PRACTICE TEST Part 1 Mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to the following question 1 When you carry your responsibilities in the family, you are letting the family members know th[.]
PRACTICE TEST Part 1: Mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to the following question When you carry _ your responsibilities in the family, you are letting the family members know that you love them and that they can depend on you A away B out C along D on Mr Putin won a fourth term as Russia's president, picking up more than three-quarters of the vote with of more than 67 percent A an outcome B a turnout C an output D a turnup I the living room by the time Dad comes home He will be surprised A will have painted B have painted C will paint D am painting He was accused of theft, but then he as the real thief confessed to the police A caught himself red-handed B cleared his name C appeared in broad daylight D kept it up his sleeve Jim usually looks happy, but today he has a long He must have had a quarrel with his best friend A nose B face C expression D chin Having been selected to represent the company, A the members applauded him B he gave a short speech C the members congratulated him D a speech had to be given by him "It seems a bit harsh to give football players a yellow card for removing their shirt when they score?" ~ " _ pointless it is, the rule has to be adhered to." A Whatever B Though C However D How My uncle's always had a _ spot for children He really likes them A soft B gentle C warm D kind We attended the inauguration of the cruise company's latest ship last week, _ the mayor of Paris gave a speech A in which case B during that C during which D in which event 10 get themselves into trouble because they're such curious animals A The cats B The cat C A cat D Cats 11 We took Peter for two months after the fire at his home It was no trouble as we have the extra bedroom up in the converted loft A in B out C up D off 12 Please let me know if you can take on the role of Blanche , we'll have to hold a new audition A If anything B If so C If not D If in doubt 13 The resignation of the chairman of the board came like a bolt from A the blue B the sky C above D the red 14 She is aware that there should be a need to obey the rules of the competition A far B much C greatly D well Mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined words in the following question 15 Parents play a crucial role in a child's upbringing in the formative years They are really the driving force behind whatever the children A progress B completion C satisfaction D motivation Mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word in the following question 16 Don’t get angry with such a little thing It’s only a storm in a teacup A serious problem B commercial tension C financial issue D trivial thing Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each of the following exchanges 17 Mary: "Thank you, Peter I wouldn't have been able to succeed without your help." Peter: " _." A You're right B That's too good to be true C No big deal D None of your business Part 2: Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line Write your answers in the box provided Until comparatively recent times science and technology performed different and separate functions, the progress of one so often completely (1) _ to the progress of the other RELATE (2) _ have established that, since the earliest times, the HISTORY improvements in our way of life have resulted from an empirical approach, that is a process of trial and error, by which equipment and tools are made to satisfy important needs It is to this approach that we PHILOSOPHY owe the evolution of technology Our modern concept of science, both (3) _ and pragmatic in approach, stems from the TAKE seventeenth century, when extensive investigations into the natural laws REVOLUTION governing the behavior of matter were (4) _ It was this (5) _ style of thought which led to a science-based technology PLACE Scientific knowledge was not in itself seen as a (6) _ for INNOVATE the earlier system of trial and error, but it did help the technical (7) FRUIT _ to see which path of experimentation might be more (8) STRONG _ With the industrialization of the nineteenth century, the 10 RELY bond between science and technology (9) _ In our own time, the mutual (10) _ of one discipline upon the other has increased still further Answers: 10 Part 3: The passage below contains 10 errors IDENTIFY and CORRECT them (0) has been done as an example (0) concerning concerned (0)- concerned People have been concerning with their hair since ancient times In 1500 B.C., the Assyrians, inhabiting the area known today as Northern Iraq, were the World’s first truly hair stylists Their skills at cutting, curling, layering and dyeing hair were known through the Middle East In fact, they were obsessing with their hair, which was oiled, perfumed, and tinted A fashionable courtier wore his hair cut in neat geometric layers Kings, soldiers and noblemen had their hair curl with a fire-heated iron bar, probably the world’s first curling iron So important was hair styling in Assyria which law dictated certain types of hair styles according to a person’s position and employment Facial hair was also important Men grew beards down from their chests and had them clipped in layers High-rank women in both Egypt and Assyria wore fake beards during official court business to show their equal authority with men As the Assyrians, the early Greeks liked long, scented, curly hair Fair hair was favored over dark, so those who were not “natural blonds” lightened or reddened their hair with soaps and bleaches The Romans, on the other hand, favored dark hair for men for high social or politics rank Early Saxon men were neither blonds nor brunets but dyed their hair and beards blue, red, green, and orange Since