INTRODUCTION
Reasons to choose the topic
There are two main reasons why the author chose this topic:
Firstly, Ukraine Crisis is one of the most tragic events of this year killing millions of people and sparking the fear of people around the world or much political commentary in many countries Especially, Ukraine Crisis affects strongly the economy of Europe as well as poor relationship between Russia and America So the author can get a lot of news related to the topic to study not only linguistic study (newspaper style) but also social study.
Secondly, that is also one of the events that reporter are spending much their concern by talking and writing about it on papers
Ukraine Crisis on Reuters and CNN 2014
Thirdly, this kind of news structure is not very difficult to study so analyzing it will become easier and the author can more deeply understand about English Newspaper Style
Besides, the author chooses Reuters and CNN website to set off her study is because they are two American big reliable news sources All their news is always quickly updated and has high accuracy In addition, since they are two websites for various kinds of readers so the English writing they use is Standard English which is brief, natural and easy to understand. Furthermore, comparing between Reuters and CNN writing style is a very effective way to learn about English Newspaper Style.
The aim of the author after this assignment is that, the author can clearly understand the Newspaper Style of Reuters and CNN in particular and of English Newspaper Style in general From that, the author can only get information from the English articles to translate it into Vietnamese in the most accurate way but also archive experience in writing English articles to write her own ones.
It is very exciting to do big assignment in English The author wants to say ‘thank’ to the teacher for her help in doing this assignment and hope that it will satisfy the teacher’s demands though there are surely unavoidable mistakes On the one hand, the author realizes that the author really has the honor of doing such a big assignment That brings to the author a huge chance to approach with English language in general and English Newspaper Style in particular One again, the author would like to say “thank lecturer for this”.
The structure of articles on Reuters and CNN
1.2.1 The similarities in structure of articles on Reuters and CNN
As you can see from the photo captured, the structure of articles on Reuters and CNN has some similarities with general Internet Newspaper Firstly, their articles consist of four parts: headline, lead, body, and ending Secondly, they both have the other supporting parts such as: photo for illustration and caption below it, highlighted idea, subtitle and so on These supporting parts are not compulsory Their appearances depend on the reporter’s aim and their effect towards the article they serve.
In fact, readers can quickly get the gist of an article without reading the whole piece because They see headlines Plus, “ the headline is the text at the top of a newspaper article,indicating the nature of the article below it” [5.2 (1)
Headlines, by the way, come in a number of varieties The tabloids like to use big bold headlines with jazzy words, designed to encourage people to buy the newspaper More traditional newspapers use smaller headlines
Headline is generally written by a copy editor, but many also be written by the writer, the page layout designer, or other editors in bold and much larger size than other parts of an article There are two purposes of a headline:
To grab the reader’s attention
To tell the reader what is the story is about [5.1 (2) p.44]
Headlines are a vital part of a newspaper because it decides whether the readers will continue to read the article or not If readers come across a dull or confusing headline, they will very likely skip the story Accordingly, it is so important to write worth headlines.
To sum up, both Reuters and CNN’s headlines are used to say most urgent news point, in other words, they briefly say the content of the articles in the most attractive way They are essential successful factor of the articles.
Russia defiant in face of new U.S sanctions over Ukraine [CNN, A4]
The key/urgent points of the news
Tell the content of the story
British PM Cameron warns of energy, trade sanctions against Russia
“The lead sets the stone for the feature story” [5.1,(2), p53]
The most important structural element of a story is the lead or introduction (in the UK) and the story's first, or leading, sentence The lead is usually the first sentence, or in some cases the first two sentences, and is ideally 20-25 words in length In fact, the lead’s size will make writing a lead an optimization problem, in which the goal is to articulate the most encompassing and interesting statement that a writer can make in one sentence, given the material with which he or she has to work While a rule of thumb says the lead should answer most or all of the five Ws, few leads can fit all of these.
Charnley states that "an effective lead is a 'brief, sharp statement of the story's essential facts’’ [5.2,(1)]
Frankly with so many sources of information- newspapers, magazines, TV,
….and so on, audiences simply are not willing to read beyond the first paragraph of a story unless it grabs their interest A good lead does just that It gives readers the most important information in a clear and interesting manner And especially, it is regarded as direction of an article.
(CNN) A top European Union official said Saturday that new sanctions will be proposed within a week against Russia over its actions in Ukraine, but Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko sounded like he can't wait that long [CNN, A1]
(Reuters) - Australia on Monday unveiled fresh sanctions against Russia over what Prime Minister Tony Abbott called its "bullying" of neighbouring Ukraine, where the Kremlin is accused of backing pro-Russian insurgent groups battling the government in Kiev [Reuters, A4]
There are many types of leads to begin an article such as: the descriptive lead, the narrative lead, summary lead, the contrast or comparison lead, the shocking statement lead, ect The example above from CNN and Reuters are a summary lead It tells the reader what the article is about, more detail than headline (Australia unveils fresh sanctions against Russia over Ukraine) [Reuters, A4]
All the articles are from Reuters and CNN about Ukraine Crisis that the author studies have leads.
The body of an article on Reuters and CNN has close relation to its other parts Journalists use facts and supporting information in a logical sequence, adding quotation to build stories.
"All parties agreed today that it is important to try to resolve these issues through dialogue," Kerry told reporters after a series of meetings in Paris with foreign ministers from the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Ukraine and Russia.
Kerry described the talks as "the beginning of a negotiation" and called them "very constructive." Finding a resolution will be difficult, he said,
"but I'd rather be where we are today than where we were yesterday." French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius offered an optimistic assessment.
"For the first time, something has moved in the process," he said, "and we will continue to talk." [CNN, A5]
"So far, at least 2,500 people have lost their lives in this conflict Let's be clear about what is happening here Russia started it and Russia must take responsibility for this loss of life," Abbott told parliament.
"So, Madam Speaker, I can inform the house that Australia will lift its sanctions against Russia to the level of the European Union."
