TRIET HOC, SO 3 (226),
THANG
3-2010
«'
CONG CUOC
OOl MOn
0
VIET NAM:
BAG TRIMG VA
TRI^N
VGNG
Trong bdi viet ndy, tdc gid dd chi ra vd phdn tich nhiing ddc triing chu ye'u vd trien vgng cua
cdng cudc doi mdi d Viet Nam. Theo tdc gid, nhdng dgc triing cd bdn cua cdng cugc ddi mdi d
Viet Nam
Id:
Boi mdi
dUdc
tie'n hdnh theo dinh hUdng xd hgi chu nghla; ddi mdi todn dien
nhiing cd trgng tdm, trgng diem, dugc tien hdnh mdt cdch tudn tU, tiing bUdc; ddi mdi kinh ti
gdn lien vdi ddi mdi he thd'ng chinh tri; ddi mdi de phdt trien trong dn dinh; ddi mdi gdn lien
vdi md cda vdi the gidi ben ngodi. Trien vgng cua cdng cugc doi mdi d Viet Nam
Id
tdt dep, bdi
nd dugc dgt dudi sU ldnh dgo cua Ddng Cgng sdn Viet Nam, xudt phdt tU thiic tien xd hgi Viet
Nam vd ludn gdn ke't thiic tien vdi khdi qudt ly lugn.
I
iet Nam budc
vao
sfl nghiep ddi mdi
toan dien dit nfldc va tien banb nhfl
mgt cugc each mang thiic sfl
cbi
bit
diu tfl nam 1986. Nhflng trfldc
dd.
Dang
Cgng san
va
Nba nfldc VietNam da co
nhieu chi trfldng, chmh sach phat trien
kinh te mang
tinh
chat ddi mdi. Nhflng doi
mdi nay vfla dap flng ddi hoi cua thflc tien,
vfla la nhflng
bflde
tim tdi, thfl nghiem con
dfldng phat trien cua Viet Nam. Mac dfl,
ngay tfl Dai hgi Dang toan qud'c lin thfl III
(nam 1960), Dang Cgng sin VietNam da
chu trgng den vin de phat trien kinh te va
xay
dflng cd sd vat chat - ky thuat cho chi
nghia xa hgi. Nhflng luc dd
va
ca sau nay,
khi ca nUdc di
vao
xay dflng chi nghia xa
hgi thi van de phat trien kinh te cia Viet
Nam cd ngi dung cdt loi la thflc bien cdng
nghiep hda xa hgi chi nghia va tren cd sd
d6,
xay dflng cd sd vat chat - ky thuat cho
chi nghia xa hgi. Ghi trfldng nay la phfl
hdp vdi dieu kien cu the cia VietNam lflc
do nhflng cang ve sau, nhat la khi ci nfldc
di vao xay dflng chi nghia xa hgi thi nd
cang bgc lg sfl yeu kem trong nhan thflc va
van dung mgt
each
sang tao ly
luan
cia chi
nghia Mac - Lenin
va
tfl tfldng Hd
Ghi
Minh vao tflng giai doan phat trien cu the
cia each mang Viet Nam. Dd
la
van de
ndng nghiep, nong
dan
khi dat
nUde
chuyen
giai doan nhUng tren thflc te
lai
khdr^
dfldc
coi trgng, khdng nhin tha'y tam chien Ifldc
cia n6 trong sfl phat trien nen kinh te - xa
hgi d mgt nfldc sin xua't ndng nghiep. Sfl
keo dai chi trfldng dd, hdn nfla lai cd sai
lim trong thflc
hien
da
lam
cbo nen kinh te
Viet Nam thflc sfl rdi
vao
mgt cugc khing
hoang. Vi vay, cdng cugc ddi mdi cia Viet
Nam
CO
xuit phat diem trfldc bet tfl chinh
yeu ciu phat trien ngi tai cia dat nfldc. No
dfldc bit ngudn tfl nhu ciu thflc tiin phat
trien dat nfldc, tfl
tam
tfl, nguyen vgng cia
nhan
dan lao
dgng, tfl kinh nghiem sang
tao cua mgt sd cd sd, dia phfldng. Tren cd sd
nhan thflc
lai
chu nghia xa hgi va con
dUdng
xay
dflng chi nghia xa hgi d Viet
Nam, Dang Cgng san
va
nhan
dan
Vidt
Nam da tien hanh cdng cugc ddi mdi
toan
dien dit
nUde
theo dinh hudng
xa
hgi chi
(*) Tien
si,
Pho tnidng phong Triet hpc Mac - Lenin,
Vien Triet hpc, Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam.
36
CONG CUOC DOI
MCil 6 VIET
NAM: DACTRUNGVATRIENVONG
nghla tfl
nam
1986.
Den nay, sfl nghiep ddi mdi b VietNam
da tien hanh dfldc tren 20 nam. Qua mdi
giai doan ddi mdi (5, 10, 15, 20
nam).
Dang
Cgng sin va nhan dan Viet Nam
ludn
co sfl
tdng ket ca ve mat ly luan
lan
thflc tien
nham rut ra nhflng bai hgc va kinh nghiem
cho nhflng giai doan phat trien tiep theo.
CO
the ndi, con dfldng ddi mdi d VietNam
vfla the hien sfl trung thanh, vfla la sfl tim
toi va van dung mgt
each
sang tao ly luan
cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin va tU tudng Hd
Chl Minh ve xay dflng cbi ngbia xa hgi.
Nhin lai con dfldng phat trien cua Viet
Nam trUdc va tfl khi ddi mdi den nay dudi
goc do phat trien kinh te - xa hgi, c6 the
noi,
VietNam da trai qua nhiing thdi ky
quan trgng nhfl sau:
- Giai doan 1979 - 1985 la thdi ky
ma
khung hoang kinh te - xa hgi
ngay
cang
tram trgng, nhit
la
sau khi thflc hien chinh
sach gia - Ifldng - tien nam 1985 ma hau
qua cua n6 lam cho cugc khung hoang dat
de'n diem dinh vao diu nam 1986.