the centuries, societies have combed, curled, waved, powdered, dyed, cut, coiffed, and sculpted their hair, or someone else’s during times of wig crazes Churches and lawmakers have sometimes tried to put a stop to the humans obsession with hair, but with few success It seems hair styling is here to stay, and the future will likely prove no exception Your answers: Line Mistakes Corrections 4 10 Part Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each question Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur easily Before the rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time The factory changed that Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time Factory life necessitated a more regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace At the same time, workers were required to discard old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert, dependable, and self-disciplined Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell—just as though we are so many living machines." With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of setting up one's own business Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life Craftworkers such as carpenters, printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades' Union The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor's strength collapsed During hard times, few workers were willing to strike or engage in collective action And skilled craftworkers, who spearheaded the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850's, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives As United States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about articles manufactured before 1815? A They were primarily produced by women B They were generally produced in shops rather than in homes C They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production D They were produced mostly in large cities with extensive transportation networks Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage 2? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information A Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly B The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade C Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members D Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them The word "disrupted" in the passage is closest in meaning to A prolonged B established C followed D upset In paragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to A support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories B to show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery C argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories D emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints All of the following are mentioned in paragraph as consequences of the new system for workers EXCEPT a loss of A freedom B status in the community С opportunities for advancement D contact among workers who were not managers The phrase "gathered some momentum" in the passage is closest in meaning to A made progress B became active C caused changes D combined forces The word "spearheaded" in the passage is closest in meaning to A led B accepted C changed D resisted Which of the following statements about the labor movement of the 1800's is supported by paragraph 5? A It was most successful during times of economic crisis B Its primary purpose was to benefit unskilled laborers C It was slow to improve conditions for workers D It helped workers of all skill levels form a strong bond with each year The author identifies political party loyalties and disagreements over tactics as two of several factors that A encouraged workers to demand higher wages B created divisions among workers C caused work to become more specialized D increased workers' resentment of the industrial system 10 The word "them" in the passage refers to A workers B political party loyalties C disagreements over tactics D agents of opportunity Your answers: 10 Part Read the passage and the tasks that follow The True Cost of Food A At an organic farming conference in Winnipeg, Canada, a woman in the audience stood up and said: “Organic foods are not going to become popular with mainstream consumers until they became quick, convenient, and cheap." The comment causes much thinking about the nature of our food system and about what we have done to try to make foods quick, convenient, and cheap for consumers B At the ‘farm level, our never-ending quest for cheap food is the root cause of the transformation of agriculture from a system of small, diversified, independently operated, family farms into a system of largescale, industrialized, corporately controlled agribusinesses The production technologies that supported specialization, mechanization, and ultimately, large-scale, contract production, were all developed to make agriculture more efficient to make food cheaper for consumers Millions of farmers have been forced off the land, those remaining are sacrificing their independence, and thousands of small farming communities have withered and died all for the sake of cheap food These were the consequences of progress, so we were told The agricultural establishment has boasted loudly that ever fewer farmers have been able to feed a growing nation with an ever-decreasing share of consumer income spent for food C Changes in the food system have brought considerable cost to the environment and human health Such problems have been widely documented over recent decades, but it is only recently that efforts to put a monetary cost on them have begun to emerge These costs are telling us something fundamentally important about the real costs of modern food and farming A group of scientists at the University of Essex recently completed the first national study of the environmental and health impacts of modern farming They looked at what