CANCER PREVENTION – FROM MECHANISMS TO TRANSLATIONAL BENEFITS pdf

FROM MECHANISMS TO TRANSLATIONAL BENEFITS CANCER PREVENTION Edited by Alexandros G. Georgakilas CANCER PREVENTION – FROM MECHANISMS TO TRANSLATIONAL BENEFITS Edited by Alexandros G. Georgakilas Cancer Prevention – From Mechanisms to Translational Benefits Edited by Alexandros G. Georgakilas Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Dejan Grgur Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published April, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Cancer Prevention – From Mechanisms to Translational Benefits, Edited by Alexandros G. Georgakilas p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0547-3 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Role of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and DNA Damage 1 Chapter 1 Targeting Tumor Microenvironments for Cancer Prevention and Therapy 3 Li V. Yang, Reid D. Castellone and Lixue Dong Chapter 2 Inflammatory ROS in Fanconi Anemia Hematopoiesis and Leukemogenesis 41 Wei Du Chapter 3 Staying a Step Ahead of Cancer 63 Somaira Nowsheen, Alexandros G. Georgakilas and Eddy S. Yang Chapter 4 Kaiso and Prognosis of Cancer in the Current Epigenetic Paradigm 107 Jaime Cofre Chapter 5 Targeting Molecular Pathways for Prevention of High Risk Breast Cancer: A Model for Cancer Prevention 131 Shayna Showalter and Brian J. Czerniecki Section 2 Dietary and Lifestyle Patterns in Cancer Prevention 149 Chapter 6 Lifestyle Changes May Prevent Cancer 151 Budimka Novaković, Jelena Jovičić and Maja Grujičić Chapter 7 Risk and Protective Factors for Development of Colorectal Polyps and Cancer 179 Iskren Kotzev Chapter 8 Colorectal Cancer and the Preventive Effects of Food Components 207 Sayori Wada VI Contents Chapter 9 Cervical Cancer Screening and Prevention for HIV-Infected Women in the Developing World 231 Jean Anderson, Enriquito Lu, Harshad Sanghvi, Sharon Kibwana and Anjanique Lu Chapter 10 Chemopreventive Activity of Mediterranean Medicinal Plants 261 A.C. Kaliora and A.M. Kountouri Chapter 11 Dietary Manipulation for Therapeutic Effect in Prostate Cancer 285 Carol A Gano, Kieran Scott, Joseph Bucci, Heather Greenfield, Qihan Dong and Paul L de Souza Chapter 12 Phytoestrogens as Nutritional Modulators in Colon Cancer Prevention 321 Michele Barone, Raffaele Licinio and Alfredo Di Leo Chapter 13 The Therapeutic Potential of Pomegranate and Its Products for Prevention of Cancer 331 Arzu Akpinar-Bayizit, Tulay Ozcan and Lutfiye Yilmaz-Ersan Section 3 Strategies for Treatment and Advances from the Clinic 373 Chapter 14 Strategic Communication for Cancer Prevention and Control: Reaching and Influencing Vulnerable Audiences 375 Gary L. Kreps Chapter 15 Early Detection: An Opportunity for Cancer Prevention Through Early Intervention 389 D. James Morré and Dorothy M. Morré Chapter 16 Creating a Sustainable Cancer Workforce: Focus on Disparities and Cultural Competence 403 Maureen Y. Lichtveld, Lovell Jones, Alison Smith, Armin Weinberg, Roy Weiner and Farah A. Arosemena Chapter 17 The Changing Landscape of Prostate Cancer Chemoprevention: Current Strategies and Future Directions 429 Jason M. Phillips and E. David Crawford Chapter 18 Prevention and Therapeutic Strategies in Endometrial Cancer 441 Dan Ancuşa, Gheorghe Furău, Adrian Carabineanu, Răzvan Ilina, Octavian Neagoe and Marius Craina Contents VII Chapter 19 Reducing False Positives in a Computer-Aided Diagnosis Scheme for Detecting Breast Microcalcificacions: A Quantitative Study with Generalized Additive Models 459 Javier Roca-Pardiñas, María J. Lado, Pablo G. Tahoces and Carmen Cadarso Suárez Preface There is growing evidence on the importance of studies focusing on mechanisms and strategies leading to cancer prevention. The plethora of approaches include regulation of oxidative stress using antioxidant therapies, carefully balanced diets and living habits, epidemiological evidence and molecular approaches on the role of key biological molecules such as antioxidant enzymes, vitamins, proteins and naturally occurring free radical scavengers as well as controversial results and clinical applications. These are some of the topics that this book highlights. Furthermore, it provides comprehensive reviews of the state-of-the-art techniques and advances of cancer prevention research of different areas and how