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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION TRIỆU THỊ NGỌC STATE MANAGEMENT OF THE WORLD’S TANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGES IN VIỆT NAM Field of st[.]
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION TRIỆU THỊ NGỌC STATE MANAGEMENT OF THE WORLD’S TANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGES IN VIỆT NAM Field of study: Public Management Code: 34 04 03 SUMMARY OF DOCTOR THESIS HÀ NỘI, 2022 The thesis is completed at: NATIONAL ACADEMY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Supervisors: Dr Trinh Thanh Ha Dr Nguyen Danh Nga Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3: The thesis shall be defended in front of the Academy-level Thesis Evaluation Council Venue: The Doctoral Thesis Defence – Meeting Room… Block ……, National Academy of Public Administration No 77 Nguyen Chi Thanh Street – Dong Da District - Hà Nội Time: at ……… hour … date … month … year 2022 The thesis can be found at The Library of the National Academy of Public Administration, the Post Graduate Faculty’s Website; and the National Library of Vietnam INTRODUCTION Rationale Culture and cultural heritages form a field of interest to every country over the world Preserving and promoting the value of cultural heritages has become a globally social issue One of the ways to carry out the function of maintaining, enhancing and disseminating the knowledge of one organization, as prescribed by UNESCO, is to conserve and protect world heritages of books, art works and other historical or scientific works, and to recommend concerned countries on necessary international conventions, in order to enhance cultural understanding by each country in the world, and to create an environment of peace, cooperation and development of the mankind The Vietnam Communist Party (VCP) and the State are particularly interested in preserving and promoting the values of cultural heritages and the world’s tangible cultural heritages (hereinafter, WTCHs) in the country The 8th VCP National Party Congress determined that “Cultural heritages form an invaluable asset that unites ethnic communities, being the core of the national identity and the basis for creating new values and cultural exchanges” The Party’s above-mentioned viewpoint has continuously been affirmed throughout many of its terms, concretized into many important resolutions, and concretized by the State through legal regulations suitable to each development period of society Over the past time, implementing the Party’s resolutions and the the State’s laws, many provinces and cities throughout the country have developed projects to preserve and promote the values of cultural heritages Many cultural heritages are invested in for conservation and anti-degradation; many have been ranked and recognized as World Cultural Heritages As of August 2022, eight ones in Vietnam have been recognized by UNESCO as WTCHs That cultural heritages have been attentively invested in by the State, and many items and works have been preserved and put into exploitation and use has actively contributed to the socio-economic development of the locality where there is a World Heritage site, the material, cultural and spiritual life of the local people thus being improved However, the state management of cultural heritages and World Tangible Cultural Heritages in Vietnam (hereinafter, the state management of VWTCHs) remains much limited and ineffective UNESCO has recommended an urgency to fix it soon, or else the heritages will be withdrawn from the list of World Heritage Sites On the other hand, in the context of increasingly deepening globalization and international integration, the strong development of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, and the digital economy, the state management of culture and the WTCHs is also facing a lot of new opportunities and challenges that require theoretical and practical research to find effective orientations and solutions, contributing to perfecting the state management of the VWTCHs Therefore, the PhD student chose the topic "State Management of the World's Tangible Cultural Heritages in Vietnam" to study her doctoral thesis, majoring in public management Research purposes and tasks 2.1 Research purposes This thesis aims through its research to continue to improve the state management of world tangible cultural heritages in Vietnam 2.2 Research mission (1) To review the literature related to the thesis topic; (2) To systematize the theoretical basis and practical experience of state management of WTCHs; (3) To survey, analyse and assess the state management of VWTCHs between 2010 and 2021; (4) To synthesize opinions and propose solutions for perfecting the state management of VWTCHs in the coming period Object and scope of research 3.1 Research