Tissue Regeneration – From Basic Biology to Clinical Application Edited. Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Tissue Regeneration – From Basic Biology to Clinical Application, Edited by Jamie Davies p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0387-5. promise because it can be applied from outside the body. Tissue Regeneration – From Basic Biology to Clinical Application 4 One of the major problems faced by surgeons and their patients