The United States and EU have gradually tightened economic sanctions against Russia, first imposed after Moscow annexed Crimea following the ousting of Kiev's pro-Russian president by protesters in February.
LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ARTICLES ABOUT UKRAINE
Syntactical features of articles about Ukraine
2.1 Syntactical features of articles about Ukraine Crisis on Reuters and CNN
2.1.1 Headlines in articles about Ukraine Crisis on Reuters and CNN 2.1.1.1 Structure of headlines
A, Headlines in the form of simple sentence with active verbs
With verbs in present tense :
The best way to have a good headline is to keep it simple and direct but still convey the content of the articles That is the reason why the verbs play an essential role in setting up the headlines Every headline has a single common characteristic-a verb Most headlines without verb are only half alive Accordingly, learning how to use the exact right verb is the first step to write a worthy headline.
As a rule, headlines are used to describe events that have already happened, they will be written in the form of simple sentence with active verbs in present tense Because of following reasons below:
First, if the verb is the secret of the active headline, it should be the most active verb which fits the facts Furthermore, active headline will put readers into the middle of action and make them have the feeling of participating in the story.
Second, the actions may in fact happen in the past; however, most of them which are reported in news are recent actions Indeed, the readers often tend to infer and understand the action in present time-within the publishing time Nowadays, a various of news online are updated every minute so headlines which are written in present tense are more and more common and popular.
Merkel warns Russia on sanctions ahead of Berlin talks on Ukraine [Reuters, A.1]
British PM Cameron warns of energy, trade sanctions against Russia [Reuters, A.2]
Russia faces new U.S., EU sanctions over Ukraine crisis [Reuters, A.3]
Australia unveils fresh sanctions against Russia over Ukraine [Reuters, A.4]
Other cases can be seen in headlines of the articles on Reuters number: 5, 6,7, 8, 9,
EU leader says new sanctions to be proposed against Russia [CNN, A.1]
Obama imposes new sanctions on Russia over Ukraine [CNN, A.2]
Ukraine crisis: Russia stands firm despite rebukes, threats of sanctions [CNN, A.4]
G7 promises to 'move swiftly' with sanctions against Russia [CNN, A.6]
Other cases can be seen in headlines of the articles on CNN number: 7, 8, 9, 10.
With verbs expressing future tense:
Verbs in headlines have been used in the form of To-infinitive to inform the readers the events that are going to happen.
EU leader says new sanctions to be proposed against Russia [CNN, A.1]
B, Headlines in the form of Noun Phrase
- Apart from some sentence forms above, there appear headlines which are in the form of Noun Phrase in order to save space and create a
Russia defiant in face of new U.S sanctions over Ukraine [CNN, A.3]
C, Headlines in the form of quotation
- The sign to identify whether headlines are in the form of quotation or not if the quotation mark “….” Or ‘….’ When the quotation mark is used that mean that case are said by someone else and the newspaper does not necessarily claim that they are true.
Kerry on Ukraine: Solution is tough, but situation better than yesterday [CNN, A.5]
Key NATO leaders say Russia should face more sanctions- White House [Reuters, A.10]
Note: Sometime, the headlines are in form of quotation but without quotation Mark They will be written in the form on an indirect sentence.
Indeed, to meet space demands, headlines have to omit auxiliary verbs such as am, is, are, were, was, do, does, did, has, have, had… or articles such as an, a, the, some, any….but they still have their own integrity.
Article can be omitted from the most of headlines to reduce the length of the headlines without changing their meaning This helps not only to save space but also to grab the reader’s attention.
Russia defiant in the face of the new U.S sanctions over Ukraine [CNN, A.3]
Ukraine crisis: Russia stands firm despite the rebukes, threats of sanctions [CNN, A.4]
*** Other cases can be seen in articles: 7, 10.
British PM Cameron warns of the energy, trade sanctions against Russia [Reuters, A.2]
Russia faces the new U.S., EU sanctions over Ukraine crisis [Reuters, A.3]
*** Other cases can be seen in articles: 6, 7, 9, 10
An intelligible headlines is often much more emphatic without verbs needed as auxiliaries such as “to be”; “to have”, ect
Kerry on Ukraine: Solution is tough, but situation is better than yesterday [CNN, A.5]