subjects The research object of the thesis is the theory and practice of state management of world tangible cultural heritages in Vietnam 3.2 Research scope - Regarding the research content: the scope of research was limited to the content of state management of VWTCHs, which include: Building and directing the implementation of strategies, master plans and plans for WTCHs conservation and promotion; Promulgating and organizing the implementation of legal documents on WTCHs; Consolidating the organization of the state management apparatus on WTCHs; Building and developing a contingent of managerial and professional civil servants on WTCHs; Supporting and mobilizing financial resources and facilities for WTCHs conservation; Inspecting, examining and handling violations of the law on WTCHs; and, Organizing and carrying out scientific research and international cooperation in the field Regarding the research space: State management of VWTCHs was studied in seven provinces and cities with WTCHs: Hanoi, Quang Ninh, Ninh Binh, Thanh Hoa, Quang Binh, Thua Thien Hue, and Quang Nam Regarding the research period: The reality of state management of VWTCHs between 2010 and 2021 was researched, investigated and surveyed Then, orientation was made to perfect state management of VWTCHs in the coming period Methodology and research methods 4.1 Methodology On the basis of dialectical and historical materialist methodology, the PhD student interpreted the theoretical and practical basis of the state management of VWTCHs according to objective dialectical logic thinking in common relations At the same time, she studied Ho Chi Minh's thoughts and the Party's views on cultural heritages and WTCHs in Vietnam 4.2 Research Methods The thesis is based on a combination of a number of specific research methods: First, research of secondary literature; second, the method of sociological investigation; third, methods of comparison, statistics, analysis and synthesis; and, fourth, methods of processing information and data Scientific hypothesis and research questions 5.1 Scientific hypothesis State management of VWTCHs has achieved certain positive results However, WTCHs in Vietnam keep being degraded, infringed, and over-exploited, and their values have not yet been promoted The main reasons involve slow concretization and implementation of the institutions, an overlapping management apparatus, and an underwhelming capacity of the management and professional staff on WTCHs; plus, financial resources and material foundations for heritage conservation activities being inadequate compared to actual requirements, and control activities remaing loose due to a lack of coordination among state agencies If there are good solutions with the support of UNESCO, the state management of VWTCHs in the coming time will be more complete 5.2 Research question Some key research questions are: How has the state management of WTCHs been studied so far by organizations and individuals? What are the theoretical bases and practical experience of state management of WTCHs? How is the state management of VWTCHs currently being implemented? What viewpoints, orientations and solutions should be based on in order to improve the state management of VWTCHs in the coming time? New contributions of the thesis Firstly, the thesis has reviewed the research results of domestic and foreign individuals and organizations related to the state management of VWTCHs Second, it has clarified and supplemented a number of concepts: tangible cultural heritages, WTCHs, and, state management of WTCHs Third, the thesis has identified the contents of such state management, which includes (i) Formulating and directing the implementation of strategies, master plans and plans for WTCHs conservation; (ii) Promulgating and organizing the implementation of legal documents on WTCHs; (iii) Consolidating the organization of the state management apparatus on WTCHs; (iv) Building and developing a contingent of civil servants and public employees for WTCHs; (v) Supporting and mobilizing financial resources and facilities for WTCHs activities; (vi) Inspecting, examining and handling violations of the law on WTCHs; and, (vii) Organizing and conducting scientific research and international cooperation in the field Fourthly, the thesis has studied the experience of state management of the WTCHs from some countries, drawing valuable lessons of experience for Vietnam Fifth, it has identified the causes of limitations in the state management of VWTCHs Sixth, the thesis has proposed eight solutions to improve the state management of VWTCHs Theoretical and practical significance of the thesis 7.1 Theoretical significance Firstly, the thesis has systematized and supplemented the theoretical basis of state management of WTCHs Second, it has clarified the role and factors affecting the state management