are called “externalities” the costs imposed by an activity that are borne by others These costs are not part of the prices paid by producers or consumers And when such externalities are not included in prices, they distort the market They encourage activities that are costly to society even if the private benefits to farmers are substantial D A heavy lorry that damages a bridge, or pollutes the atmosphere, externalizes some of its costs and others pay for them Similarly, a pesticide used to control a pest imposes costs on others if it leaks away from fields to contaminate drinking water The types of externality encountered in the agricultural sector have four distinct features; 1) their costs are often neglected; 2) they often occur with a time lag; 3) they often damage groups whose interests are not represented; and 4) the identity of the producer of the externality is not always known E The study sought to put a cost on these externalities in the UK It concentrated on the negative side-effects of conventional agriculture in particular the environmental and health costs Two types of damage cost were estimated; 1) the treatment or prevention costs incurred to clean up the environment and restore human health to comply with legislation or to return these to an undamaged state and 2) the administration costs incurred by public agencies for monitoring environmental, food and health implications It is conservatively estimated that the total costs are £2.34billion for 1996 alone in the UK Significant costs arise from contamination of drinking water with pesticides (£120 million per year), nitrate (£ 16m),Cryptosporidium (£ 23m) and phosphate and soil (£ 55m), from damage to wildlife, habitats, hedgerows and dry stone walls ( £ 124m), from emissions of gases (£ 1,113m), from soil erosion and organic carbon losses (£ 96m), and from food poisoning ( £ 169m) F Water is an interesting case Twenty-five million kilograms of pesticides are used each year in farming and some of these get into water It costs water companies £ 120 million each year to remove pesticides not completely, but to a level stipulated in law as acceptable Water companies not pay this cost they pass it on to those who pay water bills This represents a hidden subsidy to those who pollute Some of the costs are straightforward to measure, others more difficult How we know about the effects of the greenhouse gases methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide produced by farming? Economists have been able to put a£ /tonne cost on these gases based on agreed estimates about the effects of future climate change The study has been very conservative, using lower estimates of costs But still the costs are great G Each of these costs should provoke questions about how they could be reduced or even removed Where does this leave us in policy terms? Is it conceivable that we could evolve sustainable agriculture systems that maximize their production of positive externalities goods that the public enjoys and is willing to pay for as well as minimizing the environmental and health costs? The answer is clearly yes We know enough about sustainable methods of farming to be confident Sustainable farming has substantially lower negative externalities than conventional farming We roughly estimate these to be no more than a third perhaps £ 60 £70 per hectare Sustainable farming also has higher positive externalities the other side of the equation H Although it only represented around 3%of the total EU utilized agricultural area (UAA) in 2000, organic farming has in fact developed into one of the most dynamic agricultural sectors in the European Union The organic farm sector grew by about 25% a year between 1993and 1998 and, since 1998, is estimated to have grown by around 30% a year Organic farming has to be understood as part of a sustainable farming system and a viable alternative to the more traditional approaches to agriculture Since the EU rules on organic farming came into force in 1992, tens of thousands of farms have been converted to this system, as a result of increased consumer awareness of, and demand for, organically grown products I The sustainability of both agriculture and the environment is a key policy objective of today’s common agricultural policy (the “CAP”): “Sustainable development must encompass food production alongside conservation of finite resources and protection of the natural environment so that the needs of people living today can be met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." This objective requires farmers to consider the effect that their activities will have on the future of agriculture and how the systems they employ shape the environment As a consequence, farmers, consumers and policy makers have shown a renewed interest in environmentally friendly farming UK Farm Minister Margaret Beckett has announced a series of new measures, backed by 500 million pounds sterling of funding over the next three years, to specifically help British farmers reduce their dependence on subsidies, as well as to protect the environment and promote healthy, local food The long-awaited Strategy for Sustainable Farming and Food contains “green" targets for farms, promotion of local foods and other measures to bring farmers closer to consumers From the list of headings below, choose the five most suitable headings for paragraphs NB: There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all Example Answer Paragraph B: iv Paragraph I: ii Paragraph C: Paragraph D: Paragraph E: Paragraph G: Paragraph H: List of Headings i Fewer farmers and decreasing cost of food ii A renewed interest in environmental- friendly agriculture iii Features of externalities in agricultural production iv Transformation of farming to industrialized agribusiness v Aim and focuses of the study vi Difficulties of calculating external