*** Other cases can be seen in articles: 3, 8.
France warns of more sanctions if Russian troops are in Ukraine
*** Other cases can be seen in articles: 7.
A, Headlines in the form of simple sentence
With verbs in present tense source Headlines Full forms
Merkel warns Russia on sanctions ahead of Berlin talks on Ukraine
Merkel has warned Russia on sanctions ahead of Berlin talks on
Ukraine British PM Cameron warns of energy, trade sanctions against
British PM Cameron has warned of the energy, trade sanctions against
Russia Russia faces new U.S., EU sanctions over Ukraine crisis
Russia has faced the new U.S., EU sanctions over Ukraine crisis Australia unveils fresh sanctions against Russia over Ukraine
Australia has unveiled fresh sanctions against Russia over
Ukraine France warns of more sanctions if Russian troops in Ukraine
France has warned of more sanctions if Russian troops are in
Ukraine Japan puts more sanctions on
Russia, protests at island visit
Japan has put more sanctions on
Russia, protests at the island visit Ceasefire in east Ukraine frays, woman killed by shelling
Ceasefire in the east Ukraine has frayed, woman is killed by shelling U.S looks for Asian cooperation on sanctions against Russia
U.S has looked for the Asian cooperation on sanctions against
Russia Fighting goes on near big
Ukrainian city, Poroshenko slams Russia
Fighting has gone on near the big Ukrainian city, Poroshenko has slammed Russia Key NATO leaders say Russia should face more sanctions-
The Key NATO leaders has said Russia should face more sanctions- White House
CNN EU leader says new sanctions to be proposed against Russia
EU leader has said new sanctions to be proposed against Russia Obama imposes new sanctions on Russia over Ukraine
Obama has imposed the new sanctions on Russia over Ukraine
Ukraine crisis: Russia stands firm despite rebukes, threats of sanctions
Ukraine crisis: Russia has stood firm despite the rebukes, threats of sanctions Kerry on Ukraine: Solution is tough, but situation better than yesterday
Kerry has said on Ukraine: Solution has been tough, but situation is better than yesterday
G7 promises to 'move swiftly' with sanctions against Russia
G7 has promised to 'move swiftly' with sanctions against Russia Russia vows 'painful' response to new U.S sanctions over Ukraine
Russia has vowed 'painful' response to the new U.S sanctions over Ukraine
Russia blasts new sanctions as counterproductive,
Russia has blasted new sanctions as it is counterproductive, 'confrontational'
Ukraine, rebels sign ceasefire deal as EU leaders consider sanctions on Russia
Ukraine, rebels has signed ceasefire deal as the EU leaders has considered sanctions on Russia U.S., EU hit Russia with more sanctions as Ukraine fighting continues
U.S., EU has hit Russia with more sanctions as the Ukraine fighting has continued
With verbs expressing future tense: source Headlines Full forms
CNN EU leader says new sanctions to be proposed against Russia
The EU leader has said new sanctions will be proposed against Russia
B, Headlines in the form of noun phrase source Headlines Full forms
CNN Russia defiant in face of new
Russia is defiant in the face of the new U.S sanctions over Ukraine
C, Headlines in the form of quotation
CNN Kerry on Ukraine: Solution is tough, but situation better than yesterday
Kerry has said on Ukraine: Solution has been tough, but situation is better than yesterday Reuters Key NATO leaders say Russia should face more sanctions-
The Key NATO leaders has said Russia should face more sanctions-White House
D, headlines in the form of incomplete sentences with omission
Article omission source Headlines Full forms
CNN Russia defiant in face of new
Russia is defiant in the face of the new U.S sanctions over
Ukraine Ukraine crisis: Russia stands firm despite rebukes, threats of sanctions
Ukraine crisis: Russia has stood firm despite the rebukes, threats of sanctions
Auxiliary omission source Headlines Full forms
France warns of more sanctions if Russian troops in
France has warned of more sanctions if Russian troops are in Ukraine Ceasefire in east Ukraine frays, woman killed by shelling
Ceasefire in the east Ukraine has frayed, woman is killed by shelling CNN Russia defiant in face of new
Russia is defiant in the face of the new U.S sanctions over
Ukraine Kerry on Ukraine: Solution is tough, but situation better than yesterday
Kerry on Ukraine: Solution has been tough, but situation is better than yesterday Russia blasts new sanctions as counterproductive,
Russia has blasted new sanctions as it is counterproductive,
In the fact that the news types like articles about Ukraine Crisis are not too much difficult for the readers to understand and study their leads and their contents because the way of using language on two websites: Reuters and CNN is clear and concise Both of them use Standard English which is suitable for the readers who have different levels about background knowledge.
From the study above, as you can see headlines in form of simple sentences about Ukraine Crisis are the most popular compare with other types This can be shown clearly by the table below:
Name of website type of headline Reuters CNN
2.1.2 Story highlights in articles about Ukraine Crisis on CNN
Story highlights in articles bring the easy distinctive features of CNN’s newspaper style Plus, story highlights make a strong impression on the readers and make CNN become outstanding from the others They are always recognized as a bulleted list of sentences under the photo or video for illustration written in a smaller size than other part of the articles which convey the key points of the stories they serve.
Main functions of Story highlights are:
Help busy readers quickly understand and update the events by providing overviews of them.
Help the readers get to the key points, urgent information of the articles.
Giving curious feeling, the excitement to explore more deeply the articles.
U.S official: G7 sanctions will be "coordinated," "not necessarily identical"
Russian fighter jets enter Ukrainian airspace on several occasions
Ukraine official announces "second stage" of operation against militants in Slavyansk
President Barack Obama says targeted sanctions against Russia are "ready to go"
As you can see clearly from the story highlights above, it includes four sentences which describe briefly information of the articles about “G7 promises to 'move swiftly' with sanctions against Russia” However, the sentences only give us the main points, not the detail They bring us lots of questions like: “Which sanctions G7 will coordinate to impose against Russia?” why and when does Ukraine official announce
‘second stage’ to against militants?”…those will make us read the whole article That is the function of a story highlight.
Main information of the articles they serve
Indirect quotes of some involved people
The United States suspends bilateral trade talks with Russia
Ukraine envoy: Russian has sent 16,000 troops into Crimea
Russia says Yanukovych asked them to send troops
Former Ukraine PM asks "all the world" for help in stopping Ukraine from losing Crimea
2.1.3 Leads in articles about Ukraine Crisis on Reuters and CNN
Summary lead is used for an in-depth or news-oriented story It tells reader immediately what the story is about, the goes into details, using quotations and description to complete the story.
(Reuters) - European Union governments agreed on Thursday to begin their new sanctions against Russia over the Ukraine crisis on Friday but could lift them next month if Moscow abides by a fragile truce, while the United States prepared its own fresh sanctions.
Other cases can be seen in the lead of the article on Reuters: 7
Washington (CNN) Russia has failed to take steps to end the
Ukraine conflict, President Barack Obama said Wednesday in announcing expanded sanctions targeting two banks, two energy companies, Ukraine separatists and defense companies.
Other cases can be seen in the lead of the articles on CNN: 3, 4, 6.
As stated previously, Charmey states that “an effective lead is a ‘brief, sharp statement of the story’s essential facts.’[5.2, (1)] In addition, according to Melvin Mencher, Columbia University, there are few rules for leads Leads should be short less than 35 words, if possible.
From there, the rules depend on whether the story is a straight news piece or a feature.
+ The straight news story forces writers to fashion a lead that moves directly to the news point or focus of the event
+ if the writer decides to tell a feature story , he or she need not get right to the point: the lead may be delayed for effect.