of the WTCHs, thereby seeing the need to perfect the state management of the WTCHs Third, the research results contribute to the development of science majoring in public management and, in particular, contribute to the development of the theory of state management of culture and WTCHs 7.2 Practical significance Firstly, after analyzing and assessing the reality of state management of VWTCHs, the thesis has made objective judgments, evaluated results and limits, and identified the causes of limitations of the reality Second, the research can be used as a valuable reference for managers and state agencies on cultural heritages and WTCHs in building, perfecting and organizing the implementation of management tools, such as laws, policies, organizational apparatus, resources At the same time, the thesis can serve as a reference for the research and teaching of state management of cultural heritages; and it can serve as a reference for countries with WTCHs Structure of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusion, table of contents, list of references and appendices, the main content of the thesis includes four chapters: Chapter Literature Review; Chapter Scientific Basis for State Management of WTCHs; Chapter State Management of VWTCHs; Chapter Perspectives, Orientations and Solutions to Improve the state management of VWTCHs CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Research works related to the thesis topic 1.1.1 Studies on cultural heritages, tangible cultural heritages and WTCHs 1.1.2 Studies related to the state management of WTCHs 1.1.3 Studies related to the eight WTCHs in Vietnam 1.2 Evaluating the literature and issues for further research 1.2.1 The literature contents The group of research works on cultural heritages, tangible cultural heritages, and WTCHs have (1) affirmed that cultural heritages and WTCHs form a type of invaluable asset of nations and mankind; (2) introduced some WTCHs in Asia; and, (3) specified the responsibilities of agencies, social organizations and communities in preserving the cultural heritages values and WTCHs The group of research works related to the state management of WTCHs have discussed (1) Some legal provisions and guidelines for implementation of the law on WTCHs; (2) The fact that state agencies must closely monitor the process of conservation, restoration and embellishment of cultural heritages and WTCHs; (3) Some experiences in state management of cultural heritages and WTCHs in Asia; (4) Limitations, weaknesses, impact factors and some solutions for state management of cultural heritages and WTCHs The group of research works related to the eight WTCHs in Vietnam have presented (1) Introduction to 630 tangible cultural heritages and WTCHs in Vietnam and the world; (2) Evaluation of international conferences and international cooperation projects on VWTCHs; (3) The fact that the state management apparatus of VWTCHs has not been uniformly organized throughout the country; the decentralization of powers in the field remains yet incomplete and unclear; (4) The way control is carried out to prevent and handle violations in the restoration and embellishment of TCHs and WTCHs in Vietnam 1.2.2 Results to be inherited The thesis can inherit a number of research results on: deep and diverse analyses of cultural heritages and WTCHs in Vietnam; the role of WTCHs in social construction and development; international experience in state management of WTCHs; the reality of state management of some WTCHs in Vietnam; and, some solutions for state management of VWTCHs 1.2.3 Issues for this thesis Firstly, the thesis continues to study and supplement the concept of WTCHs, state management of WTCHs, content of state management of WTCHs, the role and factors affecting such management, and relevant international experience Secondly, it needs to practical research to survey and analyze the reality of state management of VWTCHs; to assess the results and limitations; and, to identify the causes of the situation Finally, the thesis needs to synthesize views and orientations and propose solutions to improve the state management of VWTCHs in the new period in Vietnam Conclusion Chapter Based on the review of related domestic and foreign research works, the thesis has arrived at the following conclusions: First, the thesis has reviewed the research results on cultural heritages, WTCHs, and state management of WTCHs through a number of studies of domestic and foreign individuals and organizations Secondly, the research can inherit some theoretical foundations when studying the state management of WTCHs, some realities of state management of cultural heritages and WTCHs in Vietnam, and some existing solutions for state management of WTCHs Third, the thesis continues to research, systematize and supplement to clarify the theoretical basis of state