Day
cur^g
la thdi ky xuit hien nhflng sang tao
ve phfldng thflc quan ly kinh te ca trong
san xuat ndng nghiep lin cdng nghiep b
mgt
so'
dia phfldng trong ca nfldc.
- Giai doan 1986 - 1990: Bflde diu giai
quyet dfldc nhflng hau qua cia cugc khung
hoang kinh te - xa hgi nhd thflc hien nhflng
chu trfldng va chinh
sach
ddi mdi toan dien
cua Dang va Nha nfldc Viet Nam.
- Giai doan 1991 - 1996: VietNam ra
khdi khing hoang
va
lien tuc phat trien dn
dinh vdi td'c do tang trfldng GDP khoang
tren 8%.
- Giai doan 1997 - 1999: Do anh hfldng
ciia cugc khung hoang tai chinh b chau A
nen tdc do tang trfldng GDP giam xuong
con khoang 5%.
- Giai doan nam 2000 - 2007: VietNam
chinh thflc ra khdi khing hoang kinh te -
xa bgi
va
dat sfl phat trien dn dinh tren tat
ca cac mat, cac hnh vflc cua ddi sd'ng kinh
te - xa hgi vdi toe do tang trudng hen tuc
dat khoang 8%, ty
le lam
phat luon gifl d
mgt con so' (khoang 5
—
6%).
- Giai doan tfl nam 2008 den nay: Do
anh hfldng cua cugc khing boang kinh te -
tai cbinh the gidi, kinh te VietNam gap
nhieu khd khan, td'c do tang trfldng giam
xud'ng cdn khoang tren 6% (thang 9/2009).
Tren thflc te, tien trinh thflc hien cong
cugc doi mdi d VietNam luon dien ra trong
boi canh the gidi vfla thuan ldi, vfla phai
doi phd vdi khong
it
kho khan do tac dgng
chung tfl sfl sup do cua he tho'ng xa hgi chu
nghla den sfl cam van ve kinh te cua My va
sau nay la hai cugc khing hoang tai chinh
the gidi. Tuy nhien, cho den nay, sfl phat
trien dn dinh ve kinh te, xa hgi da ngay
cang chflng to sfl nghiep doi mdi d Viet
Nam da di dung hudng va phu hdp vdi thflc
tiin xa hgi Viet Nam. Nhflng bai hgc chinh
cua cong cugc ddi mdi b VietNam dUdc
Dang Cgng san VietNam tdng ket lai la:
Kien tri chu nghia xa hgi; ket hdp chat che
ddi mdi kinh te vdi ddi mdi chinh tri; phat
trien kinh te gan lien vdi thflc hien tien bg
va
cdng bing xa hgi va thflc hien doi mdi
trong nfldc vdi viec md cia quan he vdi tit
ca cac nUdc tren the gidi tren tinh thin gifl
vflng chi quyen, dgc lap dan tgc. Day la
nhflng bai hgc cd
tinh
chat khai quat chung
cho sfl nghiep ddi mdi toan dien b Viet
Nam, cdn xet tiing linh vflc ddi mdi, nhfl doi
mdi kinh te, xa hgi, van boa, chinh tri, doi
ngoai, qud'c phdng thi deu cd nhflng bai hgc
cu the ca ve budc di, td'c do phat trien lan
trgng tam, trgng diem trong phat trien.
Trong dd,
cai
gifl vai trd
dae
biet quan
trgng la nhflng bai hgc ve xay dflng mo
hinh phat trien kinh te d Viet Nam.
37
NGUYEN
HUU
DE
1.
Ddc
trUng
cua
sU
nghiep ddi mdi
6
VietNam
Nhin lai hch si tien trinh ddi mdi cia
Viet Nam, chung ta cd the rut ra mgt
so'
dae
trflng chi yeu cia sfl nghiep ddi mdi d Viet
Nam b nhflng vin de sau:
1.1.
Su nghiep dot mdi dUdc tien hdnh
theo dinh hUdng xd hdi chu nghla
Viet Nam tien hanh sfl nghiep ddi mdi
la
ddi mdi ve phfldng thflc
va
md hinh
xay
dflng chi nghia xa hgi cho phu hdp vdi thflc
tien cia xa hgi Viet Nam, chfl khdng xa rdi
muc tieu chi nghia xa hgi. Trong
qua
trinh
ddi
mdi.
Dang Cgng sin Viet Nam
luon
kien dinh muc tieu gin viec gifl vflng dgc
lap
dan
tgc vdi
xay
dflng chi nghia xa hgi
tren nen tang chi nghia Mac - Lenin
va
tfl
tfldng Hd Chl Minh. Sfl nghiep ddi mdi
toan
dien b VietNam ludn hfldng tdi muc tieu
xay dflng thanh cdng chi nghia xa hgi b
Viet Nam. Vi vay, ddi mdi theo dinh hfldng
xa hgi chi nghia d VietNam da dfldc the
hien tren ca phfldng dien muc tieu lin
trong tiing giai doan cu the, trong ca ket
qua dat dUdc
lan
phfldng thflc de dat ket
qua do. Chinh sfl dinh hfldng xa hgi chi
nghia nay da lam cho cdng cugc ddi mdi d
Viet Nam the hien dUdc
tinh
dae thfl cia ly
luan chung ve con dfldng di len chi nghia
xa hgi d Viet Nam.
Ngay tfl diu, khi tie'n hanh sfl nghiep
ddi
mdi.
Dang Cgng sin VietNam da
xac
dinh doi mdi tfl duy ve md hinh xay dflng
chu nghia xa hgi d VietNam la vin de gifl
vi
tri
quan trgng, mang
tinh
dot pha trong
viec tfl bd tren thflc tiin md hinh
xay
dflng
chu nghia xa hgi rap khudn theo Lien Xd.
