PROSTATE CANCER – FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE pptx

PROSTATE CANCER – FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE Edited by Philippe E. Spiess Prostate Cancer – From Bench to Bedside Edited by Philippe E. Spiess Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Marija Radja Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright CLIPAREA l Custom media, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published October, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Prostate Cancer – From Bench to Bedside, Edited by Philippe E. Spiess p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-331-6 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Prostate Cancer: Essential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Considerations 3 Paul Bradley and Philippe E. Spiess Part 2 Methods in Cancer Biology 11 Chapter 2 Effective Methodologies for Statistical Inference on Microarray Studies 13 Makoto Aoshima and Kazuyoshi Yata Chapter 3 Prostate Cancer, the Long Search for Etiologic and Therapeutic Factors: Dietary Supplementation Avoiding Invasive Treatment 33 Thomas Tallberg and Faik Atroshi Chapter 4 Advanced Models for Target Validation & Drug Discovery in Prostate Cancer 53 Malin Åkerfelt, Ville Härmä and Matthias Nees Part 3 Signaling Pathways 91 Chapter 5 Signalling Pathways and Gene Expression Profiles in Prostate Cancer 93 Sophia Marsella-Hatziieremia, Pamela McCall and Joanne Edwards Chapter 6 Clinical Relevance of Circulating Nucleic Acids in Blood of Prostate Cancer Patients 115 Heidi Schwarzenbach Chapter 7 TRP-Channels and Human Prostate Carcinogenesis 133 V’yacheslav Lehen’kyi and Natalia Prevarskaya VI Contents Chapter 8 Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Phosphorylation, Signaling and Trafficking in Prostate Cancer 143 Yao Huang and Yongchang Chang Chapter 9 Prostate Cancer Dephosphorylation Atlas 173 Carmen Veríssima Ferreira, Renato Milani, Willian Fernando Zambuzzi, Thomas Martin Halder, Eduardo Galembeck and Hiroshi Aoyama Chapter 10 Modulation of One-Carbon Metabolism by B Vitamins: Implications for Transformation and Progression of Prostate Cancer 191 Glenn Tisman Chapter 11 Integrins as Determinants of Genetic Susceptibility, Tumour Behaviour and Their Potential as Therapeutic Targets 243 James R. Marthick, Adele F. Holloway and Joanne L. Dickinson Chapter 12 Cytotoxic Endonucleases: New Targets for Prostate Cancer Chemotherapy 267 Xiaoying Wang, Marina V. Mikhailova and Alexei G. Basnakian Chapter 13 MAP Kinases and Prostate Cancer 283 Gonzalo Rodríguez-Berriguete, Benito Fraile, Laura Galvis, Ricardo Paniagua and Mar Royuela Part 4 Drug Therapeutics/Biological Agents 303 Chapter 14 Evaluation of Phyllanthus, for Its Anti-Cancer Properties 305 Yin-Quan Tang and Shamala Devi Sekaran Chapter 15 Prostate Cancer Progression to Androgen Independent Disease: The Role of the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway 321 Jacqueline R. Ha, Yu Hao D. Huang and Sujata Persad Chapter 16 Prostate Carcinoma and Hot Flashes 369 Santiago Vilar-González and Alberto Pérez-Rozos Chapter 17 Paradigm Shift in the Concept of Hormonal Milieu of Prostate Cancer 389 Tsutomu Nishiyama Chapter 18 The Role of Cancer Stem Cells and MicroRNAs in Human Prostate Cancer 411 Mustafa Ozen and Serhat Sevli Contents VII Chapter 19 Zinc Supplementation and Prostate Cancer 423 Wong Pooi-Fong and AbuBakar Sazaly Chapter 20 The Role of Vitamin D in the Prevention and Treatment of Prostate Cancer 445 Sophia L. Maund and Scott D. Cramer Chapter 21 Highlights of Natural Products in Prostate Cancer Drug Discovery 463 Jorge A. R. Salvador and Vânia M. Moreira Chapter 22 The Potential Target Therapy of Prostate Cancer Stem Cells 493 Luis A. Espinoza, Christopher Albanese and Olga C. Rodriguez Preface In this textbook entitled Prostate Cancer – From Bench to Bedside we highlight many of the essential concepts and consideration needed in understanding pathophysiological premise of prostate cancer. The introductory chapter highlights the major clinical advances made in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of prostate cancer over the past decade. In subsequent sections, we discuss essential considerations in cancer biology and methodology followed by a comprehensive review of genetics and signaling pathways essential in prostate carcinogenesis. Lastly, the final section of this textbook pertains to drug therapeutics and biological agents currently being utilized or developed in the management of prostate cancer. As editor-in-chief of this textbook, I would like to acknowledge the significant efforts made by Mrs Marija Radja and the entire editorial team of InTech Open Access Publisher in the publishing of this work. Their significant effort is greatly appreciated and the high quality of this publication is a testament to their dedication to providing our readership with the highest quality scientific knowledge. I would like to dedicate this textbook to my ever loving family who has supported my medical career from the early days I was a young man studying medicine and urology in Montreal and Toronto up to the present day. They have provided me with so much love and support which could have only resulted in me pursuing a successful academic career. This textbook is as well dedicated to the loving memory of our prostate cancer patients worldwide who when faced with the adversity of an aggressive, life threatening malignancy demonstrated boundless courage and optimism positively impacting the lives of all those that surrounded them. You will never be forgotten in our hearts and our memories similarly, you have provided us with the important lesson that we simply can't accept that our current treatment armamentarium is adequate but rather that we must to do better in eradicating this potentially fatal malignancy. Let the discoveries and breakthroughs of the past serve as an impetus that we can and should do better. Philippe E. Spiess, Editor-In-Chief Assistant Professor, Dept of Genitourinary Oncology H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center,Tampa, Florida USA X Preface Scott Eggener, M.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Urology, University of Chicago, Chicago USA Vladimir Mourariev, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Urology, University of Cincinnati, Ohio USA Matthew Biagioli, M.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa USA Kevin Zorn, M.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Urology, Universite de Montreal, Montreal Canada Shahrokh Shariat, M.D., Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York USA Dr Alejandro Rodriguez Assistant Professor, Department of Urology, University of South Florida, Tampa USA . PROSTATE CANCER – FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE Edited by Philippe E. Spiess Prostate Cancer – From Bench to Bedside Edited by Philippe E Therapy of Prostate Cancer Stem Cells 493 Luis A. Espinoza, Christopher Albanese and Olga C. Rodriguez Preface In this textbook entitled Prostate Cancer – From Bench to Bedside. the detection of prostate cancer at 7 years and a 17% increase at 10 years in the patient cohort undergoing annual digital rectal examination Prostate Cancer – From Bench to Bedside 4 (DRE)