management of WTCHs; study the basic contents of the state management of WTCHs; study the reality of state management of VWTCHs between 2010 and 2021; synthesize the views of UNESCO and the Communist Party of Vietnam, and orientations and objectives of the State; and, at the same time, propose solutions to further improve the state management of VWTCHs in the coming period CHAPTER SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF STATE MANAGEMENT OF THE WORLD'S TANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGES 2.1 Some basic concepts related to the thesis topic 2.1.1 Culture and cultural heritages Culture is a broad social field, including a system of material and spiritual values that most characterize the identity of the human community, which is created and accumulated by the community in the process of its activities It is handed down from generation to generation through the interaction between humans and the natural and social environments Cultural heritages form a system of material and spiritual products of historical, cultural and scientific value, created by nature and man, accumulated and handed down from generation to generation in the long process of history 2.1.2 WTCHs Tangible cultural heritages (hereinafter TCHs) involve a form of existence of cultural heritages mainly in the form of objects with shapes, heights, widths, weights, lines, colors, designs and existing in specific space and time TCHs include historical-cultural relics, scenic spots, relics, antiquities and national treasures, with special rare and precious values, typical of the country's history, culture and science World tangible cultural heritages are the tangible cultural heritages of humanity or a country recognized, supervised and managed by UNESCO WTCHs include monuments, populations, landscapes, relics, antiquities and national treasures of special international value in terms of history, art, science and aesthetics, ethnography or anthropology recognized and managed by UNESCO under strict standards of culture, nature and integrity 2.1.3 State management of WTCHs State management is organized influence, regulated by state power on social processes and human behaviors, conducted by organs of the state apparatus in order to maintain and develop social activities, social relations and legal order, through which to perform the functions and tasks of the State State management of cultural heritages is the organized and regulated influence by state power on cultural processes and cultural from the state budget, ODA loans, foreign aids, other lawfully mobilized capital and community contributions In addition to monetary sources, they can be in-kinds: machinery and equipment, technology, experts, training and coaching Financial resources and physical facilities for the operation of the WTCHs must be allocated, managed and used in accordance with the Law on Budget, the Law on Public Investment as well as international regulations (i.e., by funding sources, ODA, and financial funds) 2.3.6 Inspecting, examining and handling violations of the law on WTCHs Regarding WTCHs, inspection, examination, supervision and handling of violations are prescribed in Article 66 of the Law on Cultural Heritages In addition, they are subject to the inspection and supervision by the UNESCO representative in Vietnam in accordance with the commitments, agreements and provisions of the International Convention on Cultural Heritages and other international agreements and is obliged to comply with recommendations of UNESCO, if any 2.3.7 Organizing and conducting scientific research and international cooperation activities on WTCHs Scientific research activities, application of new technologies, and international cooperation have helped the state management to solve many difficulties and problems in the conservation of WTCHs 2.4 International experiences in state management of WTCHs and lessons for Vietnam 4.1 International experience in state management of WTCHs First, the experience of Cambodia Second, the experience of China Third, the experience of Japan 2.4.2 Lessons for Vietnam Lessons learned from Cambodia: Firstly, the Ministry of Education and the National Agency responsible for the archeology of Angkor and Apsara focus on educating secondary students about Angkor as a WTCH; Second, the community’s awareness, strength and responsibility are promoted, and people in the core and buffer zones of the heritage must benefit economically through tourism projects; Third, international cooperation has been utilized comprehensively; and, Fourth, conservation goes hand in hand with sustainable tourism development Lessons learned from China: Firstly, inventory, classification 11 and assessment of heritage have been conducted thoroughly; Second, resources are focused on WTCHs conservation in the priority list associated with large