Viec ddi mdi tU duy nay trfldc het dfldc the
hien chi yeu trong sfl nhan thflc lai cia
Ding Cgng sin VietNam ve chi nghia xa
hgi va con dfldng
xay
dflng chi ngbia xa bgi
b Viet Nam. Ddi mdi tfl duy
ma
Dang Cgng
sin VietNam chi trfldng la nhan thflc
dung ve ban chit cia chi nghia xa hgi
ma
trfldc kia hieu chfla dung, nhan thflc
lai
ve
hinh thflc, bflde di cu the cia VietNam
trong giai doan qua do len chi nghia xa hgi
de
lam
sao
xay
dflng d VietNam mgt xa hgi
dan
giau, nfldc manh, cdng bang, dan chi,
van minh. Xa hgi
ma
Viet Nam
xay
dflng
phai
la
xa hgi do nhan dan
lam
chi; cd nen
kinh te phat trien cao, dn dinh, bdn vflng;
cd nen van hda tien tidn, dam da ban sac
dan tgc; con ngfldi cd cugc sd'ng dm no, tfl
do,
hanh phuc, dUdc phat trien
toan
dien;
CO Nha nfldc phap quyen xa hgi chi nghia
cia nhan dan, do nhan dan, vi nhan
dan
do
Dang Cgng san lanh dao; cac
dan
tgc doan
ket giup nhau cflng phat trien; co quan he
hflu nghi, hdp tac vdi tat ca cac nfldc tren
the gidi nhfl trong cac Nghi quyet cia Dang
Cgng sin VietNam dd xac dinh. Vi vay
ma
cdng cugc ddi mdi d Vidt Nam khdng the xa
rdi muc tieu chi nghia xa hgi.
Gdng cugc ddi mdi d VietNam dfldc tien
hanh theo muc tieu chi nghia xa hgi tren
hai phfldng dien. Ve phfldng dien ly luan la
xac lap dUdc he thd'ng quan diem dung ve
chi nghia xa hgi va con dfldng
xay
dflng
chi nghia
xa
hgi phu hdp vdi Viet Nam; ve
phfldng dien thflc tiin
la lam
cho chi nghia
xa
hgi tflng bflde xuat hien
va
hinh thanh
mgt each vflng chac d Viet Nam. Day cung
chinh
la
each ma VietNamvaTrung Qudc
tien hanh ddi mdi va cai each md cia khac
hoan
toan
vdi cdng cugc cai td cia Lien X6
va
cai each md cia d cac nfldc Ddng Au.
Viet Nam tien hanh ddi mdi nhflng khdng
"ddi
mau",
cdn Trung Qud'c cii each nhflng
vdn kien tri, khdng
lay
chuyen ddi vdi che
do xa hgi chi nghia. Chinb sfl thanh cdng
cia cdng cugc ddi mdi d Viet Nam
va
cai
each md cia d Trung Qud'c da khang dinh
tinh dung din cia md hinb
xay
diing xa hgi
38
CONG CUOC DOI
Mdi 6
MT
NAM: DACTRUNGVATRIENVONG
xa hgi chu nghia
ma
hai nfldc da
Ifla
chgn.
Dae
trflng
nay
the hien dfldc thflc chat cua
cong cugc ddi mdi d Viet Nam
va
xuyen sudt
toan bg tien trinh thflc hien ddi mdi cho den
khi chi nghia xa hgi dfldc xay dflng thanh
cong
b
Viet Nam.
1.2. Boi mdi todn dien nhUng cd trgng
tdm,
trgng diem dUdc tie'n hdnh mgt cdch
tuan tu, tiing
bUdc
phu hdp vdi mdi thdi ky,
moi
giai dogn
Viet Nam tien hanh ddi mdi mgt
each
toan dien tren tit ca cac linh vflc kinh te,
van hoa, chinh tri, xa hgi. Nhflng, do
dae
diem khi tien hanh ddi mdi VietNam dang
cl trinh do phat trien thip va nhat la dang
rdi vao mgt cugc khing boang kinh te - xa
hgi trim trgng, nen tien hanh doi mdi
khong the lam ddng bg tat ca cac linh vflc,
cac khau trong qua trinh doi mdi. Vi
the.
Dang Cgng san VietNam da xac dinh tren
cd scl doi mdi
toan
dien dat nfldc phai liy
doi mdi kinh te la trgng tam,
xay
dflng
Dang la then chot, lay sfl dn dinh chinh tri
lam cd sd cho ddi mdi kinh te va cac linh
vflc khac. Trong qua trinh ddi
mdi.
Dang
Cong san va nhan
dan
VietNam da tap
trung toan bg sflc lflc, cua cai
va tri
tue cbo
viec xay dflng mgt nen kinh te phat trien
nham trfldc bet
nang
cao ddi sd'ng cia
ngfldi dan lao dgng. Dd'i mdi phai mang lai
trfldc het nhflng ldi
ich
thiet thflc cho ngfldi
dan,
dae
biet la ndng dan vd'n
van
chiem da
sd
trong dan
so'Viet
Nam (luc tien
hanh
ddi
mdi chiem khoang 80%
dan
sd'ca nfldc).
Chi
khi lam dfldc dieu dd thi Dang Cgng san
Viet Nam mdi tao ra dUdc mgt dgng lflc
manh me cho viec tien hanh ddi mdi toan
dien dit nfldc. Trong ddi mdi kinh te thi
viec xay dflng mo hinh phat trien kinh te
thi trfldng dinh hfldng xa hgi chi nghia
phai nhim vao trgng diem
la
giai phong sflc
san xuit, giai phong mgi tiem nang cia dit
nfldc cho viec thflc hien cong cudc ddi mdi.
Xay dflng nen kinh te thi trfldng dinh
hfldng xa hgi chi nghia chinh
la
lam cho
quan he sin xuat phfl hdp vdi trinh do phat
trien cia lflc Ifldng sin xuat, tao ra mgt
nen kinh te cd sflc canb tranh cao. Mgt nen
kinh te nhfl the se khdi day dfldc mgi tiem
nang sang tao cia ngfldi lao dgng, cua cac
doanh nghiep trong va ngoai quo'c doanh.