all this knowledge can be translated into therapeutic benefits as well as controversies. The primary target audience for the book includes PhD students, researchers, biologists, medical doctors and professionals who are interested in mechanistic studies on cancer prevention, clinical approaches and associated topics. In section 1, top experts discuss a diverse set of carcinogenesis mechanisms with emphasis in oxidative stress, DNA damage and inflammation. Specifically, Dr Li Yang and colleagues discuss the targeting of tumor microenvironments and cancer prevention. Dr Du’s chapter concentrates on the role of inflammatory reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Fanconi anemia hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis. Dr Eddy Yang and colleagues concentrate on the interplay between inflammation, DNA damage and cancer exploring the positive roles of vitamin D, retinoid and antioxidants. Dr Cofre’s chapter focuses on Kaiso protein and prognosis of cancer discussing especially the role of immunohistochemistry in the current epigenetic paradigm. Finally, for this section, Drs. Showalter and Czerniecki ‘dissect’ very successfully the targeting of molecular pathways for prevention of high-risk breast cancer. In section 2, chapters focus on the contribution of specific dietary and lifestyle patterns to cancer as well as in prevention. Dr Novaković and colleagues discuss how nutrition, physical activity, tobacco and alcohol use may contribute to carcinogenesis and the necessary lifestyle changes to prevent the appearance of a malignancy. Dr Kotzev’s chapter concentrates on the prevention of colorectal cancer and especially the various risk and protective factors for colorectal polyps and cancer. Dr. Wada’s work focuses on the preventive effects of food components and commonly used supplements in colorectal cancer as well as controversies. Dr Kaliora’s and Dr Kountouri’s chapter X Preface discusses the exciting chemopreventive activity of Mediterranean medicinal plants while Dr De Souza’s comprehensive review chapter explores critically the dietary manipulation for therapeutic effect in prostate cancer. Dr Barone’s work discusses extensively the roles of phytoestrogens as nutritional modulators in colon cancer prevention. On the same note, Dr Akpinar-Bayizit and colleagues concentrate on the unique therapeutic potential of pomegranate and its products for prevention of cancer. Last but not least, Dr Sanghvi and colleagues focus on the prevention of cervical cancer in women living with HIV in the developing word. The last section of this book, section 3, targets strategies for effective prevention and translational benefits i.e. from the bench to the clinic. The chapter by Dr Kreps on strategic communication for cancer prevention and control, and especially the ways for reaching and influencing vulnerable audiences opens the discussion in this section. Dr Lichtveld and colleagues concentrate on the advantageous creation of a sustainable cancer workforce through focusing on disparities and cultural competence. Dr Morré and Dr Morré shed light on the opportunities for cancer prevention based simply on early and reliable detection. The comprehensive review by Dr Phillips and Dr Crawford critically presents the changing landscape of prostate cancer chemoprevention with all current strategies and future directions. In a more clinical direction, Dr Craina and colleagues concentrate on the current advances in the field of therapeutic strategies in endometrial cancer. Finally, our concluding chapter for this book, by Dr Roca-Pardiñas and colleagues targets the significance of reducing false positives in CAD mammographic schemes for detecting breast microcalcificacions, a type of radiologic signs of irregular shape. Dr. Alexandros Georgakilas, PhD, Associate Professor, Head of DNA Damage and Repair Laboratory, Biology Department, Howell Science Complex, East Carolina University, Greenville NC, USA [...]... 