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ONCOGENE AND CANCER –
FROM BENCH TO CLINIC
Edited by Yahwardiah Siregar
Oncogene and Cancer – From Bench to Clinic
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3217
Edited by Yahwardiah Siregar
Contributors
Daniel Chan, Soo-Chin Lee, Cristina Marchini, Lucia Pietrella, Cristina Kalogris, Chiara Garulli,
Federico Gabrielli, Elena Quaglino, Manuela Iezzi, Serenella M. Pupa, Elda Tagliabue, Augusto
Amici, Zhongren Zhou, David G. Hick, Erica L. Cain, Alexander Beeser, Yasuko Kitagishi,
Mayumi Kobayashi, Satoru Matsuda, Dik-Lung Ma, Victor Pui-Yan Ma, Ka-Ho Leung, Hai-Jing
Zhong,Hong-Zhang He, Daniel Shiu-Hin Chan
,
Chung-Hang Leung, Alexey Stepanenko, Vadym
Kavsan, Gabriela Anton, Adriana Plesa, Coralia Bleotu, Anca Botezatu, Mariana Anton, Lorelei
Irina Brasoveanu, Mihai Stoian, Takaaki Watanabe, Denisa Ilencikova, Alexandra Kolenova,
Yann Estornes, Olivier Micheau, Toufic Renno, Serge Lebecque, Laura Monica Magdalena,
Lorand Savu, Ho-Hyung Woo, Setsuko K. Chambers, Gianpiero Di Leva, Michela Garofalo, Wei
Liu, James M. Phang, Tiziana Triulzi, Marilena V. Iorio, Elda Tagliabue, Patrizia Casalini, Tetsuo
Hirano, Leanna Cheung, Jayne E. Murray, Michelle Haber, Murray D. Norris, Gordana Konjević,
Sandra Radenković, Ana Vuletić, Katarina Mirjačić Martinović, Vladimir Jurišić, Tatjana Srdić
Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2013 InTech
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Notice
Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and
not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy
of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for
any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials,
instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.
Publishing Process Manager Viktorija Zgela
Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad
Cover InTech Design Team
First published January, 2013
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com
Oncogene and Cancer – From Bench to Clinic, Edited by Yahwardiah Siregar
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0858-0
Contents
Preface IX
Section 1 HER2 Carcinogenesis: Etiology, Treatment and Prevention 1
Chapter 1 Serial Changes in Expression of Proteins in Response to
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer 3
Daniel Chan and Soo-Chin Lee
Chapter 2 HER2-Driven Carcinogenesis:
New Mouse Models for Novel Immunotherapies 39
Cristina Marchini, Lucia Pietrella, Cristina Kalogris,
Chiara Garulli, Federico Gabrielli, Elena Quaglino, Manuela Iezzi,
Serenella M. Pupa, Elda Tagliabue and Augusto Amici
Chapter 3 HER2 Amplification or Overexpression in Upper GI Tract and
Breast Cancer with Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment 67
Zhongren Zhou and David G. Hick
Section 2 DNA Repair Mechanism and Cancer 91
Chapter 4 Emerging Roles of Atypical Dual
Specificity Phosphatases in Cancer 93
Erica L. Cain and Alexander Beeser
Chapter 5 DNA Repair Molecules
and Cancer Therapeutical Responses 117
Yasuko Kitagishi, Mayumi Kobayashi and Satoru Matsuda
Section 3 A New Role of Oncogenes and Tumorsuppressorgenes 129
Chapter 6 Structure-Based Approaches Targeting Oncogene
Promoter G-Quadruplexes 131
Dik-Lung Ma, Victor Pui-Yan Ma, Ka-Ho Leung, Hai-Jing Zhong,
Hong-Zhang He, Daniel Shiu-Hin Chan
and Chung-Hang Leung
Chapter 7 Cancer Genes and Chromosome Instability 151
Alexey Stepanenko and Vadym Kavsan
VI Contents
Chapter 8 Human Papillomaviruses Oncoproteins 183
Gabriela Anton, Adriana Plesa, Coralia Bleotu, Anca Botezatu,