projects in parallel with socio-economic development; Third, the capacity of professional and civil servants in the state management of WTCHs are improved; Fourth, new scientific and technological achievements are applied; Fifth, awareness of heritage conservation is raised through the dissemination of outstanding common values, authenticity and integrity of WTCHs; Sixth, theories on conservation of WTCHs are summarized and developed; and, Seventh, international cooperation is strengthened by hosting and organizing many international conferences and seminars Lessons learned from Japan: Firstly, the state must take measures to raise awareness of the people and the whole society; Second, the legal system on WTCHs must be revised and completed in a synchronous, complete and complete manner; Third, propagation, dissemination and education of the law on cultural heritages must be carried out regularly and extensively, combining propaganda with the promotion of images of WTCHs; Fourth, the structure and operation of the state management apparatus of WTCHs are renovated; and, Fifth, socialization resources are mobilized and strictly managed; a cultural heritages conservation fund is established, and the State's control over the use of social resources and the cultural heritages conservation fund is strengthened Conclusion of Chapter Firstly, this chapter has researched, added and clarified the concepts and terms of cultural heritages, WTCHs, and state management of cultural heritages, thereby supplementing and clarifying the concept of state management of WTCHs It has identified the subject, object, and characteristics of state management of WTCHs Second, the role of WTCHs and the role of state management of WTCHs have been studied It has researched and identified seven factors that affect the state management of WTCHs Third, seven contents of state management of WTCHs have been researched and concretized Finally, the experience of state management of WTCHs of some Asian countries (Cambodia, China, Japan) has been studied and valuable lessons of experiences in state management of WTCHs have been drawed for Vietnam 12 CHAPTER THE REALITY OF STATE MANAGEMENT OF THE WORLD'S TANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGES IN VIETNAM 3.1 Overview of the WTCHs in Vietnam 3.1.1 The number of WTCHs in Vietnam As of August 2022, eight cultural and natural heritages of Vietnam have met the criteria and conditions to be recognized as a heritage of outstanding global value according to UNESCO's regulations and have been recognized by UNESCO as WTCHs in Vietnam First is the Complex of Hue Monuments, the ancient capital of Vietnam during the Nguyen Dynasty, recognized by UNESCO as a WTCH in 1993 Second is Ha Long Bay, located in Quang Ninh province in the Northeast of Vietnam, and recognized by UNESCO as a WTCH for the first time in 1994 and for the second time in 2000 Third is My Son relic site, built from the end of the 4th to the 13th century, located in Quang Nam province, and recognized by UNESCO as a WTCH in 1999 Fourth is Hoi An Ancient Town, a bustling international trading port in the past, a former major trading center of the whole Southeast Asia, located in Quang Nam province, and recognized by UNESCO as a WTCH in 1999 Fifth is Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park, located in Quang Binh province, and recognized by UNESCO as a WTCH in 2003, and for the second time in 2015 Sixthl is the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long - Hanoi, the center of national power continuously from the 7th century to the present, the capital city of five consecutive dynasties (Ly, Tran, Le, Mac, Nguyen), and recognized by UNESCO as a WTCH in 2010 Seventh is the Ho Dynasty Citadel, a magnificent and unique relic of Dai Viet history and civilization (built in the late 14th century and the early 15th century), located in Thanh Hoa province, and recognized by UNESCO as a WTCH in 2011 Eighth is Trang An Scenic Landscape Complex, a mixed world heritage, the first and only dual heritage in Southeast Asia, located in Ninh Binh province, and recognized by UNESCO as a world cultural and natural heritage in 2014 3.1.2 Characteristics of the WTCHs in Vietnam Firstly, eight WTCHs in Vietnam are all national monuments, distributed mainly in the north and central regions Second, the WTCHs in Vietnam include cultural, natural and mixed heritages Third, natural 13 heritages as the WTCHs in Vietnam are very unique with biodiversity and ecosystem diversity Fourth, the WTCHs in Vietnam are often associated with the capital of one or more different feudal dynasties Fifth, the WTCHs in Vietnam are usually small- and medium-sized, having been damaged, seriously degraded or collapsed by nature, wars or humans Finally, the Trang An Scenic Landscape Complex as the mixed type of WTCHs is unique in Southeast