costs vii The concept of externalities viii The case of water pollution ix Sustainable farming and its merits x Issues raised by external costs of food xi The conversion to organic farming Questions 6-10 Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage to complete the summary below The first national study of the environmental impacts of modern farming has defined externalities as the additional expenses caused by other activities and those not paid by (6) Externalities misrepresent the market by encouraging farmers to pursue (7) at the cost of the society As externality in agricultural production is usually shown with a time lag, its costs often tend to (8) While the victim’s interests are not represented, exactly who has produced the externalities often remains a mystery The study measures two types of externalities; the costs of (9) for the environment and human health to recover to the original state, and the money spent by (10) on monitoring environmental and food safety Your answers: 10 Part 5: Read the text below and decide which answer best fits each space Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes Incentives play an important role in our decisions to learn As we get older, the outcomes of (1) _ in learning may not be the same a when we were younger For example, we are less likely to be (2) as a result of training The type of work-related training or learning we also changes as we get older Worker over 45 years old are more likely to participate in learning (3) that relate directly to their function So they may choose to (4) _ those technical skills directly related to their work By contrast, young workers are more (5) _to participate in training that is an investment in their future careers Organizations also want to continually (6) _ their skills base Recently, business has (7) this largely though a steady inflow of newly- (8) _ young people onto the labor (9) _ Traditionally, we have had a mix of those young people who bring new formal skills to the workplace, and a small proportion of older workers who (10) _ their experience What we are seeing now is a decreasing proportion of young people entering the workforce and an increase in the proportion of older people So, unless we change he nature of our education and learning across life, we will see a decline in formal skills in the working population A participation B contribution C attendance D activity A raised B promoted C advanced D upgraded A actions B activities C acts D modules A relearn B promote C restore D upgrade A probable B likely C possible D liable A restart B renovate C restore D renew A affected B fulfilled C achieved D succeeded A educated B taught C qualified D graduated A workforce B employment C staff D market 10 A donate B supply C contribute D sell Your answers: 10 ANSWERS: Part 1: Mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to the following question When you carry _ your responsibilities in the family, you are letting the family members know that you love them and that they can depend on you A away B out C along D on Mr Putin won a fourth term as Russia's president, picking up more than three-quarters of the vote with of more than 67 percent A an outcome B a turnout C an output D a turnup I the living room by the time Dad comes home He will be surprised A will have painted B have painted C will paint D am painting He was accused of theft, but then he as the real thief confessed to the police A caught himself red-handed B cleared his name C appeared in broad daylight D kept it up his sleeve Jim usually looks happy, but today he has a long He must have had a quarrel with his best friend A nose B face C expression D chin Having been selected to represent the company, A the members applauded him B he gave a short speech C the members congratulated him D a speech had to be given by him "It seems a bit harsh to give football players a yellow card for removing their shirt when they score?" ~ " _ pointless it is, the rule has to be adhered to." A Whatever B Though C However D How My uncle's always had a _ spot for children He really likes them A soft B gentle C warm D kind We attended the inauguration of the cruise company's latest ship last week, _ the mayor of Paris gave a speech A in which case B during that C during which D in which event 10 get themselves into trouble because they're such curious animals A The cats B The cat C A cat D Cats 11 We took Peter for two months after the fire at his home It was no trouble as we have the extra bedroom up in the converted loft A in B out C up D off 12 Please let me know if you can take on the role of Blanche , we'll have to hold a new audition A If anything B If so C If not D If in doubt 13 The resignation of the chairman of the board came like a bolt from A the blue B the sky C above D the red 14 She is aware that there should be a need to obey the rules of the competition A far B much C greatly D well Mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined words in the following question 15 Parents play a crucial role in a child's upbringing in the formative years They are really the driving force behind whatever the children A progress B completion C satisfaction D motivation Mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word in the following question 16 Don’t get angry with such a little thing It’s only a storm in a teacup A serious problem B commercial tension C financial issue D trivial thing Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each of the following exchanges 17 Mary: "Thank you, Peter I wouldn't have been able to succeed without your help." Peter: " _." A You're right B That's too good to be true C No big deal D None of your business Part 2: Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line Write your answers in the box provided Until comparatively recent times science and technology performed different