Nutrient Requirements of Poultry docx

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Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994 Subcommittee on Poultry Nutrition, National Research Council Nutrient Requirements of Poultry Ninth Revised Edition, 1994 Subcommittee on Poultry Nutrition Committee on Animal Nutrition Board on Agriculture National Research Council National Academy Press Washington, D.C. 1994 i About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2114.html NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 Constitution Avenue Washington, D.C. 20418 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose mem- bers are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee con- sisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. 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The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of sci- ence and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council. This study was supported by the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, under Agreement No. 59-32U4-5-6, and by the Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Ser- vices, under Cooperative Agreement No. FD-U-000006-10. Additional support was provided by the American Feed Industry Association. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Poultry Nutrition. Nutrient requirements of poultry / Subcommittee on Poultry Nutrition, Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture, National Research Council. — 9th rev. ed. p. cm. — (Nutrient requirements of domestic animals) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-309-04892-3 1. Poultry—Feeding and feeds. I. Title. II. Series: Nutrient requirements of domestic animals (Unnumbered) SF494.N37 1994 636.5' 0852—dc20 94-3084 CIP Copyright 1994 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project. Printed in the United States of America First Printing, March 1994 Second Printing, April 1996 ii About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2114.html SUBCOMMITTEE ON POULTRY NUTRITION JERRY L. SELL, Chair, Iowa State University F. HOWARD KRATZER, University of California, Davis J. DAVID LATSHAW, The Ohio State University STEVEN L. LEESON, University of Guelph EDWIN T. MORAN, Auburn University CARL M. PARSONS, University of Illinois PARK W. WALDROUP, University of Arkansas COMMITTEE ON ANIMAL NUTRITION HAROLD F. HINTZ, Chair, Cornell University DONALD C. BEITZ, Iowa State University GARY L. CROMWELL, University of Kentucky DANNY G. FOX, Cornell University ROGER W. HEMKEN, University of Kentucky LAURIE M. LAWRENCE, University of Kentucky LARRY P. MILLIGAN, University of Guelph, Canada OLAV T. OFTEDAL, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. JERRY L. SELL, Iowa State University ROBERT P. WILSON, Mississippi State University Staff MARY I. POOS, Project Director DENNIS BLACKWELL, Senior Project Assistant iii About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2114.html iv About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2114.html BOARD ON AGRICULTURE THEODORE L. HULLAR, Chair, University of California, Davis PHILIP H. ABELSON, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C. JOHN M. ANTLE, Montana State University DALE E. BAUMAN, Cornell University WILLIAM B. DELAUDER, Delaware State University SUSAN K. HARLANDER, Land O'Lakes, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota PAUL W. JOHNSON, Natural Resources Consultant, Decorah, Iowa T. KENT KIRK, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin JAMES R. MOSELEY, Jim Moseley Farms, Inc., Clark Hills, Indiana, and Purdue University DONALD R. NIELSEN, University of California, Davis NORMAN R. SCOTT, Cornell University GEORGE E. SEIDEL, JR., Colorado State University PATRICIA B. SWAN, Iowa State University JOHN R. WELSER, The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan FREDERIC WINTHROP, JR., The Trustees of Reservations, Beverly, Massachusetts Staff SUSAN OFFUTT, Executive Director JAMES E. TAVARES, Associate Executive Director CARLA CARLSON, Director of Communications v About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2114.html vi About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2114.html Preface Formulation of balanced diets is fundamental to economical poultry production, and this process depends on a knowledge of nutrient requirements of poultry and the nutritional attributes of nutrient sources. Thus, a compilation of information on nutrient requirements and sources that can be used by feed formulators as a guideline is an important resource. This ninth revised edition of the Nutrient Requirements of Poultry contains a reassessment of data used in the previous edition and incorporates new information. The committee conducted an extensive review of the literature, and documentation of most of this literature is included in this ninth edition. Note, however, that the review of literature was completed and the nutrient requirements data compiled by the committee in September 1991. The committee found that scientifically based knowledge about many nutrient requirements was incomplete. Consequently, calculations and interpolations were necessary to derive estimated requirements for some nutrients. These estimated requirements are identified in the requirements tables. In some instances, the committee decided that estimation of the requirements was inappropriate and a question mark was used in the tables to indicate the absence of data. Nutrient requirements given herein were derived, in most instances, from empirical observations of responses of poultry to changes in dietary concentrations or intakes of specific nutrients. In some instances, nutritional models were used to estimate amino acid requirements. Criteria used in establishing nutrient requirements included growth, reproduction, and feed efficiency and, where possible, poultry health and quality of poultry products. This report, as compared with previous editions, contains additional information on feedstuffs, including a description of procedures used to determine metabolizable energy values and methods to estimate amino acid