Asia 3.2 Analysis of the reality of state management of VWTCHs 3.2.1 Formulating and directing implementation of strategies, master plans and plans to preserve and promote the value of VWTCHs On the basis of the national strategies, MoCST and the PPPs develop a national master plan on culture, cultural heritages, and WTCHs; the master plan of local WTCHs of each locality, and at the same time associated with the master plan for localities and regions According to the reports by seven provinces with WTCHs, all the eight WTCHs in Vietnam have been included in the national master plan, approved 5-year plans (2011-2015 and 2016-2020) and annual plans 3.2.2 Promulgating and organizing implementation of legal documents on WTCHs in Vietnam According to statistics from the reports by ministries, industries and provinces, there have been about 300 related documents issued to concretize and organize the implementation of the task of preserving and protecting cultural heritages and WTCHs The People's Committees of seven provinces and cities with WTCHs have issued regulations and plans for management and protection of each heritage site 3.2.3 Consolidating organization of the state management apparatus of WTCHs in Vietnam This research of WTCHs management units in seven provinces and cities with WTCHs in Vietnam show that five out of the provinces/cities have specialized cultural heritages management offices under the Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism (hereinafter, the CST Department) while the other two provinces, Quang Binh and Quang Nam, have not been established one The Management Boards (or Centers) are public non-business units implementing the management of local 14 WTCHs in three main forms: (i) three provinces (i.e., Hanoi, Quang Binh and Thua Thien Hue) have their VWTCHs management units under the PPPs; (ii) two provinces (i.e., Thanh Hoa and Ninh Binh) have their respective VWTCHs management unit under the CST Department; and, (3) two provinces (Quang Ninh and Quang Nam) have their respective WTCHs management units directly under the district People’s Committees 3.2.4 Building and developing a contingent of civil servants and public employees specialized in state management of WTCHs in Vietnam The Department of Cultural Heritages under MoCST has a staff of 29; the Cultural Heritages Management Division of the Hanoi CST Department, people; that of the CST Department of Ninh Binh province, people; that of the CST Department of Quang Ninh province, people; that of the CST Department of Thanh Hoa province, people; and, that of the CST Department of Thua Thien Hue province is staffed by In contrast, the CST Department of the other two provinces (Quang Binh and Quang Nam) haven’t got such a division According to the statistics of the Department of Cultural Heritages under MoCST, the contingent of civil servants and public officials in the cultural heritage sector currently under the monument management units at all levels across the country totals about 4,000 people However, human resources in the cultural heritage sector are unevenly distributed, concentrated mainly in big cities where there are many cultural heritages, especially those with WTCHs Their qualifications are not equal, either, as shown in the following table: Table 1: Number and qualifications of civil servants and public officials of WTCHs management units in Vietnam, year 2021 N o Name of WTCHs management units Staff (Person) Gradua te Education Univ ersity Other MoCST Department of Cultural heritages 31 29 1 Thang Long Heritage Conservation Center 180 32 90 58 15 Management Board of Trang An Scenic 158 15 51 Landscape Complex Ha Long Bay Management Board 386 42 153 Ho Dynasty Citadel Heritage Conservation 53 18 Center Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park 175 49 Management Board Hue Monuments Conservation Center 700 63 315 Hoi An Cultural Heritages Management and 121 12 72 Conservation Center My Son Cultural Heritages Management 140 11 53 Board Total 1,944 214 802 Source: Author's compilation from the reports by the MoCST Department Cultural Heritages and the CST Departments in question 92 191 30 121 323 36 76 928 of 3.2.5 Supporting and mobilizing financial resources and facilities to preserve WTCHs in Vietnam The funds for conservation of VWTCHs come from the central and local state budgets, socially mobilized sources, and international supports The fund structure between 2010 and 2021 is shown as follows: Figure 3.1 Structure of investment capital to preserve heritage World Culture and Arts in Vietnam, period 2010 - 2021 Nguồn xã hội hóa 6.15% Nguồn tài trợ quốc tế 7.16% Ngân sách trung ương 53.17% Ngân sách địa phương 33.52% Ngân sách trung ương Ngân sách địa phương Nguồn xã hội hóa Nguồn tài trợ quốc tế Source: Compilation from the reports of provinces/cities with heritage sites, and MoCST