Tìm hiểu ý nghĩa biểu tượng trên kiến trúc chùa nam tông khơ m

tJ!lil.l!l.^.!I^UIi:iMll^M.l Tag clii Cong tac Ton giao vTIN HIEU Y NGHIA BIEU TUONG TREN KIEN TRtJC CHUA NAM T N G KHO-ME ThS NGUY&I eOc BA - L^ TRUNG K|£N I gay 23-11-2013 (tdc 21-10 nam Quy Ty, Phat Ljch 2657) tai Lang Van hda - Du lich cac dan tdc Vigt Nam (Son Tay - Ha Ndi) da khanh ngdi chda KhP-me dau tien d mien Bac Ngdi chda ddpc trang hoang Idng lay, tpa Igc ben ho nudc Ddng Md vdi quan the kien true, dieu khac dgm chat va dien hinh cho tinh hoa cua mpt ngdi chda Nam tdng Kho-me Vdi cac nha nghien cdu kien true, my thuat Phgt giao mien Bac, day la sU mdi Ig ma khdng phai cung hieu rd Ngdi chua Kho-me Nam Bd la mdt cdng trinh kien true cd nhieu gia trj ve mat tham my, la ndi hpi tg nhieu ddng van hda, tdn giao; ia khdng gian thieng lieng dupc the hign khd nang ve kinh te, chinh tri, vdn hoa - nghg thuat Ngdi chua la mdt tap hpp loan vgn nhat cda cac yeu td tao hinh, cac yeu to ket hgp chgt che va ho trp lan mdt chinh the Ihdng nhat sang Ddng va quan niem Phat d phuong Tay hudng ve phuong Ddng giac ngd va ban phuc cho mudn ddn Tgi noi ngudi Kho-me cu tru, la de nhgn thay su tuong phan gida nhOng ngdi nha go, tre ddn so cda ngudi dan vdi su nguy nga dd sp, trang hoang Ipng lay cda ngdi chua, dd khdng phai la sU phan biet dd khdng phai la su ngan each ma chinh la su hun due, nd nhu mpt tac pham nghe thuat quy tu bdi cac net van hda, y tudng nghg thugt va nhOng ban tay kheo leo Ve kien triic Oe khao cdu nghe thugt kien true chda NTKM Nam Bp, cao nha nghien cdu tap trang vao nhdng ngdi chda cd cdn Igi cho den hien d cac dia phuong co ngudi cU tru NhOng ngdi cd tg lieu bieu xuat hign tU rat sdm va Idn tai cho den nhu; chda Ang, chua 6ng Mek, chda Phudng Tra Vinh, chua Xiem Can Chda Nam tdng Kho-me (NTKM) anh d Bgc Lieu, chua Kl'eang, chua Doi d Sdc hudng cda ba ddng van hoa, Idn giao, tin Trang Theo cd ligu khoa hpc lgi den hign ngudng (Ba-ia-mdn, Phat giao va van hoa nay, cd thi khao cdu, nhOng ngdi chua tren cd Kho^ne), eg the la chiu anh hudng kien true nidn dgi tren dudi 500 nam; nhu tren tam quan cua An Dd va cac nudc Ddng Nam A nhu Thai chda Samrong ek (Tra Vinh) cd ghi nien dgi; Lan, Lao, Cam-pu-chia cdng van hda cda PL 1168- DL 642 (Phgt lich ndm 1163 - DUdng ngudi Kho-me Bdi vgy, kien true nghg thuat lich nam 642), Iheo lUdng truyen va can cd vao chiia Kho-me la nhdng cdng trinh kien true ddc tupng cd Ndria tay bang da chda dao, an chda nhieu gia trj van hda, nghe thuat duoc cho rang khoang td the ky VI, VII; song tham my, ngdi chua la ket tinh cac th^ thdc mpt sp tai ligu va quan diem lgi chp rang chiia nghg thugt tgp hinh, hai hpa gida kien true va xay dung cuci the kji XIV dieu khac Id hinh thdc trang tri ben den bai Iri ben ngoai NhOng ngdi chda d Nam Bp gan nhU da Ve khong gian ngdi chiia toa Igc Chua NTKM thudng dupc bd tri tren mdt khoang khdng gian dat va cay cdi rdng idn phong quang nhung khdng kem phan u lich' Oa sd mgt tien chua hudng ve phia Ddng, vi hp cho rang dudng tu hanh cua Phat di td Tay dupc trung lu Igi; hinh dang, hoa van kien tnic, cac^cau kien it nhieu bien ddi, cung khdng cdn nhieu cd lieu de khao cdu nen khd