(Reuters) - Germany's Angela Merkel warned Moscow ahead of talks on Ukraine on Wednesday that economic sanctions remained an option unless it backed peace efforts, as Ukrainian government forces pressed on with an offensive against pro-Russian rebels.
Other cases can be seen in the lead of the articles on Reuters: 2, 4, 8,10.
Relations between parts of an article
* Article to analyze: Russia blasts new sanctions as counterproductive,
2.3.1 Relations between the four main parts of an article.
Headline: Russia blasts new sanctions as counterproductive,
When readers first read the headline, they will raise questions related to it:
2 When were new sanctions imposed?
3 How were new sanctions imposed?
4 Why were new sanctions imposed?
Story highlight: answer briefly for some of the questions above
Headline-Story highlight relation: the story highlight make the headline more detailed but still keep the readers in curiosity.
● Russia's foreign ministry accuses the U.S of again escalating the crisis in Ukraine [1]
● This comes after new sanctions were levied against Russia for its actions in Ukraine [2]
● Russia's ministry says it won't act to suit U.S interests; urges mutual respect [3]
● The U.S accuses Russia of aiding rebels in eastern Ukraine; Moscow denies this [4]
From the story highlight we can get the ideas, answer for the headline; however, it also raises other questions for us.
Lead us to the bodies Story highlight number [3] keeps the readers in curiosity.
If you only want to know the urgent point of the articles, you can stop reading after story highlight, but if you desire to know more details on the news, the lead and the body will answer all your questions In other words, it will bring your questions to light.
Lead: (CNN) Russia lashed out Friday against the latest round of sanctions over its involvement in Ukraine, accusing the United States of once again escalating the crisis undermining the chances for peace there as well as the greater quest for "global stability."
Body: will give you answers you are questioning and get the content of the article
Now just answer for [3]: For months, Russia and the West have been at odds over Ukraine which continues to simmer with tension, despite a fragile, recently agreed-upon ceasefire.
U.S officials and their allies have not dispatched troops into Ukraine to help their allies there; in fact, Obama has ruled out such direct intervention. Instead, they have tried to press the issue diplomatically and through sanctions targeting Russian citizens, officials and industries.
Their rationale is to compel the Kremlin to stop fueling, in their view, the crisis in Ukraine That's even after Russian President Vladimir Putin played a role in brokering a ceasefire signed Friday after talks in Minsk, Belarus, between representatives of Ukraine, the rebels and Russia.
Speaking about the new sanctions, Obama said Thursday, "We are implementing these new measures in light of Russia's actions to further destabilize Ukraine over the last month, including through the presence of heavily armed Russian forces in eastern Ukraine.
"We are watching closely developments since the announcement of the ceasefire and agreement in Minsk, but we have yet to see conclusive evidence that Russia has ceased its efforts to destabilize Ukraine."
A NATO military officer said Thursday that Russia has about 1,000 troops inside eastern Ukraine, down from a significantly higher number in recent weeks.
NATO also sees 20,000 more Russian troops aligned along the border, according to the NATO office, who was not named according to standard practice in the organization.
So all parts off an article have strong relation with each other, that is the supportive relation in order to bring the readers as much informative as possible.
EXPRESSION USED IN ARTICLES ABOUT UKRAINE CRISIS ON
Noun Phrases
1 Agenda a list of matters to be taken up (as at a meeting)
2 Aggression violent action that is hostile and usually unprovoked
3 Aircraft a vehicle that can fly
4 Airspace the atmosphere above a nation that is deemed to be under its jurisdiction
5 Anti – corruption: Opposing of violating duty as bribery…
6 Armed forces the military forces of a nation
7 Assistance the activity of contributing to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose
8 Authority an administrative unit of government
9 Barrack a building or group of buildings used to house military personnel
10 Bloodshed the shedding of blood resulting in murder
11 Broadcast a radio or television show
12 Campaign a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end
13 Capital flight Such events could be an increase in taxes on capital or capital holders or the government of the country defaulting on its debt that disturbs investors and causes them to lower their valuation of the assets in that country, or otherwise to lose confidence in its economic strength.
14 Cease – fire a state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms
15 Clash a minor short-term fight
16 Crisis an unstable situation of extreme danger or difficulty
17 Civil war a war between factions in the same country
18 Checkpoint a place (as at a frontier) where travellers are stopped for inspection and clearance
19 Conflict an open clash between two opposing countries
20 Condemnation (criminal law) a final judgment of guilty in a criminal case and the punishment that is imposed
21 Countermeasure an action taken to offset another action
22 Contingent uncertain because of uncontrollable circumstances
23 De – escalation a reduction in intensity (of a crisis or a war)
24 Deviant a person whose behavior deviates from what is acceptable especially in sexual behavior
25 Diplomat an official engaged in international negotiations
26 Extremist a person who holds extreme views
27 Fighting the act of fighting; any contest or struggle
29 Ground a relation that provides the foundation for something
30 Hostility violent action that is hostile and usually unprovoked
31 Incursion an attack that penetrates into enemy territory
32 Intelligence the operation of gathering information about an enemy
33 Intervention care provided to improve a situation
(especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury)
34 Invasion the act of invading; the act of an army that invades for conquest or plunder
35 Isolation the act of isolating something; setting something apart from others
36 Lawmaker a maker of laws; someone who gives a code of laws
37 Missile a rocket carrying a warhead of conventional or nuclear explosives; may be ballistic or directed by remote control
38 Mortar a muzzle-loading high-angle gun with a short barrel that fires shells at high elevations for a short range
39 News agency an agency to collects news reports for newspapers and distributes it electronically
40 Pro – Russian supporting Russia and its policies
41 Rebel a person who takes part in an armed rebellion against the constituted authority (especially in the hope of improving conditions)
42 Referendum a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate
43 Roadblock a barrier set up by police to stop traffic on a street or road in order to catch a fugitive or inspect traffic etc.