and separate functions, the progress of one so often completely (1) unrelated to the progress of the other 11 RELATE (2) Historians have established that, since the earliest times, the 12 HISTORY improvements in our way of life have resulted from an empirical approach, that is a process of trial and error, by which equipment and tools are made to satisfy important needs It is to this approach that we 13 PHILOSOPHY owe the evolution of technology Our modern concept of science, both (3) philosophical and pragmatic in approach, stems from the 14 TAKE seventeenth century, when extensive investigations into the natural laws 15 REVOLUTION governing the behavior of matter were (4) undertaken It was this (5) revolutionary style of thought which led to a science-based 16 PLACE technology Scientific knowledge was not in itself seen as a (6) 17 INNOVATE replacement for the earlier system of trial and error, but it did help the 18 FRUIT technical (7) innovators to see which path of experimentation might be 19 STRONG more (8) fruitful With the industrialization of the nineteenth century, 20 RELY the bond between science and technology (9) strengthened In our own time, the mutual (10) reliance of one discipline upon the other has increased still further Part 3: The passage below contains 10 errors IDENTIFY and CORRECT them (0) has been done as an example (0) concerning concerned (0)- concerned People have been concerning with their hair since ancient times In 1500 B.C., the Assyrians, inhabiting the area known today as Northern Iraq, were the World’s first truly true hair stylists Their skills at cutting, curling, layering and dyeing hair were known through the Middle East In fact, they were obsessing obsessed with their hair, which was oiled, perfumed, and tinted A fashionable courtier wore his hair cut in neat geometric layers Kings, soldiers and noblemen had their hair curl curled with a fireheated iron bar, probably the world’s first curling iron So important was hair styling in Assyria which that law dictated certain types of hair styles according to a person’s position and employment Facial hair was also important Men grew beards down from to their chests and had them clipped in layers High-rank ranking women in both Egypt and Assyria wore fake beards during official court business to show their equal authority with men As Like the Assyrians, the early Greeks liked long, scented, curly hair Fair hair was favored over dark, so those who were not “natural blonds” lightened or reddened their hair with soaps and bleaches The Romans, on the other hand, favored dark hair for men for high social or politics political rank Early Saxon men were neither blonds nor brunets but dyed their hair and beards blue, red, green, and orange Since over the centuries, societies have combed, curled, waved, powdered, dyed, cut, coiffed, and sculpted their hair, or someone else’s during times of wig crazes Churches and lawmakers have sometimes tried to put a stop to the humans obsession with hair, but with few little success It seems hair styling is here to stay, and the future will likely prove no exception Part Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each question Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur easily Before the rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time The factory changed that Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time Factory life necessitated a more regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace At the same time, workers were required to discard old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert, dependable, and self-disciplined Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell—just as though we are so many living machines." With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of setting up one's own business Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life Craftworkers such as carpenters, printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades' Union The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor's strength collapsed During hard times, few workers were willing to strike or engage in collective action And skilled craftworkers, who spearheaded the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850's, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives As United States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about articles manufactured before 1815? A They were primarily produced by women B They were generally produced in shops rather than in homes C They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production D They were produced mostly in large cities with extensive transportation networks Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage 2? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information A Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly B The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade C Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members D Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them The word "disrupted" in the passage is closest in meaning to A prolonged B established C followed D upset In paragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to A support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories B to show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery C argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories D emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints All of the following are mentioned in paragraph as consequences of the new system for workers EXCEPT a loss of A freedom B status in the community С opportunities for advancement D contact among workers who were not managers The phrase "gathered some momentum" in the passage is closest in meaning to A made progress B became active C caused changes D combined forces The word "spearheaded" in the passage