cd the xae dinh nidn dai eg the, song can cd vao kien true cdn lai, nhdng ngdi chua cd trung tu it nhieu van cdn luu gid lgi, trayen tai dUpc nguyen tac kien trdo chinh cdng nhu dgc trUng Si 4-2016 Tag Ghi Cong tac Ton giao cua van hda truyen thong dan tdc, tin ngudng vung mien cQa cQ dan Khd-me Tat ea deu dupc kien tgo bdi nhQng nguyen tac nhat djnh nhQng vao dieu kign kinh te cua tUng Phum ma ed quy md Idn, nhd khac TrUdc het, viec xay dyng nhQng ngdi chua bao gid cung phll dQng quy each, kich thQde nhat djnh nhQ: chieu dai bang hai lan chieu rdng, chieu cao bang chieu dai, mai va than la hai phin bang Cle dien tich khung cQa, nhi d va dign thd cung tuan theo quy dinh dd, chdp ndc chua thudng la mdt tam giac can, eao vut nhpn hudng thien Sd di, tda chinh dign eua chua dupe quy vao mpt tam gile can vi tam gile gdm ba gdc tQdng Qng nghTa bleu ti^Qng cQa eon sd Bdi ngUdl Khd-me quan niem hinh tam giac mang tinh chat kien cd "vQng nhu kieng ba chan", la sy vien man, d chQa dyng cai dgp hoan my va tuyet ddi Trong dgo Hindu, thin linh toi thupng cung hign hinh 3: Brama - Visnu - Siva, the gidi cd tiianh phan: Bhu - Bhuvas - Swar; dgo Phgt cd Tam the (qui khQ - hien tgi - vi lai), va hoan ket Tam bio: Phat - PhIp -Tang n^mmmra^E^ tren tudng rao, dau ngang len trdi tiildc edng ehfnh, vdi y nghla bio vg chdn gil lam va nhQng blu vat ben Cdng ehua cd ba ngdi thip, phan dudi trang tri tudng ty nhau, edn y nghTa ba ngdi thap tupng trUng cho Phat, PhIp, Tang (Tam bio), thip glQa thQdng each digu rat chi tiet, mau sac trang hoang Idng lay, tQpng trQng cho DQc Phgt tda hao quang Da sd cdng ehua NTKM khdng bd tri theo kieu cdng tam quan (ba cQa) cua ngUdl Vigt Cdng thudng to Idn, hoa van rat nhieu, dudi mai cdng cd chan va garuda, tUpng minh ngQdi dau chim Krud va vu nQ Ken near vdi hai tay chdng dd mai, nhln rat uy nghiem nhQng lgi day uyen chuyen va dgm chat my thuat Tudng rao xung quanh chua rat dac sac, mdt sd cdng, tudng dupc sdn son, thep vang long lay, moi mdt tru tQdng, vach tudng rao dupe khac tUdng Phgt, than, chan, su tQ, bup sen; tren moi try tQdng thudng dupe sQ dung dau ngQdi bdn mgt hay hinh bup sen Vdi kien true dpc dIo, hinh tupng, chQ de trang tri ben npi dign hay Sala d ele chCia Khd-me vd eung tinh xao, mang dam Inh hudng triet ly Phat giao, Bl-la-mdn giao, tin ngudng dan gian Chu de chgm, khIc, tieu tiet hoa van thudng la nhCftig npi dung ke ve cupc ddi tu dgo cua DQc Phat, theo trinh ty: canh Dan sinh cua DQe Phgt d Katyiave, eInh DQc Phat rUng LIm-ty-ni dQdl cay Sala, d n h DQc Phgt phat dgo dudi edi Bd De, cInh Cae diem mil, gdc giQa hai mai, dau cpt, Phat nhap Nlet ban; cd hog tiet hoa, la, may, chan cpt, einh cQa, mi cQa, x l ngang, dpc v l nUdc, ca ngpi ddi sdng lao ddng san xuat tran nha, deu dQdc khai thac nang ddng eQa cong ddng ngudi KhP-me thdi cd xQa Tuy bang nhQng hinh anh dieu khIc nhQng deu lay nhien, ben cgnh nhQng dgc trQng phd quat cQa elm hQng chQ yeu tQ cudc ddi Ddc Phgt va hoa ele cdng trinh kien true Phgt giao, chua KhPla, miy nQdc ddi sdng cpng ddng ngQdi me edn cd nhQng dac trQng rieng vdi cac hinh Khd-me Bdi vgy, tat c l deu hai hoa va khdng tupng nhu: chim Krud va vu nQ Kenar, chan lam mat di cdng nang eua chua Yaksha, ran Naga da lam eho ngdi chua Cdng chua dupe xay dyng theo hinh thQc Khd-me trd mpt edng trinh nghe thugt ngon thap, tu^ theo giai dogn, nhu cau v l mang tfnh van hda, tdn giao tieu bleu khdng gian ma chua xay mdt, ba hoac nam Chim Krud va vu nQ Kenar ngpn thip Ddi vdi cdng chQa ed mdt ngdi thap, Ket eau kien trQc chfnh dien la hdn hpp go hoge lyp mai chua nhieu Idp chdng len nhau, hai ben cdng thudng cd hai vj than bao hp, va ggch ngdi Hai hang cpt cii bang go quy tUdng sQ tQ, hole dau than rin Naga udn iQpn cao VQpt len d glQa chju lyc, tat e l ele lyc deu Chua nao cung cd hanh lang bao quanh dign, chinh dign ed bdn cQa chinh d hai hQdng Ddng - Tay, cung biy hoge chin cQa sd d hai hudng Nam va Bac, dd la nhQng quy tie cd bin nhat cQa chua Khd-me Cle tda chfnh dign khdng nhQng md nhieu cQa sd ma quanh bdn hudng bao gid cQng cd nhieu hanh lang cao va thoang mat SB 4'20/6 THaCJNG THLIC VE TON GIAO dupc ddn len nd va dupc ap vap cac dau cdt trdn dat tren xa ngang ndi giOa hai dau opt cai, bd mai d gida chinh dipn cao vut Td dau cac opt cai, dau bay hien, xa nach, cpt quan ndi tudng vay xung quanh tao idp mai thd va Idp mai thd dau cot hien che kin hanh lang Chinh dign chua Khp-me vdi bp mai Idp cac gdc dau dao dudi rong cao vut udn luon cho la cam giac uyen chuyen, tgo khdng gian thdng thoang cac dau cdt ngoai hanh lang chda deu cd tupng minh ngUdi dau chim Krud va vu nd Kenar dang tay chong dd mai Su xuat hign cda cac md lip trang Iri Kenar, Krud, Irong tu the mpt dudng cong vdi tu the hai tay dd mai chua ngoai mgc dich gia cd cho cac cau kign lien hoan chuyen ddng phong phu hdn va cdng tao cam giac uyen chuyen, Igi vda tinh te hda quyen ket ndi tam gidi vdi Cdt xa, keo, xien, dau bay, d ngdi chinh dien deu bang go quy son son thep vang va chgm khac hoa van het sdc cdng phu, tinh digu vdi nhieu de tai phong phu Tag cM Cong tac Ton giao bi dpa day Irong than phan cda mpt ke tdi td, chi vi thua sau mot lan ca cUpc cda me Krad vdi nd than Kro-dhus Rieng ve chim than Krud va ran Naga ludn cd xung ddt moi hg gap va chim than ludn la ngudi chien thing Hinh tugng Krud da cd mat Irong nen van hda Khd-me Nam Bd td kha sdm va dugc tdn vmh nhu lUc lugng sieu nhien, la vj than loi cao dupc ngudi Khd-me Idn kinh, la hien than cda cai thien gidp dd nhdng ngudi gap phai hogn nan, khd khan chdng lai cai ac, trdng tri ke ac Vdi y nghia dd, nghe nhan ngudi Kho-me thudng dung hinh tupng chim than trang In nhdng ngdi chua va dugc the hign hinh tupng Krad trpng tu the dang ddi canh rdng, trdng nhu nhOng canh tay san chac, lUc ludng nam chat than ran Naga Nhin vao cac cdng trinh kien trdc cua chua Khd-me, d cac ddn nguyen kien true khac nhu nha sala, cong, tang xa, hay cdt cd deu gap hinh tupng Krud dap bang xi mang va son ve mau va iudn dugc the hign tu the dang Krud la ten ma ngudi Kho-me gpi la de chi ddi canh hoac ddi tay dd lay tang mai, than mdt vat linh thieng, dugc bat ngudn td than ddng tga vao cac dau cot Viec dat Krud d vi tri thoai An Dp cd dai, gpi la Garuda Garuda la nhu vay, vda tgo nen su thoat chac vgt dugc than Visnu - mdt nhOng vi chan, khde khoan cho cac bp opt