2007) 10 Cancer Prevention – From Mechanisms to Translational Benefits Moreover, endothelial progenitor cells can also be recruited and contribute to the formation of new blood vessels Due to the imbalanced expression of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors (Jain, 2005), tumor vasculature is often abnormal in architecture and function (Baluk et al., 2005; Fukumura and Jain, 2007) In contrast to the well-organized... importance to understand the molecular basis of the 16 Cancer Prevention – From Mechanisms to Translational Benefits treatment limitations and to formulate improved strategies to overcome them For example, combining anti-angiogenic therapy with anti-hypoxia agents or anti-metastatic agents might help overcome the metastatic phenotype induced by increased tumor hypoxia 3.2 Anti-inflammation in cancer chemoprevention... development In 22 Cancer Prevention – From Mechanisms to Translational Benefits addition to hypoxia, other microenvironmental factors, such as acidosis and low nutrients, are also important selection forces that have a significant impact on cancer cell somatic evolution The experience of anti-angiogenesis therapy once again underscores the fact that tumors comprise not just cancer cells and these cancer cells... Diversity, topographic differentiation, and positional memory in human fibroblasts Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99, 12877-12882 24 Cancer Prevention – From Mechanisms to Translational Benefits Chang, Q., Jurisica, I., Do, T., and Hedley, D.W (2011) Hypoxia predicts aggressive growth and spontaneous metastasis formation from orthotopically grown primary xenografts of human pancreatic cancer Cancer Res... lead to more effective cancer treatment (Cairns et al., 2006; Ferrara and Kerbel, 2005; Luo et al., 2009) Therapeutic approaches modulating angiogenesis, inflammation, and hypoxia and acidosis pathways will be discussed below 14 Cancer Prevention – From Mechanisms to Translational Benefits 3.1 Anti-angiogenesis cancer therapy As described in the ‘angiogenesis’ session, tumors rely on angiogenesis to. .. mutagenesis, suppress DNA repair enzymes, increase genomic instability, and aggravate cancer progression 6 Cancer Prevention – From Mechanisms to Translational Benefits While the tumor-promoting effects of infiltrating inflammatory cells have been well documented, certain types of immune cells, particularly cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, exhibit anti-tumor activities The high numbers... in the Section 2, hypoxia inhibits the tumor killing effects of radiation and also regulates cancer cell apoptosis, invasiveness and metabolism (Cairns et al., 2006; Gatenby 18 Cancer Prevention – From Mechanisms to Translational Benefits and Gillies, 2004) Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are master regulators of cell hypoxia responses and control the expression of numerous genes involved in angiogenesis,... There are 15 CA isoforms, I to XV, in mammalian cells, located in the cytosol, mitochondrion, extracellular plasma membrane, or secreted In particular, the isoform IX (CAIX) has been extensively studied in cancer biology (Swietach et al., 2010) The expression of CAIX is strongly induced by hypoxia and regulated by HIF-1 20 Cancer Prevention – From Mechanisms to Translational Benefits CAIX has been used... represent novel targets for cancer treatment, inflammation inhibition, and chemoprevention Taken together, the acid-base transporters and proton-sensing receptors described above are important for cancer cells to sense and adapt to the acidic tumor microenvironment Further research is warranted to validate these pH regulators as potential targets for cancer therapy and chemoprevention Moreover, acidity... addition to hypoxia, the existence of acidosis is a defining hallmark of the tumor microenvironment 4 Cancer Prevention – From Mechanisms to Translational Benefits This condition arises mainly due to an increase in the production of lactic acid by glycolysis along with other proton sources (Gatenby and Gillies, 2004; Helmlinger et al., 2002; Yamagata et al., 1998) Acidosis is a selection force for cancer . FROM MECHANISMS TO TRANSLATIONAL BENEFITS CANCER PREVENTION Edited by Alexandros G. Georgakilas CANCER PREVENTION – FROM MECHANISMS TO TRANSLATIONAL BENEFITS Edited. instability, and aggravate cancer progression. Cancer Prevention – From Mechanisms to Translational Benefits 6 While the tumor-promoting effects of infiltrating inflammatory cells have been. Gillies, 2004). In addition to hypoxia, the existence of acidosis is a defining hallmark of the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Prevention – From Mechanisms to Translational Benefits 4 This condition