44 Sanction An official order that limits trade, contact with a particular country in order to make it obey international law
45 Security measure an electrical device that sets off an alarm when someone tries to break in
46 Separatist an advocate of secession or separation from a larger group
47 Shoot – down murder by shooting someone down in cold blood
48 Showdown a hostile disagreement face-to-face
49 Standoff the act of repulsing or repelling an attack; a successful defensive stand
50 Street protest The act of making a strong public expression of disagreement and disapproval on the street.
51 Sovereignty royal authority; the dominion of a monarch
52 Tension the action of stretching something tight
53 Territory the geographical area under the jurisdiction of a sovereign state
54 Warship a government ship that is available for waging war
55 Weapon any instrument or instrumentality used in fighting
Verb Phrases
1 Accuse To bring an accusation against; level a charge against
2 Annex To take (territory) as if by conquest
3 Battle To battle or contend against in or as if in a battle
4 Break out To start abruptly
5 Condemn To express strong disapproval of
6 Defend To fight against or resist strongly
7 Demonstrate To march in protest; take part in a demonstration
8 Devastate To cause extensive destruction or ruin utterly
9 Finance To obtain or provide money for
10 Implement To pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue
11 Intensify To make more intense, stronger, or more marked
12 Lash To strike as if by whipping
14 Mobilize To get ready for war
15 Ousted To remove from a position or office
16 Overcome To succeed in dealing with or controlling a problem that has been preventing you from achieving st.
17 Praise To express approval of
18 Prohibit To stop smt from being done or used specially by law
19 Propose To put forward; nominate for appointment to an office or for an honor or position
20 Rebuke To censure severely or angrily
21 Send To transfer a group of people to other places
22 Slap To hit with something flat, like a paddle or the open hand
23 Simulate To pretend that you have a particular feeling
24 Shatter To damage or destroy smt.
25 Strengthen To make strong or stronger
26 Suspend To stop a process or a habit by imposing a freeze on it
27 Tackle To accept as a challenge
28 Undertake To promise to do or accomplish
29 Withdraw To move back or away from a place
30 Worsen To make smt worse than it was before
politic Terms and Common Abbreviations of Agencies
[Closely related to the studied articles]
1 Air force The part of a country’s armed forces that fights using aircraft
2 EU The European Union (EU) is a politico- economic union of 28 member states that are primarily located in Europe The EU operates through a system of supranational independent institutions and intergovernmental negotiated decisions by the member states.
3 NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4
It is a state agency tasked with developing a policy of national security on domestic and international matters in advising the President of Ukraine (currently Petro Poroshenko) All the sessions of the council take place in the
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the UnitedNations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security Its powers include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the establishment of international sanctions, and the authorization of military action through Security Council resolutions; it is the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions to member states The Security Council held its first session on 17
8 White House The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C It has been the residence of every U.S president since John
9 Donetsk Donetsk is an industrial city in Ukraine on the
Kalmius River Administratively, it is a centre of Donetsk Oblast, while historically, it is the unofficial capital and largest city of the larger economic and cultural Donets Basin (Donbas) region.
10 Luhansk Luhansk is formerly known as Voroshilovgrad, is the administrative center of Luhansk Oblast in easternmost Ukraine The city itself is also designated as its own separate municipality within the oblast.
11 Separatism Separatism is the advocacy of a state of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group.
12 Kremlin Is a major fortified central complex found in historic Russian cities This word is often used to refer to the most famous one, the Moscow Kremlin, or metonymically to the government that is based there
13 AK – 47 The AK-47 is a selective-fire, gas-operated
7.62×39mm assault rifle, first developed in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Kalashnikov It is officially known in the Soviet documentation as Avtomat Kalashnikova It is also known as
Kalashnikov, AK, or in Russian slang, Kalash.
14 The Pentagon The Pentagon is the headquarters of the United
States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia As a symbol of the U.S military, "the Pentagon" is often used metonymically to refer to the U.S Department of Defense.
15 Ceasefire A ceasefire (or truce) is a temporary stoppage of a war in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions Ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal treaty, but they have also been called as part of an informal understanding between opposing forces An armistice is a formal agreement to end fighting.
16 Kiev Kiev or Kyiv is the capital and the largest city of
Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River.
17 SU – 25 The Sukhoi Su-25 (NATO reporting name:
"Frogfoot") is a single-seat, twin-engine jet aircraft developed in the Soviet Union by the Sukhoi Design Bureau It was designed to provide close air support for the Soviet Ground
18 Crimea The Crimean Peninsula also known simply as
Crimea, is a major land mass on the northern coast of the Black Sea that is almost completely surrounded by water The peninsula is located south of the Ukrainian mainland and west of the
19 Cold War The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others) and powers in the
20 Civil War A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same state or republic, or, less commonly, between two countries created from a formerly united state The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies
21 G7 The Group of 7 (G7) is a group consisting of the finance ministers and central bank governors of the seven major advanced economies as reported by the International Monetary Fund : Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States meeting to discuss primarily economic issues.
22 Sanction An official order that limits trade, contact…with a particular country.
A short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) is a ballistic missile with a range of about 1,000 km or less They are usually capable of carrying nuclear weapons In potential regional conflicts,these missiles would be used because of the short distances between some countries and their relative low cost and ease of configuration.
24 Capital flight Capital flight, in economics, occurs when assets or money rapidly flow out of a country, due to an event of economic consequence Such events could be an increase in taxes on capital or capital holders or the government of the country defaulting on its debt that disturbs investors and causes them to lower their valuation of the assets in that country, or otherwise to lose confidence in its economic strength.
