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THE EPIDERMIS IN WOUND HEALING pdf

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  • Front cover

  • Preface

  • Editors

  • Contributors

  • Table of Contents

  • Part I

    • Cellular and Biochemical Issues

      • 1

        • Human Skin-Equivalent Models of Epidermal Wound Healing: Tissue Fabrication and Biological Implications

          • 1.1 Introduction

          • 1.2 Morphologic Aspects of the Response of Wounded Skin Equivalents

          • 1.3 Proliferative Response to Skin-Equivalent Wounding

          • 1.4 Keratinocyte Migration in Response to Wounding of Skin Equivalents

          • 1.5 Growth Factor Responsiveness and Synthesis in Wounded Skin Equivalents

          • 1.6 Protease Activation in Wounded Skin Equivalents

          • 1.7 Patterns of Keratinocyte Differentiation in Wounded Skin Equivalents

          • 1.8 Summary

          • 1.9 Fabrication of Skin-Equivalent Wound Healing Model

          • References

      • 2

        • Epidermal Repair and the Chronic Wound

          • 2.1 Introduction: Important Differences between Acute and Chronic Wounds

          • 2.2 Keratinocyte Function and Wound Healing

          • 2.3 Keratins as Markers of Epidermal Physiology and Wound Healing

          • 2.4 Growth Factors/Cytokines as Regulators of Wound Healing

            • 2.4.1 Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

            • 2.4.2 Tumor Necrosis Factor a (TNFa)

            • 2.4.3 Nuclear Factor kappa B (NFkB)

            • 2.4.4 CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein b(C/EBPb)

            • 2.4.5 Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF/TGFa)

            • 2.4.6 Activator Protein-1 (AP-1)

            • 2.4.7 Transforming Growth Factor b (TGFb)

            • 2.4.8 Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF)

            • 2.4.9 Growth Factors/Cytokines as Therapeutic Agents for Chronic Wounds

          • 2.5 Keratinocyte Adhesion and Reepithelialization

          • 2.6 Keratinocyte Behavior in Chronic Wounds

          • 2.7 Endogenous Proteinases in the ECM

            • 2.7.1 Proteinases in Normally Healing Wounds

            • 2.7.2 Serine Proteinases

            • 2.7.3 Proteinases in Chronic Wounds

            • 2.7.4 Neutrophil Elastase

            • 2.7.5 Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)

          • 2.8 Summary

          • References

      • 3

        • The Biochemistry of Epidermal Healing

          • Introduction

          • 3.1 Injury and the Onset of Biochemical Signaling

            • 3.1.1 Migration

            • 3.1.2 Mitosis

            • 3.1.3 Maturation

            • 3.1.4 Signal Transduction and Transcription Factors in Reepithelialization

          • 3.2 Keratinocytes Talk (and Listen)

            • 3.2.1 Epidermal-Dermal Communication

            • 3.2.2 Key Growth Factors and Other Wound Mediators

              • 3.2.2.1 Epidermal Growth Factor, a Classic Epidermal Mitogen

              • 3.2.2.2 Fibroblast Growth Factors, a Family of Epidermal Modulators

              • 3.2.2.3 Transforming Growth Factor Beta, a Master Growth Factor

              • 3.2.2.4 Hepatocyte Growth Factor

              • 3.2.2.5 Cytokines and Chemokines, Signals for Inflammatory Responses

              • 3.2.2.6 Nitric Oxide Expression in Wound Healing

              • 3.2.2.7 Temporal Sequence of Growth Factor Release

              • 3.2.2.8 Extracellular Matrix in Regulation of Epidermal Healing

              • 3.2.2.9 Matrix Metalloproteinases and Other Proteases

            • 3.2.3 Communication with Other Systems

              • 3.2.3.1 Inflammation and the Immune System

              • 3.2.3.2 Angiogenesis

              • 3.2.3.3 Innervation

          • 3.3 Keloid Keratinocytes (Do They Send Different Signals?)

