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MASAYOSHI SHIBATANI
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language
of Japan
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This book is a detailed survey of the two main
indigenous languages ofjapan: Japanese
and Ainu. No genetic relationship has been
established between them, and structurally they
differ significantly. Professor Shibatani has
therefore divided his study into two indepen-
dent parts. The first is the most comprehensive
study of the polysynthetic Ainu language yet to
appear in English, and includes data and texts
from both classical and colloquial materials.
The second part deals extensively with
Japanese. It discusses topics from the evolution
of the writing system and the differences be-
tween men's and women's speech, to issues of
greater theoretical complexity, such as phonol-
ogy, including tone-analysis, the lexicon and
word-formation, and the syntax of agglutinative
morphology.
As an American-trained scholar in Japan, the
author is in a unique position that affords him a
dual perspective on language deriving from
Western linguistic scholarship and the Japanese
grammatical tradition, which has a history of
over 200 years. Professor Shibatani critically
examines for the first time some modern analy-
ses of such prominent features of Japanese as
topic construction and verb inflection in the
light of traditional scholarship.
The
languages
ofjapan will appeal not only to
those seeking a basic survey, but also to ad-
vanced students and Japanese specialists in-
terested in the theoretically problematic areas
of the two languages, and to those working on
Japan generally. Like other language surveys in
this series, it makes a considerable contribution
to descriptive linguistics and language typology.
CAMBRIDGE LANGUAGE SURVEYS
General Editors: B. Comrie, C.J. Fillmore, R. Lass, D. Lightfoot,
J. Lyons, P.H. Matthews, R. Posner, S. Romainc. N.V. Smith,
N.
Vincent. A. Zwicky
This series offers general accounts of all the major language families of the
world. Some volumes are organized on a purely genetic basis, others on a
geographical basis, whichever yields the most convenient and intelligible
grouping in each case. Sometimes, as with the Australian volume, the two in
any case coincide.
Each volume compares and contrasts the typological features of the
languages it deals with. It also treats the relevant genetic relationships,
historical development, and sociolinguistic issues arising from their role and
use in the world today. The intended readership is the student of linguistics
or general linguist, but no special knowledge of the languages under
consideration is assumed. Some volumes also have a wider appeal, like those
on Australia and North America, where the future of the languages and their
speakers raises important social and political issues.
Already published:
The languages of Australia
R.
M.
W.
.Dixon
The languages of the Soviet Union Bernard Comrie
The Mesoamcrican Indian languages Jorge A. Sudre:
The Papuan languages of New Guinea William A. Foley
Chinese Jerry Norman
Pidgins and Creoles, volume I: Theory and structure John A. Holm
Pidgins and Creoles, volume II: Reference survey John A. Holm
Forthcoming titles include:
The Indo-Aryan languages Colin F. Masica
Korean Ho-min Sohn
The languages of South-Easl Asia J.A. Matisoff
Austroncsian languages R. Blust
Slavonic languages R. Sussex
Germanic languages R. Lass
Celtic languages D. MucAutuy el al.