is closest in meaning to A led B accepted C changed D resisted Which of the following statements about the labor movement of the 1800's is supported by paragraph 5? A It was most successful during times of economic crisis B Its primary purpose was to benefit unskilled laborers C It was slow to improve conditions for workers D It helped workers of all skill levels form a strong bond with each year The author identifies political party loyalties and disagreements over tactics as two of several factors that A encouraged workers to demand higher wages B created divisions among workers C caused work to become more specialized D increased workers' resentment of the industrial system 10 The word "them" in the passage refers to A workers B political party loyalties C disagreements over tactics D agents of opportunity Your answers: 10 Part Read the passage and the tasks that follow The True Cost of Food A At an organic farming conference in Winnipeg, Canada, a woman in the audience stood up and said: “Organic foods are not going to become popular with mainstream consumers until they became quick, convenient, and cheap." The comment causes much thinking about the nature of our food system and about what we have done to try to make foods quick, convenient, and cheap for consumers B At the ‘farm level, our never-ending quest for cheap food is the root cause of the transformation of agriculture from a system of small, diversified, independently operated, family farms into a system of largescale, industrialized, corporately controlled agribusinesses The production technologies that supported specialization, mechanization, and ultimately, large-scale, contract production, were all developed to make agriculture more efficient to make food cheaper for consumers Millions of farmers have been forced off the land, those remaining are sacrificing their independence, and thousands of small farming communities have withered and died all for the sake of cheap food These were the consequences of progress, so we were told The agricultural establishment has boasted loudly that ever fewer farmers have been able to feed a growing nation with an ever-decreasing share of consumer income spent for food C Changes in the food system have brought considerable cost to the environment and human health Such problems have been widely documented over recent decades, but it is only recently that efforts to put a monetary cost on them have begun to emerge These costs are telling us something fundamentally important about the real costs of modern food and farming A group of scientists at the University of Essex recently completed the first national study of the environmental and health impacts of modern farming They looked at what are called “externalities” the costs imposed by an activity that are borne by others These costs are not part of the prices paid by producers or consumers And when such externalities are not included in prices, they distort the market They encourage activities that are costly to society even if the private benefits to farmers are substantial D A heavy lorry that damages a bridge, or pollutes the atmosphere, externalizes some of its costs and others pay for them Similarly, a pesticide used to control a pest imposes costs on others if it leaks away from fields to contaminate drinking water The types of externality encountered in the agricultural sector have four distinct features; 1) their costs are often neglected; 2) they often occur with a time lag; 3) they often damage groups whose interests are not represented; and 4) the identity of the producer of the externality is not always known E The study sought to put a cost on these externalities in the UK It concentrated on the negative side-effects of conventional agriculture in particular the environmental and health costs Two types of damage cost were estimated; 1) the treatment or prevention costs incurred to clean up the environment and restore human health to comply with legislation or to return these to an undamaged state and 2) the administration costs incurred by public agencies for monitoring environmental, food and health implications It is conservatively estimated that the total costs are £2.34billion for 1996 alone in the UK Significant costs arise from contamination of drinking water with pesticides (£120 million per year), nitrate (£ 16m),Cryptosporidium (£ 23m) and phosphate and soil (£ 55m), from damage to wildlife, habitats, hedgerows and dry stone walls ( £ 124m), from emissions of gases (£ 1,113m), from soil erosion and organic carbon losses (£ 96m), and from food poisoning ( £ 169m) F Water is an interesting case Twenty-five million kilograms of pesticides are used each year in farming and some of these get into water It costs water companies £ 120 million each year to remove pesticides not completely, but to a level stipulated in law as acceptable Water companies not pay this cost they pass it on to those who pay water bills This represents a hidden subsidy to those who pollute Some of the costs are straightforward to measure, others more difficult How we know about the effects of the greenhouse gases methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide produced by farming? Economists have been able to put a£ /tonne cost on these gases based on agreed estimates about the effects of future climate change The study has been very conservative, using lower estimates of costs But still the costs are great G Each of these costs should provoke questions about how they could be reduced or even removed Where does this leave us in policy terms? Is it conceivable that we could evolve sustainable agriculture systems that maximize their production of positive externalities goods that the public enjoys and is willing to pay for as well as minimizing the environmental and health costs? The answer is clearly yes We know enough about sustainable