SKELETAL MUSCLE – FROM MYOGENESIS TO CLINICAL RELATIONS Edited by Julianna Cseri Skeletal Muscle – From Myogenesis to Clinical Relations http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2961 Edited by Julianna Cseri Contributors Kunihiro Sakuma, Akihiko Yamaguchi, Dylan Sweetman, Melanie Le May, Qiao Li, Yann Fedon, Anne Bonnieu, Stéphanie Gay, Barbara Vernus, Francis Bacou, Henri Bernardi, Thiago Gomes Heck, Sofia Pizzato Scomazzon, Mirna Stela Ludwig, Paulo Ivo Homem de Bittencourt Jr., Haruo Sugi, Takakazu Kobayashi, Teizo Tsuchiya, Shigeru Chaen, Seiryo Sugiura, Artem I. Malomouzh, Naomi E. Brooks, Kathryn H. Myburgh, Tiago Fernandes, Úrsula P.R. Soci, Stéphano F.S. Melo, Cléber R. Alves, Edilamar M. Oliveira, Arsalan Damirchi, Parvin Babaei, Meysam Gholamali, Kamal Ranjbar, Mariusz Henryk Madalinski, Leszek Kalinowski, Alba Gonzalez-Franquesa, Valeria De Nigris, Carles Lerin, Pablo M. Garcia-Roves, Ligia S. Almeidao, Celia Nogueirao, Laura Vilarinho, Avnika Ruparelia, Raquel Vaz, Robert Bryson-Richardson, M. Meznaric, I. Erzen Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Marina Jozipovic Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published August, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Skeletal Muscle – From Myogenesis to Clinical Relations, Edited by Julianna Cseri p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0712-5 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Myogenesis and Muscle Regeneration 1 Chapter 1 Molecular and Cellular Mechanism of Muscle Regeneration 3 Kunihiro Sakuma and Akihiko Yamaguchi Chapter 2 The Myogenic Regulatory Factors: Critical Determinants of Muscle Identity in Development, Growth and Regeneration 31 Dylan Sweetman Chapter 3 Retinoid X Receptor Signalling in the Specification of Skeletal Muscle Lineage 49 Melanie Le May and Qiao Li Chapter 4 Role and Function of Wnts in the Regulation of Myogenesis: When Wnt Meets Myostatin 73 Yann Fedon, Anne Bonnieu, Stéphanie Gay, Barbara Vernus, Francis Bacou and Henri Bernardi Section 2 Molecular Biology 103 Chapter 5 Role of Heat Shock Proteins in Skeletal Muscle 105 Thiago Gomes Heck, Sofia Pizzato Scomazzon, Mirna Stela Ludwig and Paulo Ivo Homem de Bittencourt Jr. Section 3 Mechanical Response 123 Chapter 6 Evidence for the Essential Role of Myosin Head Lever Arm Domain and Myosin Subfragment-2 in Muscle Contraction 125 Haruo Sugi, Takakazu Kobayashi, Teizo Tsuchiya, Shigeru Chaen and Seiryo Sugiura VI Contents Section 4 Neuromuscular Junction 141 Chapter 7 Non-Cholinergic Signaling Pathways at Vertebrate Neuromuscular Junctions 143 Artem I. Malomouzh Section 5 Use and Disuse 165 Chapter 8 Prevention of Skeletal Muscle Wasting: Disuse Atrophy and Sarcopenia 167 Naomi E. Brooks and Kathryn H. Myburgh Chapter 9 Signaling Pathways that Mediate Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Effects of Exercise Training 189 Tiago Fernandes, Úrsula P.R. Soci, Stéphano F.S. Melo, Cléber R. Alves and Edilamar M. Oliveira Chapter 10 Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Skeletal Muscle: Exercise and Aging 219 Arsalan Damirchi, Parvin Babaei, Meysam Gholamali and Kamal Ranjbar Section 6 Clinical Relations 243 Chapter 11 Clinical Aspects of Skeletal Muscle Modulators in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 245 Mariusz Henryk Madalinski and Leszek Kalinowski Chapter 12 Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Function/Dysfunction and Type 2 Diabetes 257 Alba Gonzalez-Franquesa, Valeria De Nigris, Carles Lerin and Pablo M. Garcia-Roves Chapter 13 Nuclear-Mitochondrial Intergenomic Communication Disorders 293 Ligia S. Almeidao, Celia Nogueirao and Laura Vilarinho Chapter 14 Myofibrillar Myopathies and the Z-Disk Associated Proteins 317 Avnika Ruparelia, Raquel Vaz and Robert Bryson-Richardson Chapter 15 Muscle Fibre Phenotyping from a Single Section: Is it as Informative as from Serial Sections? 359 M. Meznaric and I. Erzen Preface The skeletal muscle as an element of the movement system and as a highly differentiated tissue is in the focus of the current scientific investigations. The in vivo and in vitro development of the muscle cells can be taken as a model for the cell proliferation and differentiation. Ever-increasing knowledge about the mechanism and determinants of the development and the regeneration makes the topic significant both in the theoretical and clinical aspects. Understanding the molecular mechanism of the muscular disorders offers more accurate basis for the therapeutic interventions leading to more effective treatment. The main advantage of this collection is the multidisciplinary approach of the topic. The chapters can be interested for clinicians, medical and health care students as well as researchers in the field of the molecular biology. Dr. Julianna Cseri Medical and Health Science Center, Faculty of Public Health, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Debrecen, Hungary . SKELETAL MUSCLE – FROM MYOGENESIS TO CLINICAL RELATIONS Edited by Julianna Cseri Skeletal Muscle – From Myogenesis to Clinical Relations. activation Skeletal Muscle – From Myogenesis to Clinical Relations 10 of calcineurin is known to markedly promote the remodeling of muscle fibers