Romance languages R. Posner
The languages of Native North America Marianne Mithun
The languages of the Andes Willem F.H. Adelaar and Pieter C. Muysken
THE LANGUAGES
OF JAPAN
MASAYOSHI SHIBATANI
Faculty of Letters,
Kobe University
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge
New York Port Chester Melbourne Sydney
Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge
The Pitt Building, Trumnington Street, Cambridge CB2 IRP
40 West 20th Street, New York, NY
10011,
USA
10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia
© Cambridge University Press 1990
First published 1990
Printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Cambridge
British Library cataloguing
in
publication data
Shibatani, Masayoshi
The languages of Japan. - (Cambridge language surveys)
I. Japan. Languages
I. Title
409.52
Library of
Congress
cataloguing
in
publication data applied for
ISBN 0 521 36070 6 hard covers
ISBN 0 521 36918 5 paperback
AO
For Naomi
[...]... Locations of languages surrounding Japanese 3 Map of Japan 4 Geographic division of Japanese dialects 5 Geographic division of Ryukyuan dialects 6 Bundle of isoglosses separating the Western dialects and the Eastern dialects 7 Accent in the Japanese dialects page 8 95 188 189 193 197 211 PREFACE There are arguably three indigenous languages in Japan: namely, Ainu, Japanese, and Ryukyuan However, the genetic... book would have been much the poorer Preface xv Professor Eugenie Henderson, the editor assigned to this book by Cambridge University Press, also read the entire manuscript and guided me, with remarkable patience, through the completion of the work Her offer of the use of her office at SOAS greatly facilitated the completion of part of the book My stay at the University of London was made possible... PART 1 The Ainu language 1 Introduction I I People and distribution The "Ainu" are a people living on the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido whose ancestors were both physically and culturally distinct from the Japanese The prc-historical distribution of the Ainu people is not easily ascertainable, but many place names in the northern part of the main Japanese island of Honshu indicate that they might... In Uralic and Altaic languages, the harmonic sets are differentiated in terms of the backness and the roundedness of the vowels, while in many African languages the tongue-root position is a basis for harmonic sets However, in the case of Ainu there is no clear phonetic basis separating the set consisting of a and u from the one consisting of o In the above description, we used the expression "peripheral"... for the resemblance of Ainu to the other languages" (p 40) Hattori's lexicostatistical work (1959) suggests to him that even if Japanese and Korean were related, the time of split would be more than 4,000 years ago In the case of Ainu, his view is that, even if Ainu is related to Japanese, the relationship is a fairly indirect one First, Japanese and Korean are related - if related at all Then, these... great addition to the corpus of data on Ainu languages An English outline of Murasaki's grammar was published in 1978 Numerous articles on the Saru dialect have been published by Tamura Suzuko These articles together cover a substantial portion of the grammar of this dialect, which is a main dialect of the Hidaka area and a direct descendant of Classical Ainu as represented by the version of yukar "Itadorimaru",... memories of her life in her native language, the Ishikari dialect of Ainu, using the 10 The Ainu language Japanese kana syllabary together with Japanese translation Her materials of roughly 10,000 words were edited as well as transliterated into near-phonemic form by members of the Linguistics Department of Hokkaido University before being published in book form in 1983 The Ishikari dialect of the region... the main area of the Ainu habitation The Kurile Ainu, moved to Shikotan in 1884, were only forty-one in number in 1933, and it is believed that there arc no longer any direct descendants of the Kurile Ainu still living In the 1940 census, the HokkaidS Ainu numbered 16,170, and the 1935 census reported the population of the Sakhalin Ainu to be 1,512 After World War II, some of the Ainu of Sakhalin were... words with Welsh, Cornish, and a few other languages He then concludes the section by saying: "This chief argument, however, for an Aryan origin of the Ainu language will be found to lie in the Grammar rather than in vocabulary" (p 25) But, in the grammar section of the dictionary, no extensive discussion of this issue appears From their geographic proximity, Ainu and Japanese are likely candidates for... relationship between Japanese and Ryukyuan has been proven and the transparency of the relationship is such that the latter is now considered as a dialect (group) of Japanese by most scholars This leaves us with two languages to deal with, and the book title of "Ainu and Japanese" would have been less pretentious The less pretentious title, however, suggests that the book is about the genetic relationship . the entire manuscript and guided me, with remarkable patience, through the completion of the work. Her offer of the use of her office at SOAS greatly facilitated the completion of part of the. where the future of the languages and their speakers raises important social and political issues. Already published: The languages of Australia R. M. W. .Dixon The languages of the Soviet. Celtic languages D. MucAutuy el al. Romance languages R. Posner The languages of Native North America Marianne Mithun The languages of the Andes Willem F.H. Adelaar and Pieter C. Muysken THE LANGUAGES
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