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Nguyễn Công Phương PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING Introduction Contents I Introduction II Introduction to Electrophysiology III Signals and Systems IV Fourier Analysis V Signal Sampling and Reconstruction VI The z-Transform VII.Discrete Filters VIII.Random Signals IX Time-Frequency Representation of Physiological Signals X Physiological Signal Processing s i tes.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn References [1] A.W Wood Physiology, Biophysics, and Biomedical Engineering CRC Press, 2012 [2] P.J Gosling Dictionary of Biomedical Sciences Taylor & Francis, 2002 [3] J.D Bronzino Biomedical Engineering Fundamentals CRC Press, 2006 [4] R.M Rangayyan Biomedical Signal Analysis Wiley, 2015 [5] E.N Bruce Biomedical Signal Processing and Signal Modeling Wiley, 2001 [6] sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn s i tes.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn Introduction Physiological Signal Processing • • • Physiology: – Physiological Systems, – Physiological Signals Signal Processing: [Bruce, 2001] the manipulation of a signal for the purpose of: – Extracting information from the signal, – Extracting information about the relationships of two (or more) signals, – Producing an alternative representation of the signal Why signals are processed? [Bruce, 2001] – To remove unwanted signal components that are corrupting the signal of interest, – To extract information by rendering it in a more obvious or more useful form, – To predict future values of the signal in order to anticipate the behavior of its source s i tes.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn Introduction to Physiological Systems (1) Physiology is the study of biological structure in relation to function [Wood, 2012] Cell https://guides.lib.monash.edu/medicine/physiology s i tes.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn Nerves Muscles Heart & Circulation Respiration Kidneys Brain & Central Nervous System Introduction to Physiological Systems (2), Cell 10 μm – 20 μm http://www.logicandlight.org/evolution_challe nges/structure-and-function-of-human-cellcell-structure-and-function-biol-141/ s i tes.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn Introduction to Physiological Systems (3), Cell A bilayer mainly of phospholipids (which are types of fat) with embedded proteins (giving the cell surface recognition and permeability control properties) http://www.logicandlight.org/evolution_challe nges/structure-and-function-of-human-cellcell-structure-and-function-biol-141/ s i tes.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn Introduction to Physiological Systems (4), Cell A lipid bilayer membrane http://www.logicandlight.org/evolution_challe nges/structure-and-function-of-human-cellcell-structure-and-function-biol-141/ s i tes.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn Introduction to Physiological Systems (5), Cell (in humans) contains the genetic “blueprint” consisting of some 30,000 genes organized into 46 chromosomes http://www.logicandlight.org/evolution_challe nges/structure-and-function-of-human-cellcell-structure-and-function-biol-141/ s i tes.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn Introduction to Physiological Systems (6), Cell Consists of a large accumulation of RNA (ribonucleic acid) http://www.logicandlight.org/evolution_challe nges/structure-and-function-of-human-cellcell-structure-and-function-biol-141/ s i tes.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 10 Introduction to Physiological Systems (7), Cell A complex interconnected cavernous space formed from membrane material, which also interconnects with the nuclear membrane http://www.logicandlight.org/evolution_challe nges/structure-and-function-of-human-cellcell-structure-and-function-biol-141/ s i tes.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 11 Introduction to Physiological Systems (8), Cell Basic protein that is associated with eukaryotic chromosomes, visible during certain stages of cell duplication http://www.logicandlight.org/evolution_challe nges/structure-and-function-of-human-cellcell-structure-and-function-biol-141/ s i tes.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 12 Introduction to Physiological Systems (9), Cell A watery material remaining when all the organelles and membranes have been removed from an homogenate of cells by centrifugation http://www.logicandlight.org/evolution_challe nges/structure-and-function-of-human-cellcell-structure-and-function-biol-141/ s i tes.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 13 Introduction to Physiological Systems (10), Cell Membrane-bound organelle of eukaryotes that contains a range of digestive enzymes http://www.logicandlight.org/evolution_challe nges/structure-and-function-of-human-cellcell-structure-and-function-biol-141/ s i tes.