          • 3.4 Fetal Wound Healing

          • 3.5 Conclusion

          • Abbreviations

          • References

  • Part II

    • Local Environment and Healing

      • 4

        • Moist Wound Healing from Past to Present

          • Perspective

          • 4.1 Historic Origins of Moist Wound Healing

          • 4.2 The Dawning Science of Moist Wound Healing

          • 4.3 Barriers to Practicing Moist Wound Healing

            • 4.3.1 Occlusion Babel

            • 4.3.2 Myths about Moist Wound Healing

            • 4.3.3 Varying Dressing Properties

            • 4.3.4 Improper Dressing Use

            • 4.3.5 Lack of Knowledge about Clinical Outcomes

          • 4.4 Conclusion

          • References

      • 5

        • Occlusive and Semipermeable Membranes

          • 5.1 Introduction

          • 5.2 Effects of Occlusive and Semipermeable Membranes on Wound Healing

          • 5.3 Conclusions

          • References

  • Part III

    • Quantifying Repair in the Epidermis

      • 6

        • Human and Swine Models of Epidermal Wound Healing

          • 6.1 Introduction

          • 6.2 Occlusive Dressings

          • 6.3 Growth Factors

          • 6.4 Wound Infection, Biofilms, and Antimicrobials

          • 6.5 Summary

          • Acknowledgment

          • References

      • 7

        • Noninvasive Physical Measurements of Wound Healing

          • 7.1 Introduction

          • 7.2 Video Image Analysis

          • 7.3 Shape Characterization

          • 7.4 Chromatic Assessment

          • 7.5 High-Frequency Ultrasound

          • 7.6 Laser Doppler Systems

          • 7.7 Transcutaneous Oximetry

          • 7.8 pH Measurement

          • 7.9 Infrared Thermal Imaging Systems

          • 7.10 Conclusion

          • References

      • 8

        • Micro Wound Healing Models

          • 8.1 Introduction

          • 8.2 MODELS

            • 8.2.1 Tape Stripping

            • 8.2.2 Lipid Solvent

            • 8.2.3 Surfactant Irritant Dermatitis

            • 8.2.4 Allergic Contact Dermatitis

            • 8.2.5 Blisters

            • 8.2.6 Others

          • 8.3 Conclusions

          • References

  • Part IV

    • Physical and Chemical Factors Affecting Repair

      • 9

        • Wound Microbiology and the Use of Antibacterial Agents

          • 9.1 Introduction

          • 9.2 Biofilms and Planktonic Bacteria

          • 9.3 The Importance of Bacteria within Wounds

          • 9.4 Microbiology of Wounds

          • 9.5 Sampling Techniques

          • 9.6 When to Culture a Wound

          • 9.7 Management of Bacteria in Wounds

            • 9.7.1 Antiseptics

            • 9.7.2 Iodine Compounds

              • 9.7.2.1 Effects of Iodine Compounds on the Bacterial Load of Wounds

              • 9.7.2.2 Effects of Iodine Compounds on the Wound Healing Process

              • 9.7.2.3 Iodine Compounds: Summary

            • 9.7.3 Silver Compounds

            • 9.7.4 Old and Emerging Antimicrobials

          • 9.8 Conclusion

          • References

      • 10

        • Oxygen and Skin Wound Healing

          • Summary

          • 10.1 Introduction and History

          • 10.2 Oxygen in Normal and Injured Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue

          • 10.3 Mechanisms of Oxygen Effects

            • 10.3.1 Immunity to Infection

            • 10.3.2 Collagen Synthesis

            • 10.3.3 Angiogenesis

            • 10.3.4 Epithelization

          • 10.4 Controlling Oxygen in Normal and Wounded Tissue

          • 10.5 Clinical Strategies for Overcoming the Obstacles

          • 10.6 Other Chronic Wounds

          • 10.7 Conclusions

          • References

      • 11

        • Nutrition and Wound Healing

          • 11.1 Introduction

          • 11.2 Nutritional Assessment

          • 11.3 General Nutritional Support

          • 11.4 Specific Nutrient Needs

            • 11.4.1 Arginine and Glutamine

            • 11.4.2 Carbohydrates and Lactate

            • 11.4.3 Fatty Acids

            • 11.4.4 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

            • 11.4.5 Vitamin A

            • 11.4.6 Vitamin E

            • 11.4.7 Microminerals: Zinc, Copper, Iron

              • 11.4.7.1 Zinc

              • 11.4.7.2 Copper

              • 11.4.7.3 Iron

          • 11.5 Use of Anabolic Agents

            • 11.5.1 Human Growth Hormone

            • 11.5.2 Insulin-Like Growth Factor

            • 11.5.3 Anabolic Steroid (Oxandrolone)