Mariana Anton, Lorelei Irina Brasoveanu and Mihai Stoian
Section 4 A New Approach on Cancer Mechanism 207
Chapter 9 Model Systems Facilitating an Understanding
of Mechanisms for Oncogene Amplification 209
Takaaki Watanabe
Chapter 10 MLL Gene Alterations in Acute Myeloid
Leukaemia (11q23/MLL+ AML) 225
Denisa Ilencikova and Alexandra Kolenova
Chapter 11 Dual Role of TLR3 in Inflammation
and Cancer Cell Apoptosis 247
Yann Estornes, Olivier Micheau, Toufic Renno and Serge Lebecque
Chapter 12 A Different Approach for Cellular Oncogene
Identification Came from Drosophila Genetics 271
Laura Monica Magdalena and Lorand Savu
Section 5 Non Coding RNA and Micro RNA in Tumorigenesis 293
Chapter 13 Post-Transcriptional Regulation of
Proto-Oncogene c-fms in Breast Cancer 295
Ho-Hyung Woo and Setsuko K. Chambers
Chapter 14 Non-Coding RNAs and Cancer 317
Gianpiero Di Leva and Michela Garofalo
Chapter 15 MiRNA and Proline Metabolism in Cancer 359
Wei Liu and James M. Phang
Chapter 16 microRNA: New Players in Metastatic Process 391
Tiziana Triulzi, Marilena V. Iorio,
Elda Tagliabue and Patrizia Casalini
Chapter 17 Is CCDC26 a Novel Cancer-Associated
Long-Chain Non-Coding RNA? 415
Tetsuo Hirano
Section 6 Oncogenes for Transcription Factors 435
Chapter 18 The MYCN Oncogene 437
Leanna Cheung, Jayne E. Murray,
Michelle Haber and Murray D. Norris
Contents VII
Chapter 19 STAT Transcription Factors in Tumor Development and
Targeted Therapy of Malignancies 455
Gordana Konjević, Sandra Radenković, Ana Vuletić,
Katarina Mirjačić Martinović, Vladimir Jurišić and Tatjana Srdić
Preface
It took a long journey to really understand what cancer is, although many researcher
are still working of finding a definite answer on how to treat cancer, and, what is more
important, how to detect cancer very early, when some cells start going abnormal and
transform into cancer cells.
The immune system might be the best weapon against cancer, since immune defense is
programmed to recognize and destroy abnormal cells, but cancer cells may develop
many defenses against immune attacks. Advances in biological processes, including
apoptosis and cell proliferation, that are known to be dysregulated in tumors need to
be understood in molecular mechanisms. During the last decade, scientists have
shown an interest to create cancer vaccines as well as DNA vaccines using
development of new biotechnological tools to elucidate an immune attack against
cancer.
Recently, a new players in cancer biology have appeared: microRNAs (miRs or
miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs that play important roles in cell
differentiation, cell growth and cell death. miRNAs can act either as oncogenes or
tumor suppressors and regulate the interaction between cancer cells and the
microenvironment. Understanding the function of ncRNAs by focusing on the
potential involvement of specific RNA species, such as microRNAs, small nucleolar
RNAs, Piwi-interacting RNA, long non-coding RNAs, in the development and
progression of cancer is described in this book.
The book was written not only for medical students, but it can also be widely used by
clinical and biomedical scientists, as well as by doctors studying for their postgraduate
research.
My thanks are specifically aimed at Intech Open staff (Ms. Reinic, Ms. Blecic, Mr.
Greblo and Ms Zgela) who helped finish this book. I would also like to express my
thankfulness to all authors who contributed a chapter to this publication. Finally, I
hope this book will be useful to the health of mankind worldwide.