methods of farming to be confident Sustainable farming has substantially lower negative externalities than conventional farming We roughly estimate these to be no more than a third perhaps £ 60 £70 per hectare Sustainable farming also has higher positive externalities the other side of the equation H Although it only represented around 3%of the total EU utilized agricultural area (UAA) in 2000, organic farming has in fact developed into one of the most dynamic agricultural sectors in the European Union The organic farm sector grew by about 25% a year between 1993and 1998 and, since 1998, is estimated to have grown by around 30% a year Organic farming has to be understood as part of a sustainable farming system and a viable alternative to the more traditional approaches to agriculture Since the EU rules on organic farming came into force in 1992, tens of thousands of farms have been converted to this system, as a result of increased consumer awareness of, and demand for, organically grown products I The sustainability of both agriculture and the environment is a key policy objective of today’s common agricultural policy (the “CAP”): “Sustainable development must encompass food production alongside conservation of finite resources and protection of the natural environment so that the needs of people living today can be met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." This objective requires farmers to consider the effect that their activities will have on the future of agriculture and how the systems they employ shape the environment As a consequence, farmers, consumers and policy makers have shown a renewed interest in environmentally friendly farming UK Farm Minister Margaret Beckett has announced a series of new measures , backed by 500 million pounds sterling of funding over the next three years, to specifically help British farmers reduce their dependence on subsidies, as well as to protect the environment and promote healthy, local food The long-awaited Strategy for Sustainable Farming and Food contains “green" targets for farms, promotion of local foods and other measures to bring farmers closer to consumers From the list of headings below, choose the five most suitable headings for paragraphs NB: There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all Example Answer Paragraph B: iv Paragraph I: ii Paragraph C: vii Paragraph D: iii Paragraph E: vi Paragraph G: ix Paragraph H: xi List of Headings xii Fewer farmers and decreasing cost of food xiii A renewed interest in environmental- friendly agriculture xiv Features of externalities in agricultural production xv Transformation of farming to industrialized agribusiness xvi Aim and focuses of the study xvii Difficulties of calculating external costs xviii The concept of externalities xix The case of water pollution xx Sustainable farming and its merits xxi Issues raised by external costs of food xxii The conversion to organic farming Questions 6-10 Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage to complete the summary below The first national study of the environmental impacts of modern farming has defined externalities as the additional expenses caused by other activities and those not paid by (6) producers and consumers Externalities misrepresent the market by encouraging farmers to pursue (7) private benefits at the cost of the society As externality in agricultural production is usually shown with a time lag, its costs often tend to (8) be neglected While the victim’s interests are not represented, exactly who has produced the externalities often remains a mystery The study measures two types of externalities; the costs of (9) treatment and prevention for the environment and human health to recover to the original state, and the money spent by (10) public agency on monitoring environmental and food safety Your answers: 10 Part 5: Read the text below and decide which answer best fits each space Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes Incentives play an important role in our decisions to learn As we get older, the outcomes of (1) _ in learning may not be the same a when we were younger For example, we are less likely to be (2) as a result of training The type of work-related training or learning we also changes as we get older Worker over 45 years old are more likely to participate in learning (3) that relate directly to their function So they may choose to (4) _ those technical skills directly related to their work By contrast, young workers are more (5) _to participate in training that is an investment in their future careers Organizations also want to continually (6) _ their skills base Recently, business has (7) this largely though a steady inflow of newly- (8) _ young people onto the labor (9) _ Traditionally, we have had a mix of those young people who bring new formal skills to the workplace, and a small proportion of older workers who (10) _ their experience What we are seeing now is a decreasing proportion of young people entering the workforce and an increase in the proportion of older people So, unless we change he nature of our education and learning across life, we will see a decline in formal skills in the working population A participation B contribution C attendance D activity A raised B promoted C advanced D upgraded A actions B activities C acts D modules A relearn B promote C restore D upgrade A probable B likely C possible D liable A restart B renovate C restore D renew A affected B fulfilled C achieved D succeeded A educated B taught C qualified D graduated A workforce 10 A donate Your answers: 11 16 B employment B supply 12 17 C staff C contribute 13 18 14 19 D market D sell 15 20 ... likes them A soft B gentle C warm D kind We attended the inauguration of the cruise company''s latest ship last week, _ the mayor of Paris gave a speech A in which case B during that C during