NhUng, nen kinh te
ma
VietNam xay dflng
nay van
duy tri vai trd chu dao cia kinh te
nha nfldc, ke ca nhflng nam gin day, khi
Viet Nam thflc hien cd phin boa cac doanh
nghiep nha nfldc.
• , i
Trong cai
each
kinh te, neu luc dau dfldc
tien hanh theo hfldng giai quyet nhiing nhu
ciu thiet yeu ve ddi song cho ngfldi dan, cdn
sfl nghiep cdng nghiep boa
chi
dfldc tien
hanh tren cd sd cho phep
va
phuc vu cho
muc tieu noi tren thi sau
nay,
cdng nghiep
hoa, hien dai hda lai dfldc coi trgng hdn
tren cd sd nhflng thanh
tiiu
kinh te da dat
dUdc. Dang Cgng san VietNam xac dinh
den nam 2020, VietNam phai hoan thanh
ve cd ban sfl nghiep cong nghiep hda, hien
dai hoa dit nfldc. Vi the, trong nhflng nam
gin day, VietNam da tap trung nhieu sflc
lflc cho sfl nghiep nay. Vi chi co hoan thanh
dfldc sfl nghiep nay thi nen kinh te Viet
Nam mdi phat trien dfldc va mdi co vi
tri
cao tren trfldng qud'c te. Dae biet, den Dai
hgi X (nam 2006), Dang Cgng san VietNam
lai dfla them chi trfldng phat trien nen
kinh te tri thflc de tranh thu tdi da nhflng
tien bg khoa hgc, cdng nghe tien tien tren
the gidi nhim dUa nen kinh te nUdc ta hgi
nhap dUdc vdi nen kinh te the gidi.
Nhu vay, nhin vao tien trinh doi m6i cua
Viet Nam, cd the thay, b mdi giai
doan.
Dang Cgng sin VietNam deu xac dinh ro
nhflng nhiem vu trgng tam, trgng diem va
quyet tam hoan thanh nhiem vu do. Mac
39
NGUYEN HUU DE
du trong dfldng Idi xay dflng chi nghia xa
hgi trfldc kia
va
trong thdi ky ddi mdi, Dang
Cgng san Viet Nam
ludn
coi cdng nghiep
hoa la nhiem vu trgng tam, nhflng mdi thdi
ky, giai doan nd lai dfldc tien
hanh
theo
nhflng phfldng thflc khac nhau
va
sfl diu tfl
cho phat trien cflng
khac
nhau. Hdn nfla,
nd cdn dfldc bd sung them nhflng yeu ciu
mdi cho phu hdp vdi tinh hinh phat trien
mdi ca trong nfldc va thdi dai.
1.3. Boi mdi kinh
tegdn
liin vdi ddi mdi
he thdng chinh tri
Trong sfl nghiep ddi mdi dat
nfldc.
Dang
Cgng sin VietNam ludn coi trgng ddi mdi
he tho'ng chinh tri cho tUdng flng vdi sfl
phat trien cia kinh te, tflc
la
tfly theo
thanh qua va yeu ciu ddi mdi kinh te
ma
tflng
bflde
cd sfl ddi mdi ve chinh tri
va
he
thd'ng chinh tri. Ndi mgt each chinh xac hdn
thi dd
la qua
trinh ddi mdi ve the che chinh
tri trong sfl tfldng thich vdi ddi mdi the che
kinh te. Ddi mdi he thd'ng chinh tri d Viet
Nam da dfldc Dang Cgng sin VietNam xac
dinh trong Nghi quyet Trung Udng 6 khda
VI (nam 1989) chinh la ddi mdi td chflc va
phfldng thflc boat dgng cia he thd'ng chinh
tri theo hfldng tang cfldng vai trd lanh dao
cua Dang Cgng sin, hieu lflc quan ly cua
Nha nudc, phat huy quyen
lam
chi cia
nhan dan. Vi vay, ddi mdi trong linh vflc
chinh tri trfldc bet
la lam
trong sach Dang,
xay
dflng Dang viing manh hdn de Dang
lam td't vai trd lanh dao cia minh chfl
khdng phai thflc hien da nguyen, da dang.
Khi xa hgi Viet Nam
xay
dflng mgt nen
kinh te phat trien theo cd che thi trfldng thi
de lanh dao dfldc xa hgi dd, ddi hoi Dang
Cgng sin Viet Nam
cang
phii ddi mdi
khdng ngflng phfldng thflc
lanh
dao cia
minh, gifl vflng sfl lanh dao duy nhat cia
Dang. Sfl ddi mdi
nay
dfldc the hien ro nhat
trong nhflng thay ddi nhan thflc cia Dang
ve ddng
liic
cia sfl phat trien, ve vai trd cua
Nha nfldc
va
kinh te tfl nhan, de tfl dd, co
nhflng chi trfldng, dfldng ldi chi dao dung
dan sfl phat trien kinh te - xa hgi VietNam
theo xu hfldng cua cdng cugc ddi mdi
toan
dien dit nUdc. Gd the thay, tfl khi tien
hanh cdng cugc ddi mdi den nay, Dang
Cgng san VietNam da khdng ngiing ddi
mdi ca ve quan niem cflng nhfl phfldng thflc
lanh
dao sfl nghiep
xay
dflng chi nghia xa
hgi d Viet Nam
va
de dam nhiem dfldc vai
trd lanh dao cia
minh.
Dang da
ludn
tfl ddi
mdi ca ve cd ciu, td chflc ciing nhfl khdng
ngflng
nang
cao chat Ifldng dang vien trong
Dang cho phu hdp vdi tinh hinh mdi. De ddi
mdi he thd'ng chinh tri, VietNam cdn tflng
budc tien hanh
xay
dflng Nha nfldc phap
quyen xa hgi chi nghia cia dan, do dan, vi
dan va
thflc hien md rgng dan chi trong
nhan
dan
de ngfldi dan phat huy dfldc
quyen
lam
chi cia minh thong qua viec
nang
cao
va
phat huy vai trd cia cac td
chflc trong Mat tran To qud'c Viet Nam.