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 14 Introduction to Physiological Systems (11), Cell Composed of protein and RNA, and are the site of attachment for messenger RNA during protein synthesis http://www.logicandlight.org/evolution_challe nges/structure-and-function-of-human-cellcell-structure-and-function-biol-141/ s i tes.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 15 Introduction to Physiological Systems (1) Physiology is the study of biological structure in relation to function [Wood, 2012] Cell https://guides.lib.monash.edu/medicine/physiology s i tes.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn Nerves Muscles Heart & Circulation Respiration Kidneys Brain & Central Nervous System 16 Introduction to Physiological Systems (12), Nerves Direction of nerve impulse • • • • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron Axon: an elongated cylindrical region of membrane Information is carried as a nervous impulse, which is a temporary (a millisecond or so) reversal in voltage across membrane The voltage propagates along the axon at a constant speed of several m/s At the axon terminal, this voltage causes the release of specific chemicals (transmitters) that are then able to interact with specific receptors on adjacent nerve or muscle cells s i tes.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 17 Introduction to Physiological Systems (13), Muscles • https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introduct ory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_Introductor y_Biology_(CK12)/13%3A_Human_Biology/13._12%3A_Skeleta l_Muscles Actin & myosin: – Two types of aligned interdigitating contractile proteins, – Have some of the properties of a linear motor: they move in a preferred direction relative to each other, if there is a source of energy (adenosine triphosphate, ATP) • The environment of actin and myosin can change from calcium depleted (muscle relaxed) to calcium rich (muscle contracted) through the electrical stimulation of the nerve or the addition of chemical transmitters to receptors on the muscle cell surface (which is the normal method for muscle activation) https://chape.fitness/muscle-fiber-types/ s i tes.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 18 Introduction to Physiological Systems (14), Heart and Circulation https://www.chino.k12.ca.us/Page/20229 • The heart is basically a pulsatile pump • There are in fact two pumps in parallel, supplying the lungs & the rest of the body, respectively s i tes.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn https://www.topperlearning.com/a nswer/what-is-double-circulationhow-does-a-heart-works/dseptibb 19 Introduction to Physiological Systems (1) Physiology is the study of biological structure in relation to function [Wood, 2012] Cell https://guides.lib.monash.edu/medicine/physiology s i tes.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn Nerves Muscles Heart & Circulation Respiration Kidneys Brain & Central Nervous System 20 Introduction to Physiological Systems (15), Respiration http://microbiologynotes.com/respira tion-and-respiratory-organs/ • • The lungs fill and expel air because of the contractions of muscles in the chest wall and the diaphragm The transfer of oxygen into and carbon dioxide from the blood is brought about by distributing the air over a large surface area in the numerous air sacs (alveoli) in which there is only a 2μm diffusion path length from the air/cell interface and the blood contained in alveolar capillaries s i tes.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 21 Introduction to Physiological Systems (16), Kidneys https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney s i tes.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn • The kidneys (or renal system) essentially maintain the salt concentrations in the blood and other tissue fluid at their correct level • They this via a remarkable combination of filtration, reabsorption (of essential materials), and secretion (of noxious substances) • Around 99% of water that is allowed through the filter is reabsorbed 22 Introduction to Physiological Systems (17), Brain and Central Nervous System • • • http://www.yoga213.com.au/rest-digest-5-tips-reducingstress-life/sns-pns-digeam/ s i tes.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn The brain (the control center of the body) is responsible for memory, perception, thoughts (cognition), emotions, and behavior, and it consists of 1011 nerve cells (neurons) and 1013 connections The central nervous system (CNS) is comprised of the brain and the spinal cord The nervous system rapidly responds (at the millisecond level) to changes in the body’s environment and to various activities via nerve impulses 23