Yahwardiah Siregar
[...]... treatment planning, (2) ER and PR positivity supports use of endocrine therapy regardless of menopausal status in both adjuvant and metastatic disease, and (3) ER and PR receptors are weak prognostic indicators and should not be used to determine whether to treat a patient with adjuvant therapy Newer guidelines from a 8 Oncogene and Cancer – From Bench to Clinic joint panel of the ASCO and the College of American... test (as per ASCO guidelines) is to monitor response to therapy in the metastatic breast cancer setting 6 Candidate Protein Biomarkers with possible clinical application in breast cancer i Topo2-alpha (Topo2) DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the Topo2 gene This gene encodes a DNA topoisomerase, an enzyme that controls and alters the topologic states of DNA during... part of extracellular fluid, comprising mostly water (93% by volume) and contains dissolved proteins, glucose, clotting factors, mineral ions, hormones and carbon dioxide Blood plasma is prepared by centrifuging a tube of fresh blood 14 Oncogene and Cancer – From Bench to Clinic containing an anti-coagulant until the blood cells fall to the bottom of the tube The blood plasma is then drawn off In contradistinction,... adsorption to the surface) or specifically (via capture by another antibody specific to the same antigen, in a "sandwich" ELISA) After the antigen is 16 Oncogene and Cancer – From Bench to Clinic immobilized, the detection antibody is added, forming a complex with the antigen The detection antibody can be covalently linked to an enzyme, or can itself be detected by a secondary antibody that is linked to an... clinical trial (121) sought to use serum markers to optimize treatment strategies in breast cancer The authors investigated serum 20 Oncogene and Cancer – From Bench to Clinic Her2 levels (sHer2) in 175 breast cancer patients participating in the GeparQuattro trial This study incorporated neoadjuvant chemotherapy approaches in Her2-positive and negative patients (epirubicin/cyclophosphamide prior to. .. modulation, inflammatory response and protease inhibition (155) In addition, many of the issues associated with massspectrometry- based protein profiling technologies also apply to peptidomics Thus, while this technology looks promising, more confirmatory data is required and awaited 26 Oncogene and Cancer – From Bench to Clinic 3 Cancer- biomarker-family approach The basis for the cancer biomarker family’... associated with increased proliferation and resistance to apoptosis (57) One study analyzed 130 breast carcinomas using IHC analyses for the levels of nuclear and nonnuclear EGFR, and found that 37.7% of the cohort immunostained positively for nuclear EGFR and 6.9% had high levels of expression More importantly, survival analysis 10 Oncogene and Cancer – From Bench to Clinic revealed a significant inverse... confirmed by analysis of independent sample sets, ubiquitin has also been found differentially expressed in breast cancer subtypes by three other studies investigating tissue specimens (73) and cell lines (70, 74) 12 Oncogene and Cancer – From Bench to Clinic iii Predictive markers Several SELDI-TOF MS peaks (not structurally identified) were found indicative of treatment response in breast cancer cell... antibody, and signal intensity proportional to the amount of analyte in the sample spot is generated Signal detection is commonly performed by fluorescence, chemiluminescence or colorimetric methods, and the results are quantified by scanning and analyzed by software such as P-SCAN and ProteinScan RPPA is possibly a useful tool to identify and validate proteins and phospho-proteins in cancer (109,... due to a combination of better detection and lifestyle changes Breast cancer is a disorder influenced by genetic, environmental, behavioral, and reproductive factors The most significant risk factors are gender and age Hereditary forms of breast cancer are often related to mutations in two high-penetrance susceptibility genes namely BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 (1), and account for around 5% of all breast cancer . ONCOGENE AND CANCER –
FROM BENCH TO CLINIC
Edited by Yahwardiah Siregar
Oncogene and Cancer – From Bench to Clinic
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3217. hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com
Oncogene and Cancer – From Bench to Clinic, Edited by Yahwardiah Siregar
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0858-0
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