Cbinh nhd cd sfl ddi mdi he thd'ng chinh tri
mgt cdch thfldng xuyen
ma
nhflng ddi mdi
trong kinh te,
van
hda, xa hgi d VietNam
ludn di dung hUdng, khdng chech khdi muc
tieu chi nghia xa hgi cia cdng cugc ddi mdi.
1.4. Bdi mdi
dephdt
trien trong dn dinh
Nhfl da phan
tich
d tren, VietNam tien
hanh ddi mdi la mgt cugc
each
mang ve mo
hinh
xay
dflng chi nghia xa hgi. Vi vay,
cdng cugc ddi mdi dfldc tien hanh tao ra sfl
phat trien
toan
dien dat nfldc, tao ra sfl
tang trfldng manh ve kinh te. Nhflng, trong
qua trinh phat trien, VietNam ludn dam
bao sfl dn dinh ve chinh tri, xa hgi ciing
nhfl
tranh
sfl tang trfldng ndng trong kinh
te.
Duy tri sfl dn dinh trong phat trien
la
dae trflng quan trgng cia sfl nghiep ddi mdi
b Viet Nam. Nd vfla dam bao sfl tang
trfldng ve kinh te lai vfla dam bao cuoc
40
CONG CUOC DOI
M6I
6 VIET
NAM: DAC
TRUKG
VA
TRIENVONG
sdng on dinh cia da so' ngfldi dan lao ddng.
Vi the, trong qua trinh ddi
mdi.
Dang Cgng
san VietNam ludn giai quyet tdt mdi quan
he gifla chinb sach phat trien kinh te vdi
chinh sach xa hgi, gifla phat trien kinh te
v6i viec thflc hien tien bg va cdng bing xa
hgi.
Nghia la, nguyen tic tien bg va cdng
bang luon dUdc thflc hien trong tflng
bflde
phat trienva ca trong sud't tien trinh thflc
hien ddi mdi. Kbi phat trien kinh te theo cd
che thi trfldng thi sfl phan hda giau ngheo
ta't yeu se xay ra. Neu khdng giai quyet td't
vin de nay se
dan
den nhflng sfl bat cdng
qua dang trong xa hgi. Trong xa hgi, neu co
khoang
each
qua ldn gifla ngfldi giau va
ngflSi
ngheo, hdn nfla ngfldi ngheo lai
chiem da so', thi xa hgi do dau cdn dam bao
dfldc sfl tien bg nfla.
^^
v^y,
co the thay,
thanh
tich
ndi bat cia cong cugc ddi mdi b
Viet Nam la trong luc kinh te c6 sfl tang
trfldng khong ngflng thi ddi sd'ng cua da so'
ngfldi dan deu dfldc cai thien va nang cao.
Khoang
each
gifla ngfldi giau
va
ngUdi
ngheo trong xa hgi tuy chfla giai quyet dfldc
theo yeu cau cia dinh hUdng
xa
hgi chi
nghia, nhflng cung khong de qua ldn. Tren
tinh than la
xay
dflng mgt xa hgi dan giau,
nfldc manh, nen da so' ngfldi
dan
lao dgng
Viet Nam deu dUdc hfldng Idi tfl nhflng
thanh tflu
cua.
cong cugc ddi mdi. OViet
Nam, doi mdi la de dap flng nhflng yeu ciu,
nguyen vgng chinh dang cia ngUdi dan.
Muo'n
CO
phat trien thi mgi chi trUdng,
chinh sach ddi mdi deu phai dfla
vao
dan,
xuat phat tfl dan
va
phuc vu cho dan.
Chinh dieu dd tao ra khdng chi dgng lflc
manh me cho cdng cugc ddi mdi,
ma
cdn la
va can ban la
lam
cho long dan dfldc yen va
tuyet doi tin tfldng vao sfl lanh dao cia
Dang Cgng sin, tin
vao
sfl dung din cia
con dfldng ddi mdi da dfldc
Ifla
chgn. Muc
dich
cua ddi mdi b VietNam la vi sfl phat
trien cua con ngUdi, lam cho con ngUdi Viet
Nam trd tbanb dgng
lUc
manh me cua cong
cugc ddi mdi dat nfldc. Vi vay, VietNam
ludn gan phat trien kinh te -
xa
hgi vdi giao
due va dao tao con ngfldi nham bao dam
ngudn lflc phat trien dn dinh va ben vflng
cho dat nfldc. Giao
due
va dao tao con ngUdi
dap flng dfldc yeu ciu cua dit nUdc chinb la
tao
ra
sfl on dinh trong phat trien.
Viet Nam ddi mdi de phat trien, phat
trien de dam bao sfl dn dinh dat nfldc va
tren cd sd dn dinh, ngay cang ddi mdi va
phat trien hdn nfla. Do chinh la moi quan
he gifla on dinb va phat trien dUdc Dang
Cgng san VietNam giai quyet tot trong
thflc tiin ddi mdi dit nfldc tren con dfldng
tien len chu nghia xa hgi. Tuy
nhien.
Dang
Cgng sin VietNam luon lay dn dinh ve
chmh tri la cd ban va tien de cua ddi mdi va
phat trien kinh te.
1.5. Bdi mdi ddt nUdc gdn lien md
eita
vdi
the
gidi bin ngodi
Ngay tfl khi bflde
vao
cong cugc ddi
mdi.
Dang Cgng sin VietNam da xac dinh con
dudng ddi mdi cia VietNam phai ket hdp
dUdc sflc manh trong nfldc vdi sflc manh
thdi dai. Vi the, tai Dai hgi toan quo'c lin
thfl VI, Dang Cgng san VietNam da de ra
nhiem vu ddi ngoai
la:
"Ra sflc ket hdp sflc
manh cua
dan
tgc vdi sflc manh cua thdi
dai"(l).