contents of feed ingredients. A detailed discussion of dietary fat sources has been added, and the data presented on the nutrient composition of feedstuffs have been expanded to include true metabolizable energy values and coefficients of true amino acid digestibility. This ninth edition was prepared by the Subcommittee on Poultry Nutrition, which was appointed in 1989 under the guidance of the Board on Agriculture's Committee on Animal Nutrition. The Committee on Animal Nutrition, the Board on Agriculture, and several other experts reviewed the report. The subcommittee is grateful to these individuals for their efforts. The subcommittee also thanks Roseanne Price for her editorial assistance and Mary Cochran and Ann Shuey of Iowa State University for their secretarial assistance in preparing many drafts of the report. JERRY L. SELL, Chair Subcommittee on Poultry Nutrition PREFACE vii About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2114.html PREFACE viii About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2114.html Contents OVERVIEW 1 1. COMPONENTS OF POULTRY DIETS 3 Energy 3 Carbohydrates 8 Protein and Amino Acids 9 Fats 11 Minerals 13 Vitamins 15 Water 15 Xanthophylls 17 Unidentified Growth Factors 18 Antimicrobials 18 2. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF CHICKENS 19 Leghorn-Type Chickens 19 Meat-Type Chickens 26 3. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF TURKEYS 35 Starting and Growing Turkeys 35 Turkey Breeders 39 4. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF GEESE 40 5. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF DUCKS 42 6. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF RING-NECKED PHEASANTS, JAPANESE QUAIL, AND BOB- WHITE QUAIL 44 Ring-Necked Pheasants 44 Japanese Quail 44 Bobwhite Quail 45 CONTENTS ix About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2114.html [...]... Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Leghorn-Type Chickens in Egg Production Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Starting and Growing Market Broilers Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Broiler Breeder Pullets and Hens Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Broiler Breeder Males Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Turkeys Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Turkey Breeders... Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Geese Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Ducks Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Pheasants Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Japanese Quail Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Bobwhite Quail Estimating the Energy Value of Feed Ingredients from Proximate Composition Conversion Factors—Weights and Measures Copyright © National Academy of Sciences... Feed Requirements, and Energy Consumption of Broilers Nutrient Requirements of Broilers as Percentages or Units per Kilogram of Diet Nutrient Requirements of Meat-Type Hens for Breeding Purposes as Units per Hen per Day Nutrient Requirements of Meat-Type Males for Breeding Purposes as Percentages or Units per Rooster per Day Nutrient Requirements of Turkeys as Percentages or Units per Kilogram of Diet... Units per Kilogram of Diet Nutrient Requirements of Japanese Quail (Coturnix) as Percentages or Units per Kilogram of Diet Nutrient Requirements of Bobwhite Quail as Percentages or Units per Kilogram of Diet Biochemical and Physiological Measurements for Diagnosis of Nutrient Deficiencies in Chickens and Turkeys Signs of Deficiency in the Embryo Nutrients Associated with Various Signs of Deficiency in... attribution Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2114.html TABLES AND FIGURE 5-1 5-2 6-1 6-2 6-3 7-1 7-2 7-3 8-1 9-1 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-5 9-6 9-7 9-8 9-9 9-10 10-1 xii Nutrient Requirements of White Pekin Ducks as Percentages or Units per Kilogram of Diet Approximate Body Weights and Feed Consumption of White Pekin Ducks to 8 Weeks of Age Nutrient Requirements of. .. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2114.html OVERVIEW 1 Overview The ninth revised edition of Nutrient Requirements of Poultry contains substantially more information than previous editions In addition to presenting updated nutrient requirements data, this edition... on key facets of nutrients, nutrient requirements, and nutrient sources Detailed documentation of the scientific literature used to establish or estimate the requirements is also included in Appendix A Scientifically based knowledge about many nutrient requirements is incomplete Consequently, calculations and interpolations were necessary to derive estimated requirements These nutrient requirements. .. may have been accidentally inserted Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2114.html COMPONENTS OF POULTRY DIETS 3 1 Components of Poultry Diets Poultry diets are composed primarily of a mixture of several feedstuffs such as cereal grains, soybean meal, animal... any of the three fiber methods could be used to predict the MEn of grain sorghums for poultry Considerable variation exists in the nutrient composition of poultry by-product meal from various production lots and among producers, depending on raw material used (e.g., proportions of feet, legs, blood, and offal may vary considerably) Pesti et al (1986) determined the TMEn of a number of samples of poultry. .. version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2114.html COMPONENTS OF POULTRY DIETS 9 contribute little to meeting the energy requirement of poultry, and some adversely affect the digestive processes of poultry when present in sufficient dietary concentrations For example, the pentosans of . Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Broiler Breeder Males 98 A-6 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Turkeys 99 A-7 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements. Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Pheasants 109 A-11 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Japanese Quail 110 A-12 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements