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Cấu trúc
Front cover
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Table of Contents
Part I
Cellular and Biochemical Issues
1
Human Skin-Equivalent Models of Epidermal Wound Healing: Tissue Fabrication and Biological Implications
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Morphologic Aspects of the Response of Wounded Skin Equivalents
1.3 Proliferative Response to Skin-Equivalent Wounding
1.4 Keratinocyte Migration in Response to Wounding of Skin Equivalents
1.5 Growth Factor Responsiveness and Synthesis in Wounded Skin Equivalents
1.6 Protease Activation in Wounded Skin Equivalents
1.7 Patterns of Keratinocyte Differentiation in Wounded Skin Equivalents
1.8 Summary
1.9 Fabrication of Skin-Equivalent Wound Healing Model
References
2
Epidermal Repair and the Chronic Wound
2.1 Introduction: Important Differences between Acute and Chronic Wounds
2.2 Keratinocyte Function and Wound Healing
2.3 Keratins as Markers of Epidermal Physiology and Wound Healing
2.4 Growth Factors/Cytokines as Regulators of Wound Healing
2.4.1 Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
2.4.2 Tumor Necrosis Factor a (TNFa)
2.4.3 Nuclear Factor kappa B (NFkB)
2.4.4 CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein b(C/EBPb)
2.4.5 Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF/TGFa)
2.4.6 Activator Protein-1 (AP-1)
2.4.7 Transforming Growth Factor b (TGFb)
2.4.8 Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF)
2.4.9 Growth Factors/Cytokines as Therapeutic Agents for Chronic Wounds
2.5 Keratinocyte Adhesion and Reepithelialization
2.6 Keratinocyte Behavior in Chronic Wounds
2.7 Endogenous Proteinases in the ECM
2.7.1 Proteinases in Normally Healing Wounds
2.7.2 Serine Proteinases
2.7.3 Proteinases in Chronic Wounds
2.7.4 Neutrophil Elastase
2.7.5 Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)
2.8 Summary
3
The Biochemistry of Epidermal Healing
Introduction
3.1 Injury and the Onset of Biochemical Signaling
3.1.1 Migration
3.1.2 Mitosis
3.1.3 Maturation
3.1.4 Signal Transduction and Transcription Factors in Reepithelialization
3.2 Keratinocytes Talk (and Listen)
3.2.1 Epidermal-Dermal Communication
3.2.2 Key Growth Factors and Other Wound Mediators
3.2.2.1 Epidermal Growth Factor, a Classic Epidermal Mitogen
3.2.2.2 Fibroblast Growth Factors, a Family of Epidermal Modulators
3.2.2.3 Transforming Growth Factor Beta, a Master Growth Factor
3.2.2.4 Hepatocyte Growth Factor
3.2.2.5 Cytokines and Chemokines, Signals for Inflammatory Responses
3.2.2.6 Nitric Oxide Expression in Wound Healing
3.2.2.7 Temporal Sequence of Growth Factor Release
3.2.2.8 Extracellular Matrix in Regulation of Epidermal Healing
3.2.2.9 Matrix Metalloproteinases and Other Proteases
3.2.3 Communication with Other Systems
3.2.3.1 Inflammation and the Immune System
3.2.3.2 Angiogenesis
3.2.3.3 Innervation
3.3 Keloid Keratinocytes (Do They Send Different Signals?)
3.4 Fetal Wound Healing
3.5 Conclusion
Abbreviations
Part II
Local Environment and Healing
4
Moist Wound Healing from Past to Present
Perspective
4.1 Historic Origins of Moist Wound Healing
4.2 The Dawning Science of Moist Wound Healing
4.3 Barriers to Practicing Moist Wound Healing
4.3.1 Occlusion Babel
4.3.2 Myths about Moist Wound Healing
4.3.3 Varying Dressing Properties
4.3.4 Improper Dressing Use
4.3.5 Lack of Knowledge about Clinical Outcomes
4.4 Conclusion
5
Occlusive and Semipermeable Membranes
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Effects of Occlusive and Semipermeable Membranes on Wound Healing
5.3 Conclusions
Part III
Quantifying Repair in the Epidermis
6
Human and Swine Models of Epidermal Wound Healing
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Occlusive Dressings
6.3 Growth Factors
6.4 Wound Infection, Biofilms, and Antimicrobials
6.5 Summary
Acknowledgment
7
Noninvasive Physical Measurements of Wound Healing
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Video Image Analysis
7.3 Shape Characterization
7.4 Chromatic Assessment
7.5 High-Frequency Ultrasound
7.6 Laser Doppler Systems
7.7 Transcutaneous Oximetry
7.8 pH Measurement
7.9 Infrared Thermal Imaging Systems
7.10 Conclusion
8
Micro Wound Healing Models
8.1 Introduction
8.2 MODELS
8.2.1 Tape Stripping
8.2.2 Lipid Solvent
8.2.3 Surfactant Irritant Dermatitis
8.2.4 Allergic Contact Dermatitis
8.2.5 Blisters
8.2.6 Others
8.3 Conclusions
Part IV
Physical and Chemical Factors Affecting Repair
9
Wound Microbiology and the Use of Antibacterial Agents
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Biofilms and Planktonic Bacteria
9.3 The Importance of Bacteria within Wounds
9.4 Microbiology of Wounds
9.5 Sampling Techniques
9.6 When to Culture a Wound
9.7 Management of Bacteria in Wounds
9.7.1 Antiseptics
9.7.2 Iodine Compounds
9.7.2.1 Effects of Iodine Compounds on the Bacterial Load of Wounds
9.7.2.2 Effects of Iodine Compounds on the Wound Healing Process
9.7.2.3 Iodine Compounds: Summary
9.7.3 Silver Compounds
9.7.4 Old and Emerging Antimicrobials
9.8 Conclusion
10
Oxygen and Skin Wound Healing
Summary
10.1 Introduction and History
10.2 Oxygen in Normal and Injured Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue
10.3 Mechanisms of Oxygen Effects
10.3.1 Immunity to Infection
10.3.2 Collagen Synthesis
10.3.3 Angiogenesis
10.3.4 Epithelization
10.4 Controlling Oxygen in Normal and Wounded Tissue
10.5 Clinical Strategies for Overcoming the Obstacles
10.6 Other Chronic Wounds
10.7 Conclusions
11
Nutrition and Wound Healing
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Nutritional Assessment
11.3 General Nutritional Support
11.4 Specific Nutrient Needs
11.4.1 Arginine and Glutamine
11.4.2 Carbohydrates and Lactate
11.4.3 Fatty Acids
11.4.4 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
11.4.5 Vitamin A
11.4.6 Vitamin E
11.4.7 Microminerals: Zinc, Copper, Iron
11.4.7.1 Zinc
11.4.7.2 Copper
11.4.7.3 Iron
11.5 Use of Anabolic Agents
11.5.1 Human Growth Hormone
11.5.2 Insulin-Like Growth Factor
11.5.3 Anabolic Steroid (Oxandrolone)
11.6 Summary
12
Wound Dressings
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Management of Necrotic and Dry Sloughy Wounds
12.3 Management of Moist or Exuding Wounds
12.4 Management of Epithelializing Wounds
12.5 Management of Infected Wounds
12.6 Management of Malodorous Wounds
12.7 Conclusions
Part V
New Approaches to Understanding and Treating Wounds
13
Gene Therapy of Wounds
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Gene Transfer Strategies
13.3 Genes with Wound-Healing Effects
14
Wound Bed Preparation
14.1 Background
14.1.1 Acute vs. Chronic
14.1.2 Advanced Therapies
14.2 Introduction
14.3 Control of Bacterial Burden
14.4 Debridement of Necrotic Tissue
14.5 Control of Exudate
14.6 Managing the Biological Microenvironment
14.7 Systemic Approaches
14.8 Conclusion
15
Gene Transfer of Growth Factors for Wound Repair
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Growth Factors and Wound Healing
15.2.1 Vasculoendothelial Growth Factor
15.2.2 Epidermal Growth Factor
15.2.3 Fibroblast Growth Factor
15.2.4 Keratinocyte Growth Factor
15.2.5 Transforming Growth Factor
15.2.6 Insulin-Like Growth Factor
15.2.7 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
15.3 Plasmid-DNA and De Novo-Synthesized Growth Factors
15.4 Strategies of Gene Delivery
15.4.1 Viral Gene Transfer Strategies
15.4.2 Nonviral Gene Transfer Strategies
15.5 Gene Transfer of Growth Factors to Full Thickness Wounds in a Porcine Experimental Model
15.6 Regulation of the Gene Product
15.7 Future Applications and Pitfalls
15.8 Conclusion
16
Autologous Skin Transplantation
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Skin Flaps and Skin Expansion
16.3 Skin Grafts
16.3.1 Full-Thickness Skin Grafts
16.3.2 Split-Thickness Skin Grafts
16.3.3 Pinch Grafts
16.3.4 Minced Skin Grafts
16.4 Cellular Grafts
16.4.1 Keratinocytes
16.4.2 Fibroblasts
16.4.3 Melanocytes
16.5 Gene Therapy and Skin Transplantation
17
Retinoids and the Epidermis
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Mechanism of Action
17.2.1 Definition and Structure
17.2.2 Retinoid Receptors
17.2.3 Effects and Mechanism of Action
17.3 Use of Retinoids in Dermatology
17.3.1 Acne
17.3.2 Actinic Keratosis and Skin Cancers
17.3.3 Reversal of Photoaging
17.3.4 Epidermal Wound Healing
17.4 New Uses of Retinoids
17.5 Summary
18
Optimizing Epidermal Regeneration in Facial Skin Following Aesthetic Procedures
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Superficial Intervention
18.3 Nonablative Laser Intervention
18.4 Photothermal Laser Ablation
19
Active Treatments for Acute and Chronic Wounds
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Tissue-Engineered Skin Products
19.2.1 Background
19.2.2 Products with Living Cells
19.2.2.1 Combined Epidermal and Dermal Layers
19.2.2.2 Epidermal Layer
19.2.2.3 Dermal Layer
19.2.3 Products with Nonliving Matrix Materials
19.2.3.1 AlloDerm® - Allogeneic Acellular Dermal Matrix
19.2.3.2 Integra®- Extracellular Matrix of Collagen and Chondroitin-6-Sulfate
19.2.3.3 TranscyteTM Extracellular Matrix of Allogeneic Human Dermal Fibroblasts
19.3 Growth Factors
19.3.1 Background
19.3.2 Approved by the FDA for Human Use
19.3.2.1 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
19.3.3 Proven Efficacy in Human Trials
19.3.3.1 Fibroblast Growth Factor
19.3.3.2 Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
19.3.3.3 Epidermal Growth Factor
19.3.4 Proven Efficacy in Animal Studies
19.3.4.1 Transforming Growth Factor b
19.3.4.2 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
19.3.5 Novel Approaches for the Delivery of Growth Factors
19.4 Conclusion
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
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W
Y
Z
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