Sud't qua trinh tfl khi ddi mdi den
nay.
Dang Cgng sin VietNam da luon chu
trgng giai quyet td't nhiem vu nay. Neu nhU
thdi ky diu cia cdng cugc ddi mdi, Viet
Nam chl mdi chu trgng den viec md cia va
quan he vdi cac nfldc trong khu vUc
va
chu
yeu
la
Lien Xd
va
cac nfldc trong he
thoiig
xa hgi chi nghia thi
nay.
Dang Cgng san
Viet Nam da chi trfldng md rgng quan he
(1) Dang Cpng san Viet Nam. Vdn kien Dgi hpi dgi
bieu todn qudc ldn
thii
VI. Nxb
Sii
that.
Ha
Npi,
1987,
tr.99.
41
NGUYEN HUU DE
vdi tat ca cac nfldc tren the gidi tren
nguyen tic gifl vflng ddc lap
va
tfl cfldng
dan tgc. Cdng cugc ddi mdi d VietNam
khdng the dat dfldc nhflng thanh tflu nhfl
ngay nay neu khdng cd sfl md rgng quan he
hdp tac qud'c te, khdng cd hgi nhap kinh te
qudc te. Nhd chinh sach md cia
ma
Viet
Nam da tranh thi dfldc sfl giflp dd tfl ben
ngoai, dae biet la trong viec tbu hut
va
si
dung ngudn vd'n diu tfl tfl
cac
nfldc phat
trien. Trfldc khi he thd'ng xa hgi chi nghia
sup dd, VietNam ludn nhan dfldc sfl vien
trd
toan
dien va to ldn cia Lien Xd
va cac
nfldc khac trong he tho'ng xa hgi chi nghia.
Sau khi he thd'ng nay sup dd, VietNam
khong con ngudn vien trd do nfla, nhflng
nhd sfl ddi mdi trong chinh sach
ddi
ngoai,
Viet Nam da thu hut dfldc nhieu ngudn
vo'n, nhfl ngudn ODA (hd trd phat trien
chinh thflc) cia cac nfldc phat trien, ngudn
vd'n diu tU trflc tiep nfldc ngoai (FDI).
Chinh sfl hdp tac
nay
ludn dfldc duy tri
va
md rgng da giflp cho nen kinh te VietNam
ngay cang phat trien manh me, giflp cho
cac doanh nghiep VietNam cd nhieu cd hgi
va
tren thflc te, da vfldn ra thi trfldng the
gidi.
Qua
trinh
ddi mdi d VietNam ludn
lay
doi mdi trong nfldc
la
cd sd de phat trien
quan he vdi ben ngoai, phat huy sflc manh
trong nfldc la chinh trong sfl tiep thu va si
dung sflc manh cia thdi dai. Day cung cd
the coi
la tinh
tit yeu trong sfl nghiep ddi
mdi cia Viet Nam. Sfl thanh cdng cia sfl
nghiep ddi mdi b VietNam khdng
chi la
ve
mat phat trien kinh te, gifl vflng dgc lap
chi quyen
dan
tgc,
ma
cdn
la
sfl thanh cdng
trong
linh
vflc quan he ddi ngoai cia Ding
Cgng san Viet Nam. Dfla tren nhiing thanh
cong dd, den Dai hgi IX (nam 2006), Ding
Cgng sin VietNam da nhin manh viec
"chd ddng hdi nhgp kinh
ti'qudc
te vd khu
vUc theo tinh thin phat huy
tdi
da ngi Iflc,
nang cao hieu qua hdp tac qud'c te, bao dam
dgc
lap
tfl chu
va
dinh hfldng xa hgi chu
nghia, bao ve ldi
ich
dan tgc, an ninh qud'c
gia, gifl gin ban sic van hda dan tgc, bao ve
mdi trfldng"(2). Gd the thiy, day ciing
la
muc dich, yeu ciu va ngi dung cua viec md
cia hgi nhap kinh te qud'c te cia VietNam
va
tinh thin nay ciing
dUde
tiep tuc nhan
manh d Dai hgi
lin
thfl X cua Dang Cgng
san Viet Nam
va
gifl vflng de'n nay.
2.
Trien
vpng
cda
sU
nghiep doi mdi
d VietNam
Den nay, cdng cugc ddi mdi cia Viet
Nam da dat dfldc nhflng thanh tflu vo cung
to Idn va vflng chic. Dung nhfl danh gia ghi
trong
Bao
cao chinh tri cia Ban Chap hanh
Trung Udng Dang khda IX tai Dai hgi dai
bieu
toan
qud'c lin thfl X cia Dang: "Dit
nfldc da ra khdi khing hoang kinh
te
- xa
hgi,
cd sfl thay ddi cd ban vd
toan
dien.
Kinh te tang trfldng kha nhanh, sfl nghiep
cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda, phat trien
kinh te thi trfldng dinh hfldng xa hgi chu
nghia dfldc
day
manh. Ddi sd'ng
nhan
dan
dfldc cai thien ro ret. He tho'ng chmh tri va
khdi dai
doan
ket
toan dan
tgc dfldc cing cd
va tang cfldng. Cbinh tri - xa hgi dn dinh.
Qud'c phdng vd an ninh dfldc gifl viing. Vi
the nfldc ta tren trfldng qud'c te khdng ngflng
nang cao. Sflc manh tdng hdp cia qud'c gia
da
tang Ien rat nhieu, tao ra the
va
Iflc mdi
cho dit nfldc tiep tuc di Ien vdi trien vgng tdt
dep"(3).
Nhfl vay, cd the khang dinh trien
vgng cia sfl nghiep ddi mdi d VietNam nhat
dinh se tien trien td't dep, nhat dinh se
thanh cdng vi nhiing Iy do sau day:
(2) Dang Cpng san Viet Nam. Vdn kien Bgi hpi dgi
bieu todn qud'c ldn
thi2
IX. Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia,
Ha Npi, 2001, tr.l20.