Department of Cultural Heritages 16 3.2.6 To inspect, examine and handle violations of the law on WTCHs in Vietnam MoCST’s inspection and examination report shows that over 80% of the inspections and examinations are conducted when there is a written denunciation or feedback from the mass media Consequently, the heritages, having been already damaged, destroyed or renewed, are often very difficult or even impossible to restore 3.2.7 Organizing and conducting scientific and technological research and international cooperation on WTCHs in Vietnam Scientific research and international cooperation in the field of cultural heritages and WTCHs in Vietnam have been initially focused and expanded by relevant state agencies from central to local levels since 1993, when Vietnam's first cultural heritage, the Complex of Hue Monuments, was recognized by UNESCO as a WTCH 3.3 Assessment of the reality of state management of VWTCHs 3.3.1 Achievements in state management of VWTCHs Firstly, the work of developing strategies, planning, plans, programs and projects has been attentively focused; Second, the system of legal documents on VWTCHs is supplemented; Third, the organizational structure of the state management apparatus in the field is being consolidated; Fourthly, the civil servants and public employees specialized in WTCHs have been given training and retraining; Fifth, the state has focused more resources on restoration, embellishment and protection of VWTCHs; Sixth, the inspection, examination and handling of violations of the law on VWTCHs have been strengthened; Seventh, scientific research and international cooperation in the field of state management of VWTCHs have been implemented 3.3.2 Limitations in state management of VWTCHs Firstly, the development of a master plan for the system of VWTCHs has not yet been implemented, only separate plans for each have been developed Second, the system of legal documents on VWTCHs remains incomplete, and the implementation confusing Third, the organization of the state management apparatus of VWTCHs is not 17 reasonable at present Fourth, the contingent of local civil servants and public officials specialized in the field is always fluctuating, lacking in quantity, and with limited professional qualifications Fifthly, the investment, mobilization, allocation and use of financial resources for VWTCHs activities remain unreasonable and ineffective Sixth, the inspection, examination and handling of violations in the state management of VWTCHs have not been proactive Seventhly, scientific researches in the field have not been applied much in practice International cooperation activities in the field have not been conducted regularly and still passive 3.3.3 Causes of limitations in the state management of VWTCHs First, the development of the master plan and the implementation plan for each VWTCH is not linked with the general socio-economic development plan of the province, city or region Second, the promulgation and organization of implementation of the system of legal documents on WTCHs remain slow, and many regulations have not been concretized Third, the organizational model of the state management apparatus of VWTCHs is not uniform and inconsistent Fourth, the contingent of VWTCHs management and professional officials has not yet met the requirements Fifth, national financial resources have not met practical requirements, and the mobilization of socialized resources has not been given due attention Sixth, inspection, examination and supervision are not conducted regularly, and handling of violations not strictly Seventh, scientific research lacks incentive mechanisms while international cooperation in the field has not been active Finally, the decentralization and coordination mechanism for state management of VWTCHs remain unclear Conclusion of chapter In chapter 3, the thesis has (i) generalized the VWTCHs in terms of quantity, structure, characteristics and characteristics; (ii) clarified the reality of state management of VWTCHs; and, (iii) assessed the reality On the basis of the seven contents of state management mentioned above, the thesis points out the results and limitations in state management of VWTCHs, also indicate the causes of the limitations 18 ... HERITAGES IN VIETNAM 3.1 Overview of the WTCHs in Vietnam 3.1.1 The number of WTCHs in Vietnam As of August 2022, eight cultural and natural heritages of Vietnam have met the criteria and conditions to... heritages as the WTCHs in Vietnam are very unique with biodiversity and ecosystem diversity Fourth, the WTCHs in Vietnam are often associated with the capital of one or more different feudal dynasties... heritages in Vietnam 3.2 Research scope - Regarding the research content: the scope of research was limited to the content of state management of VWTCHs, which include: Building and directing the