CONCLUSION
After studying and comparing the structure and some typical features in articles about Ukraine Crisis between Reuters and CNN, here are the conclusions:
All the needed features about an online newspaper appear in CNN and Reuters
CNN has story highlights which always make a strong impression on all kinds of readers because they own the urgent information (key points) without reading the whole of articles Moreover, CNN has video for illustration which help the readers to observe clearly about the details of story
With regard to their forms, normally the articles on CNN use easier language and bring a concise writing style than Reuters In fact, if you, frankly, are a punctilious reader who wants both to see the whole of the story’s details and to read articles with story highlights Surely, you will choose CNN Indeed, CNN is really good in going into detail in order to bring the full view of the stories for the readers.
Reuters uses more complicated language in its articles However, in the articles about Ukraine Crisis, Reuters use a more succinct style and more brief language than CNN This is shown in the way Reuters use compound, you can absolutely understand these compounds without looking up dictionary, for example: a shoulder – launched missile, a
Moscow – backed president, or cash – strapped Ukraine … in fact,
Reuters contain a lot of compounds in articles in order to give the readers the most professional and academic articles.
With regard to their contents: the articles on CNN and Reuters have four main parts of an online newspaper: headlines, leads, bodies, and endings.CNN has story highlight, video for illustration - distinctive features.
Most the headlines in these articles are simple sentences with a subject and a verb Verbs of headlines are often active and in present tense The main omission in headlines is articles and auxiliaries.
Most of the articles about Ukraine Crisis contain direct leads and summary leads.
In the articles about Ukraine Crisis, the summery endings, quote endings are the most commonly used.
Compound words are frequently used is these articles, especially compound adjectives and compound nouns.
TRANSLATION
Thủ tướng Đức Angela Merkel cảnh báo áp đặt lệnh trừng phạt đối với Nga vì Ukraine trước cuộc đàm phán ở Béc Lin
(Reuters) – Vào hôm thứ tư, trước những cuộc đàm phán quan trọng diễn ra ở Béc Lin, Thủ tướng Đức Angela Merkel cảnh báo sẽ áp đặt lệnh trừng phạt trên lĩnh vực kinh tế đối với Nga nếu như quốc gia này không theo đuổi con đường hoà bình trong cuộc chiến ở Ukraina.
Ngoại trưởng Pháp, Đức, Nga, Ukraina đã tham gia cuộc họp ở Béc Lin vào lúc 4 giờ 30 phút để thảo luận về tình hình ở Ukraina, cuộc gặp diễn ra trong khi miền đông Ukraina đang tuân thủ một lệnh ngừng bắn kéo dài 10 ngày. Thủ tướng Angela Merkel cho biết phiến quân ly khai dường như vẫn tỏ ra thờ ơ trước những lời kêu gọi hoà bình của các nước.
Bà Merkel phát biểu: “Chúng tôi sẽ không dừng lại việc tìm kiếm những giải pháp ngoại giao, tuy nhiên chúng tôi đang mất phương hướng với con đường mà chúng tôi đang đi”.
Thêm vào những biện pháp chống lại các công ty và quan chức Nga, Phương tây đã tố Nga phá hoại việc toàn vẹn lãnh thổ của Ukraina, bà cũng cho biết:
“Bất chấp lệnh trừng phạt chống lại Nga là như thế nào, thì cho đến bây giờ chúng tôi đã hướng đến tiến độ thứ hai và chúng tôi không thể loại bỏ việc phải tiến xa hơn nữa”.
Liên minh Châu âu và Mỹ đe doạ sẽ tăng thêm lênh trừng phạt chống lại nền kinh tế Nga nếu như quốc gia này không kiềm chế hành động của phiến quân ly khai ở miền đông Ukraina Nga đã phủ nhận việc giúp đỡ phiến quân.
Quân ly khai đã phóng một tên lửa vác vai tấn công và phá huỷ một chiếc máy bay SU-24, năm người lính bao gồm một lính gác Ukraina đã bị giết từ khi cách thức tấn công mới được thực hiện vào đếm thứ hai, một phát ngôn viên quân đội cho biết
Tổng số người lính Ukraina thiệt hại từ khi bắt đầu cuộc xung đột, là 200 người, bao gồm 150 quân lính, Andriy Lytsynko, một phát ngôn viên của Hội đồng Quốc phòng và An ninh Quốc gia cho biết.
Hàng trăm dân thường và phiến quân cũng đã thiệt mạng.
Phát ngôn viên Quốc hội Ukraina Oleksander Turchynov cho biết: “Lực lượng quân đội và Bảo vệ Quốc gia đang tiếp tục tấn công chống lại những kẻ khủng bố và những kẻ phạm tội”
Trước nhiều áp lực mạnh mẽ từ phía đất nước, Tổng thống Petro Poroshenko đang phải kiên quyết chống lại phiến quân, những người đã và đang chiến đấu với lực lượng quân sự của Kiev từ tháng tư, ông cũng từ chối phục hồi một lệnh ngừng bắn vào tối thứ hai và yêu cầu tấn công chống lại những kẻ khủng bố và kẻ cướp”. Điều này đã dành được sự ủng hộ từ Mỹ, tuy nhiên lại nhận được sự chỉ trích từ Tổng thống Nga Vladimir Putin, người mà cho rằng nhà lãnh đạo mới của Ukraina không bày tỏ thiện chí trên con đường hoà bình.
Chủ nghĩa phân lập đã nổ ra ở miền đông Ukraina vào tháng tư, khi phiến quân kiểm soát các toà nhà và những điểm mang tầm chiến lược, đã tuyên bố
“cộng hoà nhân dân” và tuyên bố rằng họ muốn liên minh với Nga Cuộc chạm trán lớn nhất giữa Phương tây và Nga tại cuộc gặp của Bộ ngoại giao đã khiến cho các nhà ngoại giao trở nên thận trọng hơn trước các cuộc xung đột từ sau chiến tranh lạnh.
Bộ trưởng ngoại giao Đức Frank-Walter Steinmeier cho biết “tốt nhất là chúng ta có thể từng bước hướng tới một lệnh ngừng bắn chung và lâu dài”.