(3) Dang Cpng san Viet Nam. Vdn kien Dgi hpi dgi
bieu todn qudc
ldn thii
X. Nxb Chi'nh tri Quoc gia,
Ha
Npi, 2006, tr.67-68.
42
CONG CUOC DOI
M6I
6
VIET
NAM: DACTRUNGVATRIENVONG
2.1.
Su nghiep ddi mdi dUdc ddt dUdi sU
lanh
dtgo
tdi tinh cua mgt ddng duy nhdt:
Bdng Cgng sdn VietNam
Dang Cgng sin VietNam tfl khi tien
hanh sfl nghiep ddi mdi den nay
luon
gifl
vflng ban chit
each
mang cia giai cip cong
nhan, Iiy chi nghia Mac
—
Lenin, tfl tfldng
Hd Chi Minh
la
nen tang tfl tfldng,
la
kim
chi nam cho
hanh
dgng cua minh. Sfl
nghidp
ddi mdi b VietNam chinh la the
hien sfl
van
dung mgt
each sang
tao ly
luan
cua chi nghia
Mac
- Lenin ve chi nghia xa
hgi va
xay
dflng chi ngbia
xa
hgi
vao hoan
canh cu the cia Viet Nam. Trong dfldng Idi
lanh dao cung nhfl thflc hien doi
mdi.
Dang
Cgng san VietNam luon xuit phat tfl thflc
tiin cua xa hgi Viet Nam. Ca khi trfldc ddi
m6i va trong ddi
mdi.
Dang cung c6 nhiing
sai lim trong nhan thflc ciing nhfl
chi
dao
each
mang, nhflng Dang luon chu trfldng
nhin thang
vao
sfl that, dam nhan nhflng
sai lim de sia chfla nham nang cao
nang
lflc lanh dao cua Dang. Vi the, cung vdi
nhflng thanh cong cia ddi mdi thi uy
tin
cua Dang cung
ngay cang
dfldc
nang
cao.
Dieu chu yeu dam bao sfl thanh cong trong
lanh dao cong cugc doi mdi cia Dang chinh
la b cho, Dang da c6 bflde phat trien ve tfl
duy, nhit
la
tfl duy ve chi nghia xa hgi
va
con dfldng
xay
dflng chu nghia xa hgi b Viet
Nam
va
nhd do, da de ra
va
lanh dao thflc
hien dfldng loi doi mdi mgt each dung din,
phu hdp vdi thflc tiin VietNam qua mdi giai
doan va thdi ky cu the. Vi the, nhiing chu
trfldng, chinh sach cia Dang da phan
anh
dung yeu ciu phat trien cia dat nfldc, hdp
vdi long
dan
nen chung
ludn
di vao cugc
sdng
va
khong ngiing phat huy tac dung.
2.2.
Su nghiep ddi mdi
d
VietNam xudt
phdt
tic thUc
te'cua chinh xd hgi VietNam
Viet Nam di len chi nghia xa hgi tfl mgt
nfldc nong nghiep kem phat trien
va
co
truyen thoiig van hda, lich sfl rieng. Vi
the.
mo hinh xay dflng chi nghia xa hgi d Viet
Nam khdng the sao chep bat cfl ndi nao
tren the gidi. Con dfldng hinh thanh sfl
nghiep ddi mdi d VietNam trfldc bet xuat
phat tfl thflc tien cia Viet Nam, tfl nhiing
sang kien trong phong
trao
thflc tiin cia
nhan dan lao ddng. Tren cd sd thflc tiin
do.
Dang Cgng sin VietNam mdi rut ra,
due
ket thanh ly luan xay dflng chi nghia xa hgi
b VietNam thdng qua con dfldng ddi mdi dat
nfldc.
Nhiing thanh tflu dat dfldc cia sfl
nghiep ddi mdi da chflng minh rang, con
dfldng ddi mdi da di dflng hfldng
va
phan
anh dung quy luat phat trien khach quan
cia Viet Nam
va
vi the, no la tit yeu, khdng
the dao ngflde va luon tien ve
phia
trUdc.
2.3.
ThUc tien ddi mdi d VietNam luon
dUdc tien hdnh tdng ket, khdi qudt thdnh ly
ludn chung vi xdy dUng chu nghla xd hgi
d
Viet Nam
Sfl nghiep ddi mdi cua VietNam khong
phai ngay tfl diu da hinh thanh mgt he
tho'ng quan diem tUdng ddi ro
va
diy di
nhfl bay gid,
ma
nd phai trai qua qua trinh
due
ket kinh nghiem ca nhflng cai lam dfldc
va
chfla lam dfldc trong suo't ca tien trinh
va
qua mdi mgt giai doan cu the mdi hinh
thanh nen. Mo hinh xay dflng chi nghia xa
hgi b VietNam (d Trung Quo'c la theo mo
hinh cia Trung Qud'c
va
dUdc bat diu
trUdc
Viet Nam) dang dfldc tien hanh la chfla co
tien le trong
lich
si. Vi the, con dfldng dan
den thanh cong va dn dinh lau dai chinh la
vfla lam, vfla bd sung ve mat ly luan de co
sfl hoan
chinh
ve dfldng loi cung nhfl cac
bflde phat trien tiep theo cia cdng cugc doi
mdi.
C)
Viet Nam, qua mdi ky Dai hgi Dang
deu cd sfl nhin nhan, danh gia lai tien trinh
ddi mdi theo cac mo'c thdi gian 5 nam, 10
nam, 15 nam, 20
nam va
tren cd sd do, hinh
thanh Iy
luan
chung ve con dUdng ddi mdi
cua Viet Nam. Cbinb sfl bd sung ngay cang
diy du va hoan
chinh
ve mat ly luan se dam
43
NGUYEN
HUU
DE
bao cho sfl nghiep ddi mdi cia Viet
Nam.
ngay cang di dflng theo tie'n trinh phat trien
ta't yeu khach quan cia
xa
hgi Viet Nam.