chdng dd than tdi thupng cda Ba-la-mdn giao dung de cudi Vi vay, chim than Krad (hay Garuda) xuat nhdng mai chua dd sp, nang ne, vda gdp phan hign kha phong phu cac mau truyen than lam tang them ve dgp, sU uy nghi cho cdng thoai va nhat la hinh tupng cua chim than da di trinh So vdi hinh tupng Krud trudc dSy, cg the sau vao ddi sdng lam linh, tham my cda ngudi la cac logi tupng nhd duo ddng, tgc go thi hinh KhP-me bang sg the hien tai hoa qua nhOng tUdng Krud da dupc cac nghg nhan cdng trinh kien trdc tdn giao cda ngudi Kho- Kho-me sang tgo, cai bien cho phd hdp; net me Theo truyen thuyet, Kasyapa - mdt nha mat trdng hien hda hon, hinh dang gap gidng hien triet quyen uy cd hai ngudi vp dupc vdi ngudi hon, d mpt sd noi khdng cd Kasyapa yeu qui? nhat la hai chi em nd thSn mat thd ba va ddi canh thi dugc thu nhd Igi Vin-la va nO than Kro-dhus, ca hai deu la hoac bd han, thay vao dd ia canh tay ngudi san cda than Russey-ka-la-pas NO than Vin-ta chac; hoac tdn tgi song song canh va tay sinh chim than Krud (Gamda) va nO than Theo truyen thuyet cda An Dp, Kinnara Kro-dhus sinh ran Naga Ngay td mdi ddi, Krud da sd hdu mdt hinh the khdng Id, dd (Han Viet phien am la Khan na la) la mpt bptpo tgn duoc bieu hign mpt loai chim san mdi, cd xinh dgp, la nhiing sinh linh ky dieu va sieu hinh dau ngudi, ba mat va chiec md nhpn va pham Trong than thoai cac nudc Ddng Nam A, cong quap, cung mdng chan sac nhpn cua Ogi Kinnari la mai, tuong dng cda Kinnara ia bang va cd mpt sdc manh huy dipt khdng trdng, dupc mieu ta la mpt sinh vgt nda ngUdi khiep, Vl qua mgnh nen thep idi thinh cau Id (nd) nda chim NhOng Kinnari cd dau, than cac vi than, chim than Krud da giam bdt kich minh, lay cda phg nd va canh, dudi, chan cua thudc va sinh luc cua minh Ngcai ra, Krud cdn Thien nga Kinnari ndi tieng vi tai nhay mua, ca hat, Ihi ca va la mdt bieu tugng trayen thdng cua Si 4-2016 Tag cbi Cong tac Ton giao ngQdi phu nQ xinh dgp, yeu kieu va tai nang Trong than thogi Phgt giao (Khan na la) la mpt ngQditinhchung thuy, mgt nhgc than; Han djch: Nghi than, Nghi nhan, Nhan phi nhln, ea thin, nhgc than, Im nhgc thien va dupc eat nghla la sinh linh nQa gidng ngQdi, nQa gidng than Ngudi khdng phai ngQdi Khan na la la than hd phap Phat giao, mot hang chQng sinh cd tai tau nhgc, thudng tau nhgc lien quan den gilo phap Khi cac thien than cQ hanh phap hpi, Khan na la thQdng dam nhiem edng viec dien tau am nhgc Trong kinh dien thudng thay dgo trang am nhgc trang nghiem la ndi Khan na la dien tau Vdn ehi cho cae vj than than thogi An Dp, sau dupc Phat giao dung nap va xep vao bp thQ Bayti-ongThien long Bat bd thudng theo hau nghe giao phap mdt cleh cung kinh moi Phgt gilng kinh Dgi thQa Trong Hoa Nghiem kinh cung cd nhac den, day la nhgc than chap phap cua Thien de, cung thudng sd chung nghe phap luan kinh Chan Yaksha Mgt sU dgc biet cQa ehua NTKM, hg phap cua chua thQdng lay bieu tupng tupng chan Yak (djch tieng Vigt ggi la chan, tieng Khd-me gpi la Yak, tieng Sanskrit la Yaksha, Pali la Yakkha, kinh van Han ngQ gpi la DUpc xoa hay Dg xoa) dQdc md t l phin Idn chu trpng vao dac diem kiiudn mgt dQ dan vdi cap mat trdn ldi phdng len va rang nanh dai Idi ngoai, cung