          • 11.6 Summary

          • References

      • 12

        • Wound Dressings

          • 12.1 Introduction

          • 12.2 Management of Necrotic and Dry Sloughy Wounds

          • 12.3 Management of Moist or Exuding Wounds

          • 12.4 Management of Epithelializing Wounds

          • 12.5 Management of Infected Wounds

          • 12.6 Management of Malodorous Wounds

          • 12.7 Conclusions

          • References

  • Part V

    • New Approaches to Understanding and Treating Wounds

      • 13

        • Gene Therapy of Wounds

          • 13.1 Introduction

          • 13.2 Gene Transfer Strategies

          • 13.3 Genes with Wound-Healing Effects

          • Acknowledgment

          • References

      • 14

        • Wound Bed Preparation

          • 14.1 Background

            • 14.1.1 Acute vs. Chronic

            • 14.1.2 Advanced Therapies

          • 14.2 Introduction

          • 14.3 Control of Bacterial Burden

          • 14.4 Debridement of Necrotic Tissue

          • 14.5 Control of Exudate

          • 14.6 Managing the Biological Microenvironment

          • 14.7 Systemic Approaches

          • 14.8 Conclusion

          • References

      • 15

        • Gene Transfer of Growth Factors for Wound Repair

          • 15.1 Introduction

          • 15.2 Growth Factors and Wound Healing

            • 15.2.1 Vasculoendothelial Growth Factor

            • 15.2.2 Epidermal Growth Factor

            • 15.2.3 Fibroblast Growth Factor

            • 15.2.4 Keratinocyte Growth Factor

            • 15.2.5 Transforming Growth Factor

            • 15.2.6 Insulin-Like Growth Factor

            • 15.2.7 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor

          • 15.3 Plasmid-DNA and De Novo-Synthesized Growth Factors

          • 15.4 Strategies of Gene Delivery

            • 15.4.1 Viral Gene Transfer Strategies

            • 15.4.2 Nonviral Gene Transfer Strategies

          • 15.5 Gene Transfer of Growth Factors to Full Thickness Wounds in a Porcine Experimental Model

          • 15.6 Regulation of the Gene Product

          • 15.7 Future Applications and Pitfalls

          • 15.8 Conclusion

          • References

      • 16

        • Autologous Skin Transplantation

          • 16.1 Introduction

          • 16.2 Skin Flaps and Skin Expansion

          • 16.3 Skin Grafts

            • 16.3.1 Full-Thickness Skin Grafts

            • 16.3.2 Split-Thickness Skin Grafts

            • 16.3.3 Pinch Grafts

            • 16.3.4 Minced Skin Grafts

          • 16.4 Cellular Grafts

            • 16.4.1 Keratinocytes

            • 16.4.2 Fibroblasts

            • 16.4.3 Melanocytes

          • 16.5 Gene Therapy and Skin Transplantation

          • Abbreviations

          • References

      • 17

        • Retinoids and the Epidermis

          • 17.1 Introduction

          • 17.2 Mechanism of Action

            • 17.2.1 Definition and Structure

            • 17.2.2 Retinoid Receptors

            • 17.2.3 Effects and Mechanism of Action

          • 17.3 Use of Retinoids in Dermatology

            • 17.3.1 Acne

            • 17.3.2 Actinic Keratosis and Skin Cancers

            • 17.3.3 Reversal of Photoaging

            • 17.3.4 Epidermal Wound Healing

          • 17.4 New Uses of Retinoids

          • 17.5 Summary

          • References

      • 18

        • Optimizing Epidermal Regeneration in Facial Skin Following Aesthetic Procedures

          • 18.1 Introduction

          • 18.2 Superficial Intervention

          • 18.3 Nonablative Laser Intervention

          • 18.4 Photothermal Laser Ablation

          • References

      • 19

        • Active Treatments for Acute and Chronic Wounds

          • 19.1 Introduction

          • 19.2 Tissue-Engineered Skin Products

            • 19.2.1 Background

            • 19.2.2 Products with Living Cells

              • 19.2.2.1 Combined Epidermal and Dermal Layers

              • 19.2.2.2 Epidermal Layer

              • 19.2.2.3 Dermal Layer

            • 19.2.3 Products with Nonliving Matrix Materials

              • 19.2.3.1 AlloDerm® - Allogeneic Acellular Dermal Matrix

              • 19.2.3.2 Integra®- Extracellular Matrix of Collagen and Chondroitin-6-Sulfate

              • 19.2.3.3 TranscyteTM Extracellular Matrix of Allogeneic Human Dermal Fibroblasts

          • 19.3 Growth Factors

            • 19.3.1 Background

            • 19.3.2 Approved by the FDA for Human Use

              • 19.3.2.1 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor

            • 19.3.3 Proven Efficacy in Human Trials

              • 19.3.3.1 Fibroblast Growth Factor

              • 19.3.3.2 Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor

              • 19.3.3.3 Epidermal Growth Factor

            • 19.3.4 Proven Efficacy in Animal Studies

              • 19.3.4.1 Transforming Growth Factor b

              • 19.3.4.2 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

            • 19.3.5 Novel Approaches for the Delivery of Growth Factors

          • 19.4 Conclusion

          • References

  • Index

    • A

    • B

    • C

    • D

    • E

    • F

    • G

    • H

    • I

    • J

    • K

    • L

    • M

    • N

    • O

    • P

    • Q

    • R

    • S

    • T

    • U

    • V

    • W

    • Y

    • Z

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