Dd'i mdi cia VietNam da va dang phat trien
td't dep thi tfldng lai
va
trien vgng cia nd
cung khdng the khac dUdc.
Nhiing dieu trinh bay tren la ndi ve trien
vgng chung cia sfl nghiep ddi mdi d Viet
Nam. Tren thflc te, con dfldng dd khdng dien
ra mgt each sudn se, khdng gap nhiing trd
ngai, khd khan. Tfl khi tien hanh cdng cugc
ddi mdi den nay, VietNam da gap nhieu khd
khan ca ve khach quan
lan
chi quan
lam
cham tien trinh ddi mdi. Dd la nhiing nhan
thflc sai lim trong
chi
dao thflc hien, sfl bao
thi cia cd che cu, nhiing thien tai lu lut,
nhiing bien dgng cia the gidi theo chieu
hfldng bat ldi cho cong cugc ddi mdi cia Viet
Nam. VietNam da gap phai khd khan, nhU
sfl cim van cua My, sfl sup dd cia be thd'ng
xa hgi chu nghia, quan he cang thang vdi
Trung Qudc, trong nhflng nam diu tien
hanh dd'i mdi. NhUng, tflng bflde mgt, Viet
Nam da vfldt qua nhiing khd khan dd bang
chinh ngi lflc phat trien cia minh. Dae biet,
c6 hai sfl kien c6 anh hfldng ldn den tien
trinh ddi mdi cia VietNam la sfl khing
hoang tai chinh chau A nam 1997
va
cugc
khung hoang kinh te, tai chinh the gidi nam
2008.
Neu cugc khung hoang tai chinh nam
1997 cdn tac dgng
it
den sfl phat trien kinh
te cua VietNam do VietNam chfla hgi
nhap
sau
vao nen kinh te the gidi, thi cugc khing
hoang kinh te, tai chinh nam 2008 da thflc
sfl
la
mgt thfl thach ddi vdi trien vgng cia sfl
nghiep ddi mdi cia Viet Nam. Gd the thay,
neu VietNam khdng vUdt qua dfldc sfl suy
thoai kinh te do cugc khing hoang
nay
gay
ra thi thanh
tiiu
cia bao nhieu nam tien
hanh ddi mdi se trd ve con so' khdng, ndi gi
den trien vgng cia nd nfla. The nhflng, den
nay, tat ca deu dien
ra
mgt each td't dep. Ghe
do chinh tri - xa hgi VietNam vin dn
dinh.
kinh te vin tang trfldng. Neu cudi nam 2008
va
diu nam 2009, kinh te VietNam cung rdi
vao
suy thoai do tac dgng cia khing hoang
tai cbinh toan ciu thi nhd nhiing bien
phap
tich
cflc nham cho'ng suy giam kinh te' do
Cbinb
phi VietNam dUa ra, den nay, Viet
Nam da cbinh thflc ngan chan dfldc sfl suy
thoai
nay
va nen kinh te dang tren dfldng
phuc bdi
va
phat trien. Viec Chinh phi Viet
Nam dfla ra Nghi quye't sd 30/2008/NQ-GP
ve nhiJng giai
phap
cip bach ngan chan suy
giam kinh te, duy tri tang trUdng
va
dam
bao an sinh xa hdi (trgng tam cia Nghi
quyet nay Id 3 hnh vUc: Thflc day san xuat
kinh doanh
va
xuit khau;
kich
ciu diu tfl
va
tieu dung; dieu
hanh
linh boat chinh
sach
tien te) da chflng td kha nang nhay ben
cia Dang
va
Nha nfldc VietNam trong van
de khac pbuc khd khan trong ddi mdi cung
nhfl khang dinh tfldng lai sang sua cia con
dUdng ddi mdi cua Viet Nam. Vi the, trien
vgng gin cia sfl ngbiep ddi mdi d Viet Nam,
theo nhieu chuyen gia dfl bao, se
la
phuc hdi
nen kinh te trong nam 2010 va tiep tuc duy
tri mflc tang trfldng nhfl cu bat diu tfl
nam
2011.
De'n lflc dd, cdng cugc ddi mdi d Viet
Nam se
lam
tiep nhiing viec hi gian doan do
khing hoang tai chinh toan ciu dem lai,
nhu day manh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai
hda de
hoan
thanh vao
nam
2020 nhfl da de
ra; hoan thien the che kinh te thi trfldng,
dae biet
la
thflc hien td't chinh
sach
phat
trien ndng nghiep, nong thdn,
lam
cho ddi
sd'ng ngfldi ndng
dan
dfldc
nang
cao, Nhin
vao
trien vgng
va
tfldng lai cia sfl nghiep
ddi mdi, mdi ngfldi dan VietNam deu lac
quan
va
tin tfldng
vao
sfl tien trien td't dep
cia nd. Vi muc tieu cia nd
la
xay dflng mgt
xa hgi Viet Nam
dan
giau,
nUde
manh, xa
hgi cdng bang,
dan
chi, van minh, la
lam
cho mgi ngfldi dan VietNam deu dfldc
hfldng mgt cugc sd'ng diy di ca ve vat chit
lan
tinh thin.
Q
44
. hpc, Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam. 36 CONG CUOC DOI MCil 6 VIET NAM: DAC TRUNG VA TRIEN VONG nghla tfl nam 1986. Den nay, sfl nghiep ddi mdi b Viet Nam da tien hanh dfldc tren 20 nam. Qua. Dang Cgng san Viet Nam xac dinh den nam 2020, Viet Nam phai hoan thanh ve cd ban sfl nghiep cong nghiep hda, hien dai hoa dit nfldc. Vi the, trong nhflng nam gin day, Viet Nam da tap trung. cugc doi mdi. C) Viet Nam, qua mdi ky Dai hgi Dang deu cd sfl nhin nhan, danh gia lai tien trinh ddi mdi theo cac mo'c thdi gian 5 nam, 10 nam, 15 nam, 20 nam va tren cd sd do, hinh