Một nguồn tin từ Bộ ngoại giao Pháp hôm thứ 3 cho biết “ở đó không có một mục tiêu chính xác Đó là cơ hội để thoả thuận hoà bình, tuy nhiên chúng tôi không muốn tăng thêm hi vọng”.
“QUYỀN BẢO VỆ QUỐC GIA”
Ngoại trưởng Nga Sergei Lavrov cho biết ông tán thành quan điểm gặp mặt của người đồng cấp Laurent Fabius của Pháp và Pavlo Klimkin của Ukraina trong suốt một cuộc trò chuyện điện thoại với Ngoại trưởng Đức Steinmeier vào cuối hôm thứ ba. Ông Poroshenko đã buộc tội Nga châm ngòi cho cuộc xung đột và cho phép máy bay và các thiết bị quân sự vượt quan biên giới, hơn nữa ông cũng không đồng ý với việc phục hồi một lệnh ngừng bắn đơn phương sau cuộc trò chuyện điên thoại với ông Putin, bà Merkel và Tổng thống Pháp Francois Hollande.
Nữ phát ngôn viên Marie Harf của Bộ ngoại giao Mỹ hôm thứ ba cho biết Mỹ sẽ bảo vệ ông Poroshenko, chúng tôi cho rằng Tổng thống có quyền bảo vệ quốc gia của ông chống lại nhóm phiến quân, những người không tôn trọng lệnh ngừng bắn.
COMBINATION
Ukraine Crisis: International sanctions against Russia over
Sanctions were imposed and threatened against Russia after Russia annexed Crimea from Ukraine in March and it supported separatists in eastern Ukraine.
World leaders and countries have threatened to ratchet up sanctions against Russia
European Union leaders are poised to impose new sanctions against Russia as Ukraine's president warns the conflict with Moscow threatens peace and stability for Europe as a whole.
The key NATO leaders also said that Russia should faced increased sanctions for its actions in eastern Ukraine.
At the same time, Leaders of the G7 nations condemned Russian actions in and around Ukraine, promising punishments aimed at sending a message toMoscow.
The United States and the EU have so far imposed sanctions against dozens of Russian officials, several companies and the country's financial industry. Moreover, The United States is lobbying Asian governments to join in sanctions imposed by Washington and the European Union against Russia over its support for separatist rebels in eastern Ukraine
British Prime Minister David Cameron said his country would join the EU in imposing tougher sanctions on Russia, targeting the defence, finance and energy sectors.
Germany's Angela Merkel warned Moscow ahead of talks on Ukraine that economic sanctions remained an option as Ukrainian government forces pressed on with an offensive against pro-Russian rebels.
Australia unveiled fresh sanctions against Russia over what Prime Minister Tony Abbott called its "bullying" of neighbouring Ukraine, where the Kremlin is accused of backing pro-Russian insurgent groups battling the government in Kiev.
French President Francois Hollande said it would be "intolerable and unacceptable" if Russian troops had entered Ukrainian territory, warning that a further escalation would lead to more sanctions.
Japan said it was imposing additional sanctions on Russia because of its involvement in the Ukraine conflict.
Russian leaders reacted angrily to decision to slap further sanctions from the world leaders "Sanctions are evil," said Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev
In addition, Russia lashed against the latest round of sanctions over its involvement in Ukraine, accusing the United States of once again escalating the crisis undermining the chances for peace there as well as the greater quest for "global stability."
Then, The fighting had erupted strongly, artillery fire and explosions were heard in the eastern Ukrainian city of Donetsk, thousands of people were killed Ukraine has blasted Moscow for "failing to recognise the facts" over the continuing flow of arms from Russia to the rebels but Moscow has repeatedly denied those claims and lambasted Kiev for not halting its offensive in the east.
The conflict in eastern Ukraine, suddenly showed sign of abating Ukraine's government and separatist leaders signed a ceasefire deal after talks in Belarus, raising hopes of an end to the nearly five-month conflict that has wracked eastern Ukraine.
Khủng hoảng Ukraina: Lệnh trừng phạt quốc tế chống lại Nga vì Ukraina
Các biện pháp trừng phạt đã được áp đặt và đe dọa chống lại Nga sau khi Nga sáp nhập vào bán đảo Crưm từ Ukraina vào hồi tháng 3 và quốc gia này đã ủng hộ phiến quân ly khai ở miền đông Ukraina.
Các nhà lãnh đạo cũng như các quốc gia trên thế giới đã đe dọa mở rộng lệnh trừng phạt chống lại Nga.
Lãnh đạo Châu âu (EU) đã thẳng tay áp đặt lệnh trừng phạt mới chống lại Nga sau khi Tổng thống Ukraina cảnh báo rằng cuộc xung đột với Moscow sẽ đe dọa tới hòa bình, ổn định của toàn thể Châu âu.
Các nhà lãnh đạo chủ chốt của NATO cũng cho biết Nga phải đối mặt với nhiều sự trừng phạt gia tăng vì hành động hung hăng của quốc gia này ở miền đông Ukraina
Thêm vào đó, nhóm các nền công nghiệp phát triển hàng đầu G7 (gồm Anh, Canada, Pháp, Đức, Italia, Nhật Bản và Mỹ) đã cảnh báo gia tăng thêm lệnh trừng phạt mới với Nga nếu nước này không tôn trọng các thỏa thuận ngừng bắn tại Ukraina.
Cho đến nay, Mỹ và Liên minh Châu âu (EU) đã áp đặt lệnh trừng phạt chống lại hàng chục quan chức Nga, công ty và nghành công nghiệp tài chính của quốc gia này.
Hơn thế nữa, Mỹ đang kêu gọi chính phủ của các quốc gia Châu á cùng tham gia trừng phạt chống lại Nga vì sự hiếu chiến và hành động viện trợ cho phiến quân ở miền đông Ukraina.
Thủ tướng Anh David Cameron cho biết Anh sẽ cùng với EU tham gia áp đặt nghiêm khắc các biện pháp trừng phạt nhằm vào khu vực năng lượng, tài chính, quốc phòng của Nga.