nhu nude da xanh lyc Trong chua thap Khd-me, Yak la nhQng than canh giQ, thQdng dupe tgo hinh tQng cgp ddi, bd tri hai ben cQa, cdng va bgc cap Ngoai khudn mat chin dQ din vdi cap nanh ngoat hai ben mep, hinh tQdng ed bin dQ0c tgo tic dQdi dgng vd tQdng: ti-ang phyc bd chen vao than, vu la chiec chay vd, dyng dQng giQa hai chan, hai tay ning ngang rdn nam lay can chay trdng trang nghiem dQ tdn Kinh sach cd de cap nhieu nhUng cd bin gdm hai loai ehfnh: mdt la logi than cd nhieu nang lyc gidng nhQ ChQ thien, hai la mpt loll ma quy hay pha ngUdl tu hanh bang cleh gay tieng dpng dn ao lue hp thien dinh, rat ac nhung dupc Phat ell hda, da quay dau hudng thign, chf nguyen hp phlp Trong SB 4-2016 i'!!IVJMl!IVfflLff=l7.gra>J.'« chQa NTKM, chan Yak dupc dpng bleu tupng nghTa thQ hai Ran Naga Nhieu ehua, dpc theo sdng tren tUdng rao chgm khac hinh than rIn Naga udn lupn rat uy nghi, tiem an mpt triet ly Phgt hpc tinh tuy, la sy hai hoa giQa thien nhien vdi ngUdi, nhgp than giQa ddi va dao, ket chgt giQa the gidi va the gidi khIc Theo triet ly cua ngUdl Khd-me, dd la nhQng thQ thach, khd khan ddi vdi ngQdi tu, vdi phat tQ tren bQdc dQdng tu ehinh qua v l hp quan niem rang tam Idng TQ - Bi - Hy - X I cua DQc Phat da elm hda dQpe loll vgt nguy hiem nhat nay, Theo Dgi dQc Son (ehua Chantarangsay, TP Hd Chi Minh): "NhQng tQpng ran dd dQpe gpi la Naga Ngudn gdc td dao Hindu nhUng;? nghia chinh thi theo dgo Phgt va tin ngudng ngudi Khd-me: theo tieng Phgn, Naga la ran hd mang, ed cai diu h i Idn, la chua te cua loai ran Chung la loai rIn Idn nhat, ngc dgc khung khiep nhat Trong kinh Phgt, vIo tuan thQ Sau, sau dgo, bong nhien cd mUa to, gid Idn, trdi tdi sam, may den keo den, mang x l VUdng Mucakinda tQ chui ra, udn minh quan quanh DQc Phat de bio vg cho Ngai Dau ran xde che mQa cho Ngai VI the, mQa gid khdng Inh hudng den qua trinh tu luyen cua DQc Phat NhQ vgy, nd ed y nghTa hd tri dgo phap, che chd cho ngQdi tu hanh va bio vg chdn Phat mdn linh thieng Ran Naga ludn xuat hign tren cau thang, Idi di, cdng vao chua vdi y nghTa xua dudi ta ma, Im Ve sau, rIn Naga I I bieu trUng eho sy thinh vuyng, la vi than bao ve mua mang, mang nQdc tudi tim cho rudng vudn, mang nUde day ap cle ddng sdng Ran Naga edn la bieu tupng cho sy ket ndi giQa cdi nhln gian va Niet ban Trong cle edng trinh co, cd cae hinh tQpng rIn dau, dau, dau va dau Ran dau tupng tiung eho Tam tai (thien - dja nhan); dau la Ngu hinh (kim - mpe - thuy hda - thd); dau tupng trung eho ran che chd eho DQc Phgt va la sy die dao tu hanh va dau chinh la dudng dan len (xem tiep trang SI) ... quy vao mpt tam gile can vi tam gile gdm ba gdc tQdng Qng nghTa bleu ti^Qng cQa eon sd Bdi ngUdl Khd-me quan niem hinh tam giac mang tinh chat kien cd "vQng nhu kieng ba chan", la sy vien man, d... bieu hign mpt loai chim san mdi, cd xinh dgp, la nhiing sinh linh ky dieu va sieu hinh dau ngudi, ba mat va chiec md nhpn va pham Trong than thoai cac nudc Ddng Nam A, cong quap, cung mdng chan... va chim than ludn la ngudi chien thing Hinh tugng Krud da cd mat Irong nen van hda Khd-me Nam Bd td kha sdm va dugc tdn vmh nhu lUc lugng sieu nhien, la vj than loi cao dupc ngudi Khd-me Idn