Thủ tướng Đức Angela Merkel đã cảnh báo Moscow trước cuộc đàm phán ở Béc-Lin về xung đột ở Ukraina. Úc công bố lệnh trừng phạt mới chống lại Nga, Thủ tướng Tony Abbott cho rằng Nga đang "bắt nạt" nước láng giềng Ukraina và cố tình hỗ trợ cho phiến quân ly khai.
Tổng thống Pháp Francois Hollande cảnh báo rằng tình hình ở miền đông Ukraina ngày càng leo thang cũng đồng nghĩa với việc nhiều sự trừng phạt sẽ được đưa ra, bởi vì Pháp "không thể chấp nhận" nếu quân đội Nga tiến vào lãnh thổ Ukraina.
Nhật Bản cho biết quốc gia này đã áp đặt lệnh trừng phạt bổ sung đối với Nga vì sự liên quan của họ trong các cuộc xung đột ở Ukraine.
APPENDIX
Articles for illustration on CNN
Art 1: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/30/world/europe/ukraine-crisis/
EU leader says new sanctions to be proposed against Russia
By Laura Smith-Spark and Tim Lister, CNN
Mariupol, Ukraine (CNN) A top European Union official said Saturday that new sanctions will be proposed within a week against Russia over its actions in Ukraine, but Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko sounded like he can't wait that long.
"I think we are very close to the point of no return," Poroshenko said Saturday following an EU summit in Brussels "The point of no return is full-scale war, which already happened in the territory controlled by separatists and where instead of separatists there are regular Russian troops."
Poroshenko said the situation had worsened in the last few days and that thousands of foreign troops and hundreds of foreign tanks are now on Ukrainian territory.
Russia has repeatedly denied either supporting the rebels or sending its own troops over the border But those assertions have been roundly rejected by the West.
European Council President Herman Van Rompuy, speaking at the summit, said new sanctions will be proposed.
"The European Council says that it stands ready to take further significant steps in the light of the evolution of the situation on the ground and it requests the commission to urgently undertake preparatory work and present proposals for consideration within a week," Rompuy said.
Russian President Vladimir Putin appeared defiant in the face of a chorus of Western condemnation over what NATO says is clear evidence of Russian military aggression in Ukraine.
Moscow doesn't want or intend to wade into any "large-scale conflicts," Putin said Friday at a youth forum, state-run Itar-Tass reported A few breaths later, he made the point that Russia is "strengthening our nuclear deterrence forces and our armed forces," making them more efficient and modernized.
"I want to remind you that Russia is one of the most powerful nuclear nations," the President said "This is a reality, not just words."
German Chancellor Angela Merkel and U.S President Barack Obama agreed in a phone call Thursday that they would have to consider tougher action against Russia.
The European Union and the United States have already slapped economic sanctions on targeted Russian individuals and businesses The union also has sanctioned certain sectors of the Russian economy, prompting Russia to retaliate with its own measures.
The Ukrainian military worked to fortify the port city of Mariupol after Russian intelligence groups were observed there, Col Andriy Lysenko, spokesman for the Ukrainian National Defense and Security Council, said Saturday.
A CNN team saw Ukrainian forces strengthening defensive positions on the eastern outskirts of the city, reinforcing checkpoints and digging trenches along roads leading toward the Russian border.
Beyond these checkpoints, the team found a small advance detachment of Ukrainian troops on the main road about halfway between Mariupol and Novoazovsk The soldiers said it had been quiet Saturday.
The CNN team encountered the first pro-Russian rebel roadblock a short distance outside Novoazovsk, about 12 miles (20 kilometers) from the Russian border, with concrete blocks across the road and a heavy machine gun among the weaponry.
A 12.7 mm heavy machine gun was among the weapons at the roadblock The fighters would not allow the CNN team to pass through but said they should "come back tomorrow."
There is a large stretch of territory east of Mariupol, some 15-30 kilometers wide depending on location, that is occupied by neither Ukrainian forces nor pro-Russian fighters.
In the villages between the two "front lines" there are no signs of damage Some stores are open and there is some civilian traffic on the roads Long queues have formed at one checkpoint out of Mariupol as people from rural areas try to get in and out of the city.
Russia annexed Ukraine's Crimean peninsula in March, following the ouster of pro- Moscow President Viktor Yanukovych the previous month.
Violence broke out in the eastern Donetsk and Luhansk regions in April, as separatist leaders declared independence from the government in Kiev Since mid-April, the conflict between the pro-Russia rebels and the Ukrainian military has cost more than 2,500 lives, according to the United Nations.
White House spokesman Josh Earnest said Friday that whatever the Kremlin says the reality is Russian troops are inside Ukraine and have fired on Ukrainian military positions. See the NATO satellite images
In response, Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said NATO had previously used "images from computer games" to in his view falsely make the case that Russian troops are inUkraine, and said the "latest accusations are pretty similar."
CNN's Tim Lister reported from Mariupol and Laura Smith-Spark wrote and reported in London CNN's Lindsay Isaac, Max Foster, Alla Eshchenko, Barbara Starr and Greg Botelho contributed to this report, as did journalist Victoria Butenko in Kiev.
Art 2: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/16/politics/ukraine-russia-sanctions/
Obama imposes new sanctions on Russia over Ukraine
By Jim Acosta and Tom Cohen, CNN
Washington (CNN) Russia has failed to take steps to end the Ukraine conflict, President Barack Obama said Wednesday in announcing expanded sanctions targeting two banks, two energy companies, Ukraine separatists and defense companies.
European Union leaders also said they intended to increase sanctions, signaling growing Western concern over Russia's continued support for separatists battling the Ukrainian military in the country's eastern region.
"We have to see concrete actions, and not just words that Russia in fact is committed to trying to end this conflict along the